King Abdulaziz University – Faculty of Engineering
EE 251: Basic Electrical Engineering
Spring 2021 - Section: DA
Lecture Class: Mon & Wed 9:30 – 10:45 am
Tutorial Class: Wed 2:30 – 4:20 pm
Eng. Abdullah Alturki
Eng. Mohammed Alsulami
Class is conducted via blackboard if possible. If not, then is conducted via Zoom
Objectives & Outlines
• This course discusses the fundamental of electrical circuits.
• It combines calculus with physics.
• As a non-electrical engineer, you may encounter electrical
problems during your career in instrumentation, electrical
machines or electronics.
• The first part of the course is about DC circuits (Chapters 1 – 6)
and the second part about AC circuit
Text Book : Fundamentals of Electric Circuits by Charles K.
Alexander and Matthew n. o. Sadiku
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Notes for the students
• Try to solve the examples after each topic and the problems at
the end of each chapter.
• Attend the tutorial classes.
• Solve as many problems as possible on your own.
• Ask questions.
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Grades Distribution
• 10% Homework.
• 15% Lab.
• 25% Quizzes
• 25% Mid-term Exam.
• 25% Final Exam.
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Chapter.1 Basic Concepts
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1.1 Introduction
• Electric circuits are the fundamental of electrical engineering.
An electrical circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
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1.1 Introduction
An electrical circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements
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1.2 Systems of Units
• For engineers to communicate in a common unit system a
standard unit must be established , thus the international
system of units (SI).
• These units are used throughout this course.
• The electrical units
are not limited to the
quantity identified.
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1.2 Systems of Units
• One main advantage of the SI units is that it uses prefixes to
the power of 10 of the measured unit.
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1.2 Systems of Units
• Examples
➢ 400 km = 400,000 m
= 400,000,000 mm
➢ 600 µs = 0.6 ms
➢ 1A = 1,000 mA
= 1,000,000 µA
➢ 1,000 kg = 1 Mg = 1 ton
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1.3 Charge and Current
• Charge is the most basic quantity of electrical circuit.
• Effect of electrical charge in daily life:
➢ Walking on a carpet
➢ Taking sweater off
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C).
• Atoms consists of electrons, protons and neutrons
➢ Electron have a negative charge of 1.602 x 10-19
➢ Proton have a positive charge of 1.602 x 10-19
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1.3 Charge and Current
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C).
• Charges are mobile, it can move from
place to place where it can be converted
to another form of energy.
• Current move on the opposite direction of
(negative) charges.
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1.3 Charge and Current
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
• 𝑖 ≜
𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑡
→ 𝑄≜
𝑡
𝑖 𝑡
0
𝑑𝑡
Where,
➢ i is current and measured in Ampere (A)
➢ q is charge and measured in coulombs (C)
➢ t is time and measured in seconds (s)
• Saying a negative current means that
current flows in the opposite direction.
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1.3 Charge and Current
• Current can be defined as either DC or AC
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.
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1.3 Charge and Current
A direct current (dc) An alternating current (ac)
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1.3 Charge and Current
• Example.1
➢ How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?
Each electron has 1.602 x 10-19 C.
The number of charges in 4,600 electrons = 1.602 x 10-19 x 4,600
electrons
= 7.369 x 10-16 C
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1.3 Charge and Current
• Example.2
➢ The total charge entering a terminal is given by 𝑞 = 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡
mC. Calculate the current at t = 0.5s.
𝑑𝑞 𝑑
𝑖= = (5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜋𝑡) mC/s
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= (5 sin4πt + 20πt cos4πt) mA
At 𝑡 = 0.5s,
𝑖 = (5 sin2π + 10π cos2π) = 0 + 10 π = 31.42 mA
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1.4 Voltage
• To move the electrons\charge\current in a circuit it requires a
work to move it. That work is done by electromotive force (emf).
• This emf is also known as Voltage or potential difference.
• It is represented by the battery in the picture.
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1.4 Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
𝑑𝑤
• 𝑣𝑎𝑏 ≜
𝑑𝑞
Where,
➢ w is energy and measured in Joule (J)
➢ q is charge and measured in coulombs (C)
➢ v is voltage and measured in volts (V)
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 𝑣𝑎 − 𝑣𝑏 .
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1.5 Power and Energy
• The concept of power and energy in our life:
➢ One of the main features in a car is horsepower (Accord or Camry?).
➢ LED light over incandescent or fluorescent light (less power).
➢ The tariff for electricity is in kWh (energy used for a month).
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1.5 Power and energy
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts
(W).
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
• 𝑃 ≜ • 𝑃= = ∗ = 𝑉𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
Where,
➢ P is Power and measured in Watt (W)
➢ w is energy and measured in Joule (J)
➢ t is time and measured in seconds (s)
• 1 hp = 746 W
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1.5 Power and energy
• Power polarity is an indication if the element is
absorbing or supplying power
➢ + absorbing power
➢ - Supplying power
-12 W 12 W
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1.5 Power and Energy
• Since in electrical circuits obey the law of conservation of energy, then the net
power in electrical circuit equal zero
𝑃 = 0
• The power supplied in the circuit = the power absorbed in the circuit
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
𝑡 𝑡
• 𝑤= 𝑡𝑑 𝑃 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑡 ∗ 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
0 0
• 1 Wh = 3,600 J
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1.5 Power and Energy
• Example.1
➢ An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow through
a light bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy,
calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
Δ𝑞 = i* Δ𝑡 = 2*10 = 20 C.
Δ𝑤 2.3 ∗ 103
v= = = 115 𝑉.
Δ𝑞 20
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1.5 Power and Energy
• Example.2
➢ Find the power delivered to an element at t = 3ms if the current entering
its positive terminal is i = 5 cos60πt A, and the voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v
𝑑𝑖
=3∗ . P = VI
𝑑𝑡
(a) v = 3i = 15 cos60πt
P = vi = 75 cos2 60𝜋𝑡 W
At t = 3 ms
P = vi = 75 cos 2 (60𝜋 ∗ 3 ∗ 10−3 ) = 75 cos 2 0.18𝜋 = 53.48W
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1.5 Power and Energy
• Example.2 i = 5 cos60πt A
𝑑𝑖
➢ (b) v = 3 ∗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑
(b) v = 3 ∗ =3∗ (5 cos60πt)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= -900π sin60πt V
P = vi = -4500π sin 60πt cos 60πt W
At t = 3 ms
P = -4500π sin 0.18π cos 0.18π = -6.396 kW.
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1.5 Power and Energy
• Example.3
➢ How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two hours?
w = pt = 100 * 2 = 200 Wh. Convert to Joules
➢ Knowing 1 Wh = 3,600 J
w = 720 kJ.
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1.6 Circuit Elements
• Element is the basic block of a circuit.
• Elements can be classified as passive element and active element.
• Active elements are capable of generating energy while passive
elements are not.
• Examples of passive element: resistors (Ch.2), capacitors and
inductors (Ch.6).
• Examples of active elements are generators and batteries (both are
sources of energy).
• Voltage source and Current source are the most common types of
active element and will be used throughout this course.
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1.6 Circuit Elements
• There are two kinds of sources:
➢ Independent Source.
➢ Dependent source.
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit elements.
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is
an active element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or current.
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1.6 Circuit Elements
• Dependent source.
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is
an active element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or current.
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
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1.6 Circuit Elements
• Example.1
➢ Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the circuit
in the Figure? Does the circuit obey the law
σ𝑃 = ?
P = VI of conservation of energy?
𝑃1 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝐼1 = - 5V * 9A = -45 W (supplying power)
𝑃2 = 𝑉2 ∗ 𝐼2 = 2V * 9A = 18 W (absorbing power)
𝑃3 = 𝑉3 ∗ 𝐼3 = (0.6I)V * 4A
= (0.6*5)V * 4A = 12 W (absorbing power)
𝑃4 = 𝑉4 ∗ 𝐼4 = 3V * 5A = 15 W (absorbing power)
σ 𝑃 = −45 𝑊 + 18 𝑊 + 12 𝑊 + 15 𝑊 = 0 𝑊.
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Some Example Questions
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End of Chapter.1
(*Review summary of chapter.1 in textbook)
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