52

LITERATURES CITED

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Schoch C. L. et. al.,2009. The Ascomycota Tree of life: a Phylum-wide

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Appendices

Appendix A
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Definiton of Terms

Adnate – broadly attached gills

Adnexed - narrowly attached gills appears almost free

Antler-like – the hymenium covers most of the surface. The spores are actively

discharged.

Applanate – flattened out or horizontally expanded

Ascocarp – the fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus.

Ascospore – a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an

ascus

Ascomycete – a group of fungi characterized by the presence of sexually

produced spores formed within an ascus

Ascus/asci,pl. - the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.

Basidium/basidia,pl. – a specialized reproductive cell of the basidiomycetes in

which nuclei fuse and meiosis occurs. It may be a special club-shaped

cell, a short filamentous cell, or a short four-celled filament.

Basidiocarp – a fructification produced by a basidiomycetes which bears basidia

and basidiospores.

Basidiomycetes – a group of fungi characterized by the production of

basidiospores on special cells, the basidia.

Basidiospores – type of meiospores borne by basidia in the basidiomycetes; or

the spore on the outside of a specialized, spore-producing structure, the

basidium. Basidiospores are uni-nucleate and haploid.

Bracket-like – the underside is smooth or has tubes lined with the hymenium.

The spores are actively discharged.

Cap and stipe – the hymenium lines the sides of the gills under the cap. The
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spores are actively discharged.

Cleistothecia - a closed spherical ascocarp

Concentric zones – different colour zones

Conical – cap is cone-or near cone-shaped

Convex - cap is more or lessthe shape of a bun

Cup or disc-shaped – the hymenium lines the inner or upper side. The spores

are actively discharged.

Cystidia – hyaline structures, produced on aerial mycelia resembling the sterile

organs occurring with the basidia in the hymenium.

Daedaloid – pores that are very irregular in shape.

Decurrent – gills run down stem, slightly or markedly

Deliquescing - to become fluid or soft on maturing

Dimidiate – lamellae that reach only half way to the stipe; pileus when it is semi

circular in outline or nearly so.

Ear-like – the hymenium is on the surface of the lobes. The spores are actively

discharged.

Effused-reflexed – partly flat on the surface, partly shelving

Equal – all gills reach stem and are the same length

Free – gills not joined to stem, which can be removed

Fruiting body – is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures

are born

Hymenium – fertile layer; the spore-bearing surface of a basidiomycetes.

Hymenophore – that part bearing hymenium with basidia and basidiospores or

any spore-bearing structures.

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Hypha/hyphae,pl. – a fungal thread or filament (which may either be non

septate in the case of lower fungi or septate for the higher fungi.

Inrolled margin – cap edge rolls inwards, especially when young

Lamellae/gills - is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom

species

Lobed and gelatinous – the hymenium is on the surface of the lobes. The

spores are actively discharged.

Mycelium/mycelia,pl. – the mass of hyphae forming the vegetative body of the

fungus.

Notched – gills indented just before joining stem

Perethecia - a spherical, cylindrical, or flask-shaped hollow fruiting body in

various ascomycetous fungi that contains the asci and usually opens by a

terminal pore

Pileus - the cap of a mushroom

Radiating – gills radiate from the margin of the cap

Resupinate – lying flat on the substratum with the hymenium on free surface

Rounded – The hymenium is formed internally or in flasks. The spores are

passively or actively discharged.

Scaly – cap skin is covered with fixed scales

Sessile - attached directly by its base without a stalk

Stem off-center or absent – the hymenium lines the gills under the cap. The

spores are actively discharged.

Stipe - the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom

Stipitate – a mushroom having a stipe or stalk

Striate – striations are gills seen through cap skin

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Stroma/stromata,pl. - a mass of interwoven hyphae in which fruiting bodies

(perithecia) develop

Tubes with pores – hymenium lines tubes, which are vertical with pore-like

openings

Umbonate – raised boss in center of cap

Viscid - covered with a sticky substance

Volva - a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom

Widely spaced – gills are far apart from each other

Appendix B
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Figure 13. Different morphological characteristics of macrofungi

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Appendix C

Raw Data