10/3/2021

Network Analysis
Basic Circuit Components and theorems

Engineering and Analysis

Engineers take a fundamental understanding of scientific principles, combine this with

practical knowledge often expressed in mathematical terms, and arrive at a solution to a
given problem.

What is Design ?
It is the process by which we invent something new as part of the solution to a problem.

What is Analysis ?
It is the process through which we;
determine the scope of a problem,
obtain the information required to understand it, and
compute the parameters of interest.

Generally, a problem requiring design will have no unique solution.

whereas the analysis phase typically will. Thus, the last step in designing is always
analyzing the result to see if it meets specifications.

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PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES

Voltage and Current Sources

Independent Sources

voltage source that characterized by

a terminal voltage which is current source, which the current
completely independent of the through the element is completely
current through it. independent of the voltage across it.

Figure 1. (a) Dc voltage source Figure 2. Current source

(b) Battery
(c) AC voltage source

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Voltage and Current Sources

Dependent Sources
They are controlled, source, in which the source quantity is
determined by a voltage or current existing at some other
location in the system being analyzed

Figure 3. (a) current-controlled current source

(b) voltage-controlled current source
(c) voltage-controlled voltage source
(a) current-controlled voltage source

Example 1
If v2 is known to be equals 3V, find vL

+ +
+
+
-
v2 = 3V - 5v2 vL
- -

Look at the information provided. Examining the circuit diagram, we notice that the desired
voltage VL is the same as the voltage across the dependent source. Thus,
VL = 5 V2
Examining the circuit diagram, we can see that V2 is equal 3 V.
Therefore,
VL = 5 x 3 = 15 V.

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Example 2
Find the power absorbed by each element in the
circuit shown

Note that dependent and independent voltage and current sources are active elements;
they are capable of delivering power to some external device.

Example 3
For the circuit shown in the figure , determine:
a. All elements voltages and currents.
b. Power absorbed by each element.

Voltages (v): 2, 2, 0.35, 1.65, 1.65

Currents (A): 10.33, 0.33, 10, 9.67, 0.33

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Nodal Analysis
Methodology of solving nodal problems
• Identify the goal of the problem.
• Determine the number of nodes in the circuit and determine the reference node.
A
• Collect the information.
• Check how many unknown node voltages and known current sources and
B resistors

• Devise a plan.
• Linking the collected information together.
C

• Construct an appropriate set of equations.

• By writing a KCL equation for each node.
D

• Determine if additional information is required.

• The number of equations should be equal to the number of unknowns.
E
• Attempt a solution.
• Equations can be solved using traditional methods, scientific calculator or
F software packages such as MATLAB

• Verify the solution. Is it reasonable or expected?

G

Example 1
For the circuit shown below, compute the voltage
across each current source.

We will start by using the methodology explained earlier.

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Example 1 continue
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
NODES IN THE CIRCUIT.

-3 - - =0
-3 𝑣 + 2 𝑣 - 𝑣 = 6 (1)

- - =0
12 𝑣 - 19 𝑣 - 3𝑣 = 0 (2)

- - - + 7= 0

10 𝑣 + 5𝑣 - 19𝑣 = -140 (3)

Example 2
USE NODAL ANALYSIS,
DETERMINE THE NODAL CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
VOLTAGE V2.

5v2
v1 v2
10 Ω 5Ω

10 Ω
25V 3v2

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Nodal Analysis (Super Node)

› When a voltage source is
inserted between two
nodes, it will be difficult to
compute the node voltages,
therefore a super node is
constructed.

Nodal Analysis (Super Node)

Methodology of solving nodal problems
• Identify the goal of the problem.
• Determine the number of nodes in the circuit and determine the reference node.
A

• Collect the information.

• Check how many unknown node voltages and known current sources and resistors
B
• Devise a plan.
• Linking the collected information together. If the circuit contains voltage sources, form a supernode about
each one. This is done by enclosing the source, its two terminals,
C •

• Construct an appropriate set of equations.

• By writing a KCL equation for each node.
D

• Determine if additional information is required.

• The number of equations should be equal to the number of unknowns.
E
• Attempt a solution.
• Equations can be solved using traditional methods, scientific calculator or software packages such as
F MATLAB

• Verify the solution. Is it reasonable or expected?

G

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Example 2
For the circuit shown in the previous slide, compute the voltage across each current source.

Mesh Analysis
Methodology of solving mesh problems
• Determine if the circuit is a planar circuit. If not, perform nodal
• analysis instead.
A

• Count the number of meshes (M).

B

• Label each of the M mesh currents. Generally, defining all mesh

• currents to flow clockwise direction.
C

• Construct an appropriate set of equations.

• By writing a KVL equation for each mesh.
D

• Determine if additional information is required.

• The number of equations should be equal to the number of unknowns.
E
• Attempt a solution.
• Equations can be solved using traditional methods, scientific calculator or
F software packages such as MATLAB

• Verify the solution. Is it reasonable or expected?

G

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Example 1
For the circuit shown below, compute the currents of
each mesh.

We will start by using the methodology explained earlier.

Example 1 continue

DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.

MESHES IN THE CIRCUIT.

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Example 3
USE MESH ANALYSIS CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
DETERMINE THE CURRENT IX.

1Ω i2 2Ω
1Ω

i1

1Ω
+
Vx
10 V 2Ω i3 -
1Ω

ix

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Network Analysis
Basic Circuit Components and theorems

Mesh Analysis
Methodology of solving mesh problems
• Identify the goal of the problem.
• Determine the number of loops in the network.
A

• Collect the information.

• Assign the mesh currents and their directions
B

• Devise a plan.
• Linking the collected information together.
C

• Construct an appropriate set of equations.

• By writing a KVL equation for each loop.
D

• Determine if additional information is required.

• The number of equations should be equal to the number of unknowns.
E
• Attempt a solution.
• Equations can be solved using traditional methods, scientific calculator or
F software packages such as MATLAB

• Verify the solution. Is it reasonable or expected?

G

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Example 1
For the circuit shown below, determine each mesh current.

We will start by using the methodology explained earlier.

Example 1 continue
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
MESHES IN THE CIRCUIT. CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.

› mesh 1
-6 + 14 𝑖 + 10 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) = 0
24 𝑖 - 10 𝑖 = 6 (1)

mesh 2
5 + 10 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) + 10 𝑖 = 0
-10 𝑖 + 20 𝑖 = -5 (2)

Solving the two equations, using substitutions method or matrix we (calculator), the values of i1,
and i2 will be 184.2 mA and -157.9 mA

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Example 2
For the circuit shown below, determine i1 and i2

Start by determining the mesh and constructing the equations.

Example 2 continue
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
NODES IN THE CIRCUIT. CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
mesh 1
-10 + 4 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) + 3 = 0
4𝑖 -4𝑖 =7 (1)

mesh 2
4 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) + 14𝑖 + 10(𝑖 - 𝑖 )= 0
-4 𝑖 + 28𝑖 − 10𝑖 = 0 (2)

mesh 3
-3 + 10(𝑖3 − 𝑖 ) + 8𝑖3=0
-10 𝑖 + 18 𝑖 = 3 (3)

Solving the three equations, using matrix method we determine the values of i1, and i2 as 2.22 A
and 470 mA

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Example 3
For the circuit shown below, determine the currents i1 and i2
if the dependent voltage source A equals
a) 2i2
b) 2vx

Start by determining the meshes and constructing the equations.

Example 3a. continue

DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
MESHES IN THE CIRCUIT. CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
mesh 1
-2 + 2𝑖 + 5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) − A = 0
-2 + 2𝑖 + 5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) − 2𝑖 = 0
7𝑖 -7𝑖 =2 (1)

mesh 2
5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) + 7𝑖 - 6 = 0
-5 𝑖 + 12𝑖 = 6 (2)

Solving the two equations, using substitutions

method we determine the values of i1as 1.35A

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Example 3b. continue

DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
MESHES IN THE CIRCUIT. CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
mesh 1
-2 + 2𝑖 + 5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) − A = 0
-2 + 2𝑖 + 5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) − 2𝑣𝑥= 0

since 𝑣𝑥 = 5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ), we substitute the

value
In the equation
-2 + 2𝑖 + 5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) − 2 𝑥 5 (𝑖 − 𝑖 )= 0
-3𝑖 +5𝑖 = 2 (1)

mesh 2
5 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) + 7𝑖 - 6 = 0
Solving the two equations, using -5 𝑖 + 12𝑖 = 6 (2)
substitutions method we determine the
values of i1as 0.54A

Example 4
For the circuit shown below, determine the currents i1

Start by determining the meshes and constructing the equations.

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Example 4 continue
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
MESHES IN THE CIRCUIT. CONSTRUCT THE EQUATIONS.
Supermesh 1
-10 + 4(𝑖 - 𝑖 ) + 10(𝑖 − 𝑖 ) + 8 𝑖 = 0
4𝑖 - 14 𝑖 + 18 𝑖 = 10 (1)

mesh 2
14𝑖 + 10 (𝑖 - 𝑖 ) +4 (𝑖 - 𝑖 )= 0
-4 𝑖 + 28𝑖 - 10𝑖 = 0 (2)

Current source
𝑖 -𝑖 =3 (3)
Solving the equations, using
matrix method we determine the
values of i1as -1.93A

Exercise 1
For the circuit shown below, determine the mesh currents

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Exercise 2
For the circuit shown below, determine the mesh currents

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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology

Network Analysis
Basic RL and RC Circuits

Source Free RL Circuits

General solution, where A and S1 are constantans to be determined

A = I0 when i (0) = 0

𝑆 =
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Example 1
If the inductor shown in the figure has a current iL equals to 2 A at t = 0, find an
expression for iL(t) valid for t > 0, what is the current value at t = 200 μs.

The general solution for this source free circuit is

i(t) = A𝑒

It is indicated that at t=0 the inductor current is 2A

A = I0 = 2

𝑆 = = = -4000

𝑖 (t) = 2𝑒

at t = 200 μs

𝑖 (t) = 2𝑒 ( )

𝑖 (t) = 898.7 mA

Example 2
For the circuit shown below, determine the current iR through
the resistor at t = 1 ns if iR( 0) = 6 A.
The general solution for this source free circuit is

i(t) = A𝑒
It is indicated that at t=0 the resistor current is 6A
Since the resistor and the inductor are in series, the
current is the same, and hence same rule can be
applied
A = I0 = 6

𝑆 = = = -2x10-9

𝑖 (t) = 6𝑒

at t = 1 ns

𝑖 (t) = 6𝑒 ( )

𝑖 (t) = 812 mA
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Example 3
For the circuit shown below, find the voltage labeled v at t
200 ms.

• This circuit has a switch which divide it into two parts.

• The switch is closed for along time and opened at t
equals zero seconds.
• We want to find the voltage across the 40Ω resistor
and to do so, we need to determine the voltage across
it at time zero, the moment the switch is opened.
• Let us analyze the circuit based on these circumstances.

Example 3 continue
The figure below shows the circuit when the switch is closed.
The 24 V voltage source is parallel to the two portions of the circuit.
The inductor is being charging for a long time.
The current in each side of the voltage source is
I R(40) = 24/40 = 0.6 A
I R(10) = 24/10 = 2.4 A

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Example 3 continue
The figure shows the circuit when the switch is opened at t equals zero and after.
The circuit now ahs three elements in series. The current passing through it is the inductor
current.
The resistor current is the same as the inductor at time zero.
A = I0 = 2.4 A

𝑆 = = = -10

𝑖 (t) = 2.4𝑒

Therefore the 40Ω resistor voltage at this moments is

V(0) R(40) = -2.4𝑒 x 40 = -96𝑒 V
V(200ms) R(40) = -96𝑒
V(200ms) R(40) = -12.99 V

Source Free RC Circuits

General solution

v(t) = A𝑒

General solution, where A and S1 are constantans to be determined

A = V0 when v (0) = 0

𝑆 = −𝑅𝐶

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Example 4
For the circuit of the figure below, find the voltage labeled v at t 200 μs.

The general solution for this source free circuit is

v(t) = A𝑒

• The switch is closed for along time and opened at t

equals zero seconds
• The 9 V voltage source is parallel to the two sides
of the circuit. The capacitor is being charging for
a long time
A = V0 = 9V

𝑆 = −𝑅𝐶 = −6𝑥10x10-6 = -60x10-6

𝑣 (t) = 9𝑒 /

at t = 200 μs

𝑣 (200 μs) = 321.1 mV

Example 5
For the circuit of the figure below, determine v (t) at t = 0 and at t = 160 μs.

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Example 5 continue

At t equals zero
v (0) = 50 v

at t = 160 μs.
/ ( )( )
V (t) =50 𝑒

/ ( )( )
V (160 𝜇s) =50 𝑒

V (160 𝜇s) =18.39 V

General approach

When the switch is closed, the circuit will look as below

𝐿 = + 1= 2.2 mH
( )
𝑅 = + 150 =
110 Ω

.
𝜏= = = 20 𝜇𝑠
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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology

Network Analysis
The RLC Circuits

Source Free RLC Circuit

If we differentiate the above equation with respect to time,

the result will be a linear second-order homogeneous
differential equation

The general solution v (t) of this equation is the natural response of the circuit.

This equation is usually called the characteristic equation and the solution for it are S1
and S2
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The general form of the natural response solution is

S1 and S2 are dimensionless quantities per second and called complex frequencies.
Omega zero and alpha are another quantities called resonant frequency and nepper
frequency respectively.

The ratio of α to ω0 is called the damping ratio and is designated by ζ (zeta).

A1 and A2 are found by using the initial conditions.
Depending on the relative sizes of α and ω0 , there are three responses to any source free RLC
circuit.

SQ Frequencie Complex frequency Response

s
1 α > ω0 s1 and s2 will both be real numbers overdamped response
2 α < ω0 s1 and s2 will have nonzero imaginary underdamped response
components
3 α = ω0 critically damped response

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Example 1
A parallel RLC circuit contains a 100 Ω resistor and has the parameter values
α = 1000 s−1 and ω0 = 800 rad/s. Find
(a) C, (b) L, (c) s1 and s2.

α = and ω0 =  

𝐶= = = 5𝜇F
( )( )

𝜔 =

𝐿= = = 312.5 mH
( )
   
𝑆 = −𝛼 + 𝛼 − 𝜔 = −1000 + 1000 − 800
−1
= −1000 𝑆
   
𝑆 = −𝛼 − 𝛼 − 𝜔 = −1000 − 1000 − 800
= −1600 S-1

THE OVERDAMPED PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

Example 2
Find an expression for vC(t) valid for t > 0 in the circuit of the figure below.

α = and ω0 =  

α = = 125,000 S-1
( )( )

ω0 =   = 100,000 rad/S
( )( )

Since α > ω0 the response is an overdamped response.

Solving for S1 and S2 we get
.
   
𝑆 = −𝛼 + 𝛼 − 𝜔 = −125000 + 125000 − 100000

𝑆 = -50000 S-1
   
𝑆 = −𝛼 − 𝛼 − 𝜔 = −125000 + 125000 − 100000

𝑆 = -200000 S-1
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Since α > ω0, the circuit is overdamped and so we expect a capacitor voltage of the form

we need to obtain the two initial conditions A1 and A2. To do this, we will analyze the circuit at
t = 0− to find iL (0−) and vC (0−). We will then analyze the circuit at t = 0+ with the assumption that
neither value changes.
The circuit is shown the behavior of the inductor and capacitor at
t(0-). The inductor as short circuit and the capacitor as open circuit

The inductor current and the capacitor voltage can be

evaluated as

Using the general solution for the response indicated

V(t) = 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑒

Vc (t) = 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑒

Using the initial conditions found earlier and since Vc (0) = 60V and substituting in
the general equation then we get

60 = 𝐴 + 𝐴 ( 1)
We need another equation to determine A1 and A2

We can refer to the source free circuit witch is related

To the original circuit and calculate for the currents

IC (0) = -il (0) – iR(0)

The current iC can also be obtained by differentiating the capacitor voltage vC(t) and
multiplying by the value of C

𝑑𝑣 (𝑡)
= −50000𝐴 𝑒 − 200000 𝐴 𝑒
𝑑𝑡

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𝑖 𝑡 = (20𝑛𝐹)(−50000𝐴 𝑒 − 200000 𝐴 𝑒 )

𝑖 0 = (20𝑛𝐹)(−50000𝐴 − 200000 𝐴 )

0 = (20𝑛𝐹)(−50000𝐴 − 200000 𝐴 )

0 = 0.001𝐴 − 0.004 𝐴 (2)

Solving equation 1 and 2 for A1 and A2 we get

A1 = 80V and A2=-20V

Vc(t) =80 𝑒 − 20 𝑒 V

Example 2
A parallel RLC circuit having a 8 Ω resistor, 5 H inductor and 12.5 mF capacitor. The initial
voltage across the capacitor v(0) = 40v, find an expression for;
a) v(t)≥0 if i(0+) = 8A
b) i(t) ≥0 if ic(0+) = 8A .

Solution:
We will start by finding the parameters of the complex frequencies S1 and S2 to construct the general
equation,
 
𝑆 & = −𝛼 ± 𝛼 − 𝜔

1 1000
∝= = =5
2𝑅𝐶 2𝑥8𝑥12.5

𝜔 = = =16 𝜔=4
.
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Example 2 continued
 
𝑆 = −5 + 5 − 4 = −2

 
𝑆 = −5 − 5 − 4 = −8

𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒

Applying the general conditions to determine the values of A1 and A2

The first condition v(0) = 40v

𝑣 0 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒

40= 𝐴 + 𝐴 (1)

Example 2 continued
The second condition i(0+) = 8A

𝑑𝑣 (𝑡) 1 1000 40
= −𝑖 − 𝑖 = −𝑖 0 − = 80 −8 − 5 = −1040
𝑑𝑡 𝑐 12.5 8
𝑑𝑣 (𝑡)
= −2𝐴 − 8𝐴 = −1040
𝑑𝑡
-520= −𝐴 − 4𝐴 (2)
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐴 𝑒 +𝐴 𝑒
Solving equations 1 and 2 to determine the values of A1 and A2

A1 = 160 & A2=-120

𝑣 𝑡 = −120𝑒 + 160𝑒

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(b) i(t) = if ic(0+) = 8A

We let

i(t) =𝐴3𝑒 + 𝐴4 𝑒

iL(0) =−2𝐴3 − 8𝐴4 = =8 (1)

The value of the current through the resistor can be determined as

( )
𝑖 (0+)= = = 5𝐴

IL (0) = -iR(0+) – iC(0+)=-8-5=-13A

−2𝐴3 − 8𝐴4 = −13 (2)

Solving equation 1 and 2 for A3 and A4 we get

A3 = -16A and A4=3A

i(t) =−16 𝑒 +3𝑒 A

THE UNDERDAMPED PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

The general solution of the circuit response is
V(t) = 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝐴 𝑒
 
𝑆 , = −𝛼 ± 𝛼 − 𝜔

       
𝛼 − 𝜔 = −1 𝜔 − 𝛼 =j 𝜔 − 𝛼

We now take the new radical, which is real for the underdamped case, and call it ωd (t) the
natural resonant frequency:
 
ωd = 𝜔 − 𝛼

The response may now be written as

V(t) = 𝑒 (𝐴 𝑒 ωd + 𝐴 𝑒 ωd )

V(t) = 𝑒 [(A1+A2)cos𝜔 (t)+(A1-A2)cos𝜔 (t)]

V(t) = 𝑒 (B1cos𝜔 (t)+B2cos𝜔 (t))

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Example 4
simple parallel RLC circuit with R = 10.5Ω ,C = 1/42 F, and L = 7 H. find the response
for t≥0

The general response is

V(t) = 𝑒 (B1cos𝜔 (t)+B2cos𝜔 (t))

to determine the two constants, we consider that v(0) = 0 and i(0) = 10, then B1 must be zero.

Taken the derivative of the voltage v(t)

We substitute for t=0

The final response is

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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology

Network Analysis
Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
Chapter 10.2-5 and 10.8

Electrical Circuit Response

The response of any linear electric circuit is composed of two parts;

Natural response:
Which is the short-lived transient response of a circuit to a sudden
change in its condition

Forced response:
which is the long term steady-state response of a circuit to any
independent sources.
The forced response can be considered as dc sources or a sinusoidal
waveform.

The AC response is at the transient or steady-state. We will focus on

the steady state analysis of such circuits using a powerful technique
that transforms integro-differential equations into algebraic equations.

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Electrical Circuit Response

Figure 1

Figure 2

Characteristics of Sinusoids
Any sinusoidal function can be represented as
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)

Complex forcing function

Since sinusoidal and exponential functions are related as
𝑒 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜃

In the figure shown, a voltage source is connected to a network N

which results in a current response Im of the same response. This is a
real function.

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𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 − 90 = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) function

𝐼 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 − 90 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) response

In the same way an imaginary function will lead to an imaginary response

𝑗𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝑗𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)

The complex function and response can be obtained by adding both

the real and imaginary parts of the function and response. For easy
handling, we will use the Euler’s idintity

( ) Lead to ( )
𝑉 𝑒 𝐼 𝑒

The Phasor
These complex quantities are usually written in polar form rather than
exponential form
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 0° 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑉 ∠0°
It’s current response then can be represented as
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)will be represented as 𝐼 ∠𝜑

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Phasor Voltage and Phasor Current Relations

1- Resistor

2- Inductor

3- Capacitor

Time domain Phasor

Example #1
For the RLC circuit shown in the figure, both sources operate at ω = 1
rad/s, if IC = 2 ∠28o A and IL = 3 ∠53◦ A, calculate (a) Is ; (b) Vs ; (c) iR1(t).

IS

1Ω IR2 IC

VS j2Ω 2Ω
-jΩ
IL

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Example 1continued
𝐼
𝑉 = = −𝑗𝐼 = ∠ −90° 2∠28° = 2∠ −62° 𝑉
𝑗𝜔𝑐
𝑉 2∠ −62°
𝐼 = = = 1∠ −62° 𝐴
𝑅 2

𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 2∠28° +1∠ −62° =2.24∠1.43° A

𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 3∠53° +2.34∠1.43° =4.7∠31.25° A

𝑖 (𝑡) =4.7cos 𝑡 − 31.25° 𝐴

𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = (3∠53° )(jx1x2)= 3∠53° 2∠90° = 6∠143° V

𝑉 = 𝑉 +𝑉 =6∠143° +(𝐼 x𝑅 )=6∠143° +(4.7∠31.25° x1) = 10.7∠34.46° V

Example #2
In the circuit shown in the figure, use frequency-domain to find (a) I1; (b) I2 and (c) I3.

(𝑗5)(5) 𝑗25 25∠90°

𝑍 = − 𝑗5 = − j5 = − 𝑗5
5 + 𝑗5 5 + 𝑗5 7.07∠45°

𝑍 = 3.54∠45° − 𝑗5 = 2.5 + 𝑗2.5 − 𝑗5 = 2.5 − j2.5Ω

𝑉 100∠0°
𝐼 = = = 28.57∠45°
𝑍 3.53∠ −45°

𝑉 = 𝐼 −𝑗5 = 28.57∠45° −𝑗5 = 142.86∠ −45°V

𝑉 = 𝑉 − 𝑉 = 100∠0° − 142.86∠−45° = 101∠90° V

𝑉 101∠90°
𝐼 = = = 20.2∠90°
𝑅 5
𝑉 101∠90°
𝐼 = = = 20.2∠0° 𝐴
𝑗5 5∠−90°

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Example #3
Use nodal analysis on the circuit of the figure below, find V1 and V2

Node #1
𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉
+ = (0.02∠0° ) − (0.05∠−90° )
𝑗0.05 −𝑗25𝑥10
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
+ − = (0.02) − (−𝑗0.05)
𝑗0.05 −𝑗25𝑥10 −𝑗25𝑥10
−𝑗20 + 𝑗40 𝑉 − 𝑗40𝑉 = 0.02 + 𝑗0.05
𝑗38 𝑉 − 𝑗40𝑉 = 0.02 + 𝑗0.05 #1

Node #2
𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉
+ = (0.05∠−90° )
0.04 −𝑗25𝑥10
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
+ − = 0.05∠ −90° = −𝑗0.05
0.04 −𝑗25𝑥10 −𝑗25𝑥10
(25 + 𝑗40)𝑉 − 𝑗40𝑉 = −𝑗0.05 #2

𝑉 = .002 − 𝑗0.0003 V

𝑉 = .0008 + 𝑗0.0002 V

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Example #4
For the circuit shown below, use mesh analysis to find I1 and I2.
Mesh #1
𝑗5𝐼 + 3 𝐼 − 𝐼 = 10∠0° − (15∠90° )

𝑗5𝐼 + 3𝐼 − 3𝐼 = 10 − 𝑗15

3 + 𝑗5 𝐼 − 3𝐼 = 10 − 𝑗15

Mesh #1
-𝑗4𝐼 + 3 𝐼 − 𝐼 = 15∠90° − (20∠0° )

-𝑗4𝐼 + 3𝐼 − 3𝐼 = 𝑗15 − 20

3 − 𝑗4 𝐼 − 3𝐼 = −20 + 𝑗15

𝐼 = −5 − 𝑗=5.1∠ −168.7° 𝐴

𝐼 = −6 − 𝑗4=7.2∠ −146.3° 𝐴

Example #5 (Home work)

Use mesh analysis, determine the current IX

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Example #6 (Home work)

Use nodal analysis, determine the nodal voltage V2

Example #6 (Home work)

For the circuits shown below, use phasor analysis to find the voltages V and VX.

460 µV
R1 R2
0.115 S Ω
+
Vx
+

4.7K Ω V
-

5 Cos 300t 2/S V -

50 mH 5 mF