Terrorism, origin, trends and challenges

1) Introduction
2) Origin of terrorism
a) Timeline history
b) Today’s situation
3) Trends of terrorism
4) Challenges of terrorism
5) Conclusion

Introduction:

Terrorism is the calculated use of violence to create fear of violence in population to bring about
particular objective. Terrorism involves the use of violence and seek to create fear among the victims
or the desired audience. Terrorism has become a part of modern lie. Hijacking, bombing, and
assassinations all around the world may be seen like isolated attacks of violence that promote social,
political and religious change.

Origin:
Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots and practice of terrorism can be traced
at least to the 1st century AD.[80] Sicarii Zealots, though some dispute whether the group, a radical
offshoot of the Zealots which was active in Judaea Province at the beginning of the 1st century
AD, was in fact terrorist. According to the contemporary Jewish-Roman historian Josephus, after
the Zealotry rebellion against Roman rule in Judea, when some prominent Jewish collaborators
with Roman rule were killed,[81][82] Judas of Galilee formed a small and more extreme offshoot of
the Zealots, the Sicarii, in 6 AD.[83] Their terror was directed against Jewish "collaborators",
including temple priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites.[84]
The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the Jacobin Club during
the "Reign of Terror" in the French Revolution. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt,
severe, inflexible", said Jacobin leader Maximilien Robespierre. In 1795, Edmund
Burke denounced the Jacobins for letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists ...
loose on the people" of France.
In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini threw three bombs in an attempt to assassinate
French Emperor Napoleon III.[85] Eight bystanders were killed and 142 injured.[85] The incident
played a crucial role as an inspiration for the development of the early terrorist groups. [85]
Arguably the first organization to utilize modern terrorist techniques was the Irish Republican
Brotherhood,[86] founded in 1858 as a revolutionary Irish nationalist group [87] that carried out
attacks in England.[88] The group initiated the Fenian dynamite campaign in 1881, one of the first
modern terror campaigns.[89] Instead of earlier forms of terrorism based on political assassination,
this campaign used timed explosives with the express aim of sowing fear in the very heart
of metropolitan Britain, in order to achieve political gains.[90]
Another early terrorist group was Narodnaya Volya, founded in Russia in 1878 as a revolutionary
anarchist group inspired by Sergei Nechayev and "propaganda by the deed" theorist Carlo
Pisacane.[80][91][92] The group developed ideas—such as targeted killing of the 'leaders of
oppression'—that were to become the hallmark of subsequent violence by small non-state
groups, and they were convinced that the developing technologies of the age—such as the
invention of dynamite, which they were the first anarchist group to make widespread use of [93]—
enabled them to strike directly and with discrimination. [94]
David Rapoport refers to four major waves of global terrorism: "the Anarchist, the Anti-Colonial,
the New Left, and the Religious. The first three have been completed and lasted around 40
years; the fourth is now in its third decade." [95]

Terrorism is, in its broadest sense, the unlawful use of intentional violence to achieve political
aims, especially against civilians.[1] It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence
during peacetime or in the context of war against non-
combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel).[2] The terms "terrorist" and
"terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century[3] but became widely
used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during the conflicts of Northern
Ireland, the Basque Country, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The increased use of suicide
attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York
City, Arlington and Pennsylvania in 2001.

Types
Depending on the country, the political system, and the time in history, the types of terrorism are
varying.
In early 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the
National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes
that the committee wrote was titled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on
Disorders and Terrorism under the direction of H. H. A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff.
The Task Force defines terrorism as "a tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or the
threat thereof is used for the prime purpose of creating overwhelming fear for coercive
purposes". It classified disorders and terrorism into six categories: [99]

 Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and
normal functioning of the community.
 Political terrorism – Violent criminal behaviour designed primarily to generate fear in the
community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
 Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which
exhibits "conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear
for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement
of a political objective".
 Anonymous terrorism – In the two decades prior to 2016-19, "fewer than half" of all
terrorist attacks were either "claimed by their perpetrators or convincingly attributed by
governments to specific terrorist groups". A number of theory have been advanced as to why
this has happened.[100]
 Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that
are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential
ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate
victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and
techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. [101][102]
[103]
 For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are
similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
 Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by
a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to "acts of terrorism which are
 committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign
to capture control of the state".
 Official or state terrorism – "referring to nations whose rule is based
upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions". It may be
referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by
governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
Other sources have defined the typology of terrorism in different ways, for example, broadly
classifying it into domestic terrorism and international terrorism, or using categories such as
vigilante terrorism or insurgent terrorism. [104] One way the typology of terrorism may be defined:[105]
[106]

 Political terrorism
o Sub-state terrorism
 Social revolutionary terrorism
 Nationalist-separatist terrorism
 Religious extremist terrorism
 Religious fundamentalist Terrorism
 New religions terrorism
 Right-wing terrorism
 Left-wing terrorism
 Communist terrorism
o State-sponsored terrorism
o Regime or state terrorism
 Criminal terrorism
 Pathological terrorism

Purpose of terrorism:

The secession of a territory to for a new sovereign state

The dominance of territory or resources by various ethnic groups

Imposition of a particular form of government, such as democracy, theocracy, or anarchy

Economic deprivation of a population

Opposition of a domestic government or occupying army