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Chester F. Carlson and Xerox Invention

Carlson was working in the patents department of an electronics firm in the 1930s. He found that copying patents took a long time and cost a lot of money as the only options were using a typist or photographer. He developed the idea for a machine that could copy documents quickly and efficiently, and over three years created the first xerographic copy machine in 1938. Large corporations were not interested in his machine initially, but a small family company later bought the process and grew into the Xerox Corporation, making both the company and Carlson wealthy.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
4K views1 page

Chester F. Carlson and Xerox Invention

Carlson was working in the patents department of an electronics firm in the 1930s. He found that copying patents took a long time and cost a lot of money as the only options were using a typist or photographer. He developed the idea for a machine that could copy documents quickly and efficiently, and over three years created the first xerographic copy machine in 1938. Large corporations were not interested in his machine initially, but a small family company later bought the process and grew into the Xerox Corporation, making both the company and Carlson wealthy.

Uploaded by

kevin anggara
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Questions 22-31
  • Reading Passage: Chester F. Carlson

298 READING

PASSAGE THREE (Questions 22-31)

In the 1930s, Chester F. Carlson was working in the patents department of a large
electronics firm in New York City. One of the major problems in his work was the length of
time and expense involved in getting patents copied; patents were lengthy legal documents,
Line and the only ways to get them copied were to take them to a typist or to take them to a
(5) photographer. Either way of copying patents took a lot of time and cost a lot of money.
He came up with the idea for a machine that would copy documents quickly and
efficiently. He researched the idea in the library and then worked over a three-year
period on developing a machine that used a light, an electrostatically charged plate, and
powder to duplicate images on paper. The result of [Link] was a machine that
(10) produced the first xerographic copy on October 22, 1938. He named the process
"Xerox," which means "dry writing."
Carlson felt that he had a good idea, one that would be extremely helpful in the
business world. He tried to sell his idea to a number of large corporations, but they were
not terribly interested in his machine. A few years later he sold the process to a small
(15) family-owned company. This small company grew into the giant Xerox Corporation, and
both Carlson and Xerox became rather wealthy in the process.

22. This passage is mainly about 27. Carlson most likely began work on
the machine in
(A) Carlson's job in a patent office
(B) now the Xerox machine works (A) 1930
(C) Carlson's success in business (B) 1935
(D) the development of the Xerox (C) '938
machine (D) 1941

23. Which of the following is NOT 28. The passage indicates that the large
mentioned as a problem that Carlson corporations that Carlson tried to
encountered in getting patents copied? sell his process to
(A) The time needed for copying (A) were family owned
(B) The expense of the copying (B) were nonprofit institutions
(C) The length of the paten ts (C) helped to develop the process
(D) Dependability of photographers (D) did not want to buy his machine

24. The word "expense" in line 3 is 29. The word "giant" in line 15 could
closest i'n meaning to best be replaced by
(A) cost (A) monster
(B) difficulty (B) tiny
(C) legality (C) familiar
(D) payment (D) huge

25. Click on the word in paragraph 2 30. VI'her': in the passage does the
that is c1os~st in meaning to "looked author indicate what a patent is?
for information about." (A) Lines 1-2
(B) Line 3
26. The following are components of
Carlson's machine EXCEPT (C) Lines 6-7
(D) Lines 9-10
(A) A light
(B) A charged plate 31. Click on the sentence in paragraph 3
(C) Powder that describes what happened to the
(D) A typewriter company that eventually bought
Carlson's process.

Common questions

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Carlson's invention of the xerographic process revolutionized the business world by making document copying quicker, easier, and more cost-effective. Before his invention, patents and other important documents were copied manually or photographed, options that were both time-consuming and costly. The introduction of the Xerox machine allowed for on-demand and efficient documentation, thereby streamlining operations and enhancing productivity in various industries. This had a profound impact on documentation practices, essentially changing how businesses handled information duplication and management .

Large corporations initially rejected Carlson's invention due to a combination of risk aversion, conservatism in adopting new technology, and possibly a lack of immediate perceived need. These corporations might have been satisfied with existing methods or skeptical about the practicality and effectiveness of Carlson's untested technology. The development and adoption of new technologies often require significant upfront investment, which large corporations may avoid if the current processes suffice or if they anticipate high-risk returns .

Carlson's background in patent registration was instrumental in his technological innovation. Working in the patents department of a large electronics firm exposed him to the inefficiencies of existing document duplication methods, driving him to seek a better solution. The firsthand experience with the challenges of time and expense involved in copying patents fueled his motivation to design a machine that could copy documents quickly and at a lower cost, ultimately leading to the development of the first xerographic machine .

Inventors today can learn important lessons of perseverance and innovation adoption from Carlson's experience. Despite multiple rejections from large corporations, Carlson persisted in improving and showcasing his invention. His experience highlights the importance of resilience in the face of skepticism and the value of seeking partnerships with entities that are willing to take calculated risks on new technologies. Carlson's journey exemplifies how innovation requires not only technical proficiency but also strategic networking and market positioning to achieve success and widespread adoption .

The transformation of xerography from a conceptual innovation to a commercially successful technology required overcoming initial skepticism and demonstrating its practicality and efficiency. Chester F. Carlson dedicated years to developing the process, which culminated in the first xerographic copy in 1938. Despite initial rejection from large corporations, a smaller company saw the value and invested in the technology. This underscores the journey from innovation conception to market acceptance, requiring resilience, market insight, and strategic partnerships to achieve commercial success. The rise of the Xerox Corporation highlights the role of strategic vision and market positioning in transforming groundbreaking ideas into everyday business solutions .

Chester F. Carlson developed the first xerographic machine to address the problem of expensive and time-consuming methods of copying patents. Working in the patents department exposed him to the inefficiencies of manual typing or photography for duplication. His invention involved a machine that used a light, electrostatically charged plate, and powder to create copies, resulting in the first successful xerographic copy in 1938. This process, which he named "Xerox" or "dry writing," significantly improved the speed and reduced the cost of making copies .

The Xerox Corporation originated from Carlson’s early innovations after he sold his xerographic process to a small family-owned company. This company recognized the potential of his invention and invested in it, eventually growing into the giant Xerox Corporation. This evolution underscores how small companies can significantly grow by leveraging innovative technologies, seeing potential where larger entities do not, and effectively commercializing these innovations to meet market needs .

Carlson faced significant challenges in commercializing his xerographic invention, particularly due to the lack of interest from large corporations. These organizations were not eager to purchase his machine despite its potential benefits. Eventually, Carlson was able to sell his process to a small family-owned company, which later evolved into the Xerox Corporation. This company successfully commercialized the technology, leading to significant financial success for both Carlson and the company .

Carlson's xerographic process was characterized by its use of a light, an electrostatically charged plate, and powder to duplicate images on paper. Unlike traditional methods, which involved manual typing or photography, xerography offered a dry, efficient, and cost-effective way to copy documents. The process was termed "dry writing," highlighting its significant departure from wet photographic processes, offering quick and abundant reproduction of documents without the need for typesetting or film development .

Carlson's experience illustrates the contrasting roles of small and large corporations in innovation. Large corporations, often risk-averse, were initially uninterested in Carlson's xerographic technology despite its potential. Their preference for existing methods and perceived cost barriers to innovation may have contributed to their reluctance. In contrast, a small family-owned company saw the potential in Carlson’s technology, invested in it, and grew into Xerox Corporation. This demonstrates how smaller entities might be more adaptable and open to innovation, allowing them to capitalize effectively on new technologies that large firms might overlook .

298
READING
PASSAGE THREE (Questions 22-31)
In the 1930s, Chester F. Carlson was working in the patents department
of a large

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