Name................................. Class and division................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM To find the volume of given cylinder using screw gauge

APPARATUS Screw gauge, cylinder

PRINCIPLE

Volume of the cylinder ¿ π r 2L

L is the length of the cylinder in meter and

r is the radius of the cylinder in meter =diameter of the wire /2

Diameter of the cylinder = PSR + (CORRECTED HSR X LEAST COUNT)

PSR, pitch scale reading and HSR, head scale reading

value of one main scale division

Least count =
number of divisions on head scale

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Zero correction= ...........divisions

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........mm

Serial Pitch scale Head scale reading Corrected HSR(y) D = (yxLC )+ x

number reading(x)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean diameter of the cylinder = mm

Radius of the cylinder, r = ............x10 –3 m

Length of the cylinder, L =...............cm =..............x10 –2 m

Volume of the cylinder = π r 2L = 3.14 x (.............. )2 x m3

RESULT
Volume of the given cylinder using screw gauge = .........................m 3

Name................................. Class and division................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 2

AIM To find the volume of given wire using screw gauge

APPARATUS Screw gauge, wire

PRINCIPLE

Volume of the wire = ¿ π r 2L

L is the length of the wire in meter and

r is the radius of the wire in meter =diameter of the wire /2

Diameter of the wire = PSR + (CORRECTED HSR X LEAST COUNT)

PSR, pitch scale reading and HSR, head scale reading

value of one main scale division

Least count =
num ber of divisions on head scale

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Zero correction= ...........divisions

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........mm

Serial Pitch scale Head scale reading Corrected HSR(y) D = (yxLC )+ x

number reading(x)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean diameter of the wire = mm

Radius of the wire, r = ............x10 –3 m

Length of the wire, L =...............cm =..............x10 –2 m

Volume of the wire = π r 2L = 3.14 x (.............. )2 x m3

RESULT

Volume of the given wire using screw gauge = .........................m 3

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 2

AIM To find the volume of given sphere using screw gauge

APPARATUS Screw gauge, wire

PRINCIPLE

4 3
Volume of the sphere ¿ πr
3

r is the radius of the sphere in meter = diameter of the wire /2

Diameter of the sphere = PSR + CORRECTED HSR X LEAST COUNT

PSR, pitch scale reading and HSR, head scale reading

value of one main scale division

Least count =
number of divisions on head scale

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Zero correction= ...........divisions

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........mm

Serial Pitch scale Head scale reading Corrected HSR(y) D = (yxLC )+ x

number reading(x)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean diameter of the sphere = mm

Radius of the sphere, r = ............x10 –3 m

4 3
Volume of the sphere = πr
3
 4
= x 3.14 x (.............. )3 x m3
3

Result

Volume of the given sphere using screw gauge = .........................m 3

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 3

AIM To find the volume of given glass plate using screw gauge

APPARATUS glass plate, graph sheet, screw gauge

PRINCIPLE

Volume of the glass plate = area of glass plate (A) X thickness of glass plate (t)

Thickness of the glass plate = PSR + CORRECTED HSR X LEAST COUNT

PSR, pitch scale reading and HSR, head scale reading

value of one main scale division

Least count =
number of divisions on head scale

Area of glass plate is calculated using graph paper

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Zero correction= ...........divisions

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........mm

Serial Pitch scale Head scale reading Corrected t = (yxLC )+ x

number reading(x) HSR(y)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean thickness, t= .............mm

= ...........x 10 – 3 m

Area of glass plate from graph sheet, A = ............cm 2

 = ..................x 10 – 4 m2

Volume of the glass plate = t X A

= ........................m3

RESULT

Volume of the glass plate = ..................m 3

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 4

AIM To find the volume of given lead shot/sphere using vernier caliper

APPARATUS sphere/lead shot, vernier caliper

PRINCIPLE

4 3
Volume of the sphere/ lead shot = πr
3

r is the radius of the sphere/lead shot in meter =(diameter of the sphere/lead shot) /2

Diameter of the sphere/lead shot = MSR + VSR X LEAST COUNT

MSR, main scale reading and VSR, vernier scale reading

value of one main scale division

Least count =
number of divisions on vernier scale

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........cm

Serial main scale reading(x) Vernier scale D = (yxLC )+ x

number reading
1
2
3
4
5
Mean diameter of the sphere/lead shot = cm

Radius of the sphere/lead shot, r = ............x10 –2 m

 4 3
Volume of the sphere/lead shot = πr
3

4
= x 3.14 x (.............. )3 x m3
3

Result

Volume of the given sphere/lead shot = .........................m 3

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 5

AIM To find the volume of given rectangular block using vernier caliper

APPARATUS rectangular block, vernier caliper

PRINCIPLE

Volume of the rectangular block = l x b x h

l is the length of the wire, b is the breadth and h is the height

Dimension measured = MSR + VSR X LEAST COUNT

MSR, main scale reading and VSR, vernier scale reading

value of one main scale division

Least count =
number of divisions on vernier scale

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........cm

To find length of the rectangular block

Serial Main scale Vernier scale reading l= (yxLC )+ x

number reading(x)
1
 2
3
4
5
Mean length of the rectangular block l= cm =.............. X10 – 2m

To find breadth of the rectangular block

Serial Main scale reading(x) Vernier scale b= (yxLC )+ x

number reading
1
2
3
4
5
Mean breadth of the rectangular block b= cm =.................x 10 – 2 m

To find height of the rectangular block

Serial Main scale Vernier scale hl= (yxLC )+ x

number reading(x) reading
1
2
3
4
5
Mean height of the rectangular block h= cm =.................. x10 —2m

l=...................m, b=...................m, h=......................m

Volume of the rectangular block V = l x b x h

=...................................m3

RESULT

Volume of the given rectangular block = .........................m 3

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 6

AIM To find the volume of given cylinder using vernier caliper

APPARATUS vernier calliper, wire

PRINCIPLE

Volume of the cylinder ¿ π r 2L

L is the length of the cylinder in meter and

r is the radius of the cylinder in meter =diameter of the cylinder /2

Diameter of the cylinder = MSR + VSR X LEAST COUNT

MSR, main scale reading and VSR, vernier scale reading

va lue of one main scale division

Least count =
number of divisions on vernier scale

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Value of 1 main scale division = ........cm/mm

Number of divisions on vernier/head scale =

Least count =..........mm

 Serial Main scale reading(x) Vernier scale D = (yxLC )+ x
number reading
1
2
3
4
5
Mean diameter of the cylinder = mm

Radius of the cylinder, r = ............x10 –3 m

Length of the cylinder, L =...............cm =..............x10 –2 m

Volume of the cylinder = π r 2L = 3.14 x (.............. )2 x m3

RESULT

Volume of the given cylinder = .........................m 3

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 7

AIM To find the unknown mass using principle of moments

APPARATUS metre scale, slotted weights, weight hanger, unknown mass etc.....

PRINCIPLE

According to principle of moments, (draw diagram)

M1 X d1 = M2 X d2

M 2 = M1 x d1/d2

M1 =known mass

M2 =unknown mass

d1 = distance from known mass to centre of gravity

d2 = distance from unknown mass to centre of gravity

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Serial Known mass M1 d1 d2 Unknown mass M2= M1 x d1/d2

number
 1
2
3
4
5
Mean value of unknown mass = g

RESULT

Mass of the given body = kg

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 8

AIM

To find the unknown mass using Graveson’s apparatus (parallelogram law)

APPARATUS

Graveson’s apparatus , slotted weights, weight hanger, unknown mass etc.....

PRINCIPLE

According to parallelogram law, if two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction as the
sides of a parallelogram drawn from a single point, diagonal drawn from the same point represent
the resultant vector in magnitude and direction

If three coplanar concurrent forces P, Q, and R keep a point

in equilibrium, the resultant of P and Q will be equal and opposite to R (draw diagram)

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Serial P Q OA OB OD Mass
number (g) (g) (cm) (cm) (cm) (g)
1
2
 3
4
5
Mean value of unknown mass = g

RESULT

Mass of the given body = kg

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 9

AIM To find the spring constant of given spring by load extension graph

APPARATUS helical spring, weight hanger, slotted weights, pointer

PRINCIPLE

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Reading of the pointer during

i) loading=.........cm ii) unloading=........cm, mean = ...........cm

 Load in Reading of the pointer
kg Extension Extension
In (cm) In metre
Loading (cm) Unloading Mean( cm)
(cm)

From graph

AB = ............Kg, BC =...........m

AB X 9.8
K= N/m
BC

RESULT

Spring constant by load extension graph = ................N/m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 10

AIM to find spring constant of given spring by calculation

APPARATUS spring, weight hanger, slotted weights, pointer

PRINCIPLE spring constant, k = mass x 9.8/extension

K = M x 9.8/e

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Reading of the pointer during

i) Loading=.........cm ii) unloading=........cm, mean = ...........cm

Mass(M) Reading of the pointer Extension K=Mx9.8/e

in kg In cm Extension(e (N/m)
)
In metre
Loading (cm) Unloading Mean( cm
(cm) )
Mean k=................. N/m

RESULT

Spring constant of the spring by calculation = .....................N/m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 11

AIM to find spring constant of given spring by vertical oscillation (calculation)

APPARATUS spring, weight hanger, slotted weights, pointer, stop watch

PRINCIPLE spring constant, k =4π2M/T2

M is the mass attached to the spring and T is the time period of oscillatons

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Mass(M) Time for 20 oscillations Time period

in kg T = t/20 T2 M/T2

1 2 Mean( t)
Mean M/T2 =................. N/m

Spring constant, k =4π2 (M/T2)

RESULT

Spring constant of the spring by vertical oscillation (calculation) = .....................N/m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 12

AIM to find acceleration due to gravity at the place by calculation

APPARATUS simple pendulum, thread, stops watch, metre scale, vernier caliper

PRINCIPLE for a simple pendulum,

L
T =2 π
√ g

g = 4π 2L/T2 m/s2

T is the time period, L is the length of the pendulum (from the point of suspension to centre of
gravity of the bob) and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

length(L) Time for 20 oscillations Time period

of the T = t/20 T2 L/T2
pendulum (s) (S2) m/s2
1 2) Mean( t)
50x 10—2 m
 60x 10—2 m
70x 10—2 m
80x 10—2 m
90x 10—2 m
100x 10—2 m
Mean L/T2 = m/s 2

g = 4π 2L/T2 m/s2

g = 4x3.142x............m/s2

RESULT

Acceleration due to gravity at the place by calculation = ...................m/s 2

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 13

AIM to find acceleration due to gravity at the place by drawing L—T2 graph

APPARATUS simple pendulum, thread, stops watch, metre scale, vernier caliper, graph paper

PRINCIPLE for a simple pendulum, g = 4π2L/T2 m/s2

OA
From graph, g = 4π2L/T2 = G = 4π2
OB
T is the time period, L is the length of the pendulum (from the point of suspension to centre of
gravity of the bob) and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

PROCEDURE (Write in own words)

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Diameter of the bob =..............cm, radius of the bob =...........cm

length(L) Time for 20 oscillations Time period

of the T = t/20 T2
pendulum (s) (S2)
1 2 Mean( t)
50x 10—2 m
60x 10—2 m
70x 10—2 m
80x 10—2 m
90x 10—2 m
100x 10—2 m
From graph, L/T2 = m/s 2

g = 4π 2L/T2 m/s2

g = 4x3.142x............m/s2

RESULT Acceleration due to gravity at the place = ...................m/s 2

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 14

AIM to verify ohms law by drawing V I graph and to find resistance from the graph

APPARATUS

Resistance wire, voltmeter, ammeter, rheostat, connecting wires

PRINCIPLE

According to ohms law, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied, provided temperature and other physical conditions of the conductor
remain unchanged

V
Resistance of the wire, R = where V = potential difference and I = intensity of current
I
V, I GRAPH

Resistance from the graph, R = ΔV/ΔI

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE (write)

1. Do the connections according to the circuit diagram

2. Check the least count of voltmeter and ammeter
3. Adjust the rheostat to get 0.5V in voltmeter , and note the corresponding ammeter reading
4. Repeat the experiment for 1V , 1.5V,2V and 2.5V and note the corresponding ammeter
reading in each case and find resistance by calculation
5. Draw V , I graph with suitable scale and find resistance from the graph
6. Write result with S I unit.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

To find Resistance
 Serial Voltmeter reading (V) Ammeter reading (I) Resistance of the wire R = V/I
number
1
2
3
4
5

Mean value of resistance =....................... Ω

Resistance from the graph = slope of the graph = ΔV/ΔI

RESULT

Since, V, I graph is a straight line ohm’s law is verified

Resistance of the wire from the graph = ...........Ω

Resistance of the given wire by calculation =.......................Ω

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT 15

AIM

To compare the emf of two primary cells using potentiometer

APPARATUS potentiometer, Leclanche cell, Daniel cell, galvanometer, high resistance, connecting
wires and jockey

PRINCIPLE
If a steady current flows through a wire of uniform area of cross section, potential difference is
directly proportional to the length

Vα L

If L1 and L2 are the balancing length for two cells of emf E 1 and E2

E1 L1
=
E2 L2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Do the connections according to the circuit diagram

2. Introduce E1 in to the circuit and check for opposite deflections by pressing the jockey at A
and B, repeat for E2 also.
3. Find the balancing length for E1 and E2
4. By adjusting the position of rheostat find balancing length for E 1 and E2 for 5 different
positions of rheostat
E1
5. Find the ratio of in each case and find mean value.
E2
6. Write the result with S I unit

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial Balancing length of first cell Balancing length of second cell (L2) Ratio of emf
number (L1) E1 L1
=
E2 L2

1
2
3
 4
5

E1
Mean = ……………..
E2

RESULT

Ratio of emf of given cells =

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT16

AIM To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence to find the specific resistance
of its material
APPARATUS Metre Bridge, resistance wire, galvanometer, resistance box, connecting wires, screw
gauge, jockey

PRINCIPLE When galvanometer shows null deflection, P/Q = R/S

X = RL/ (100—L)

R, resistance in the right gap

X, unknown resistance in left gap

L, balancing length measured from the unknown resistance side

Specific resistance, ρ = X A/l Ωm

Ρ =X πr 2/l

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Do the connections according to circuit diagram

2. Close the key and introduce a resistance in right gap and check for opposite deflections by
pressing the jockey at A and B
3. Introduce 1Ω in the right gap and find balancing length from the end A
4. Find the balancing length by introducing resistance of 2Ω, 3Ω, 4Ω and 5Ω in the right gap
5. Find the mean resistance and measure the length of the wire
6. Find zero correction and least count of screw gauge then find diameter of the wire using
screw gauge
7. Calculate the specific resistance of the wire
8. Write the result with unit , precautions and sources of error

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

To find resistance of the wire

Serial Resistance in the right Balancing length(L) (100—L) X = RL/ (100—L)

 number gap(R)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean resistance = ..........................Ω

To find radius of the wire

Least count of screw gauge = 0.01mm

Zero correction =

Serial Pitch scale Head scale Corrected head scale Diameter

number reading(x) reading reading(y)
1
2
3
4
5

Mean diameter of the wire =

Radius of the wire =

Specific resistance of the wire =

RESULT

1. Resistance of the given wire =....................Ω

2. Specific resistance of the material of the wire =............................Ω m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT17

AIM
To verify the law of combination of resistances in series using meter bridge

APPARATUS Metre Bridge, resistance wires, galvanometer, resistance box, connecting wires, jockey

PRINCIPLE

When galvanometer shows null deflection, P/Q = R/S

X = RL/ (100—L)

R, resistance in the right gap

X , unknown resistance in left gap

L, balancing length measured from the unknown resistance side

Resistance in series X = X 1 + X2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Do the connections according to circuit diagram, with X 1 in the left gap

2. Close the key and introduce a resistance in right gap and check for opposite deflections by
pressing the jockey at A and B
3. Introduce suitable resistance (1Ω) in the right gap and find balancing length from the end A
(care should be taken to get balancing length between 30 cm and 70 cm)
4. Find the balancing length by introducing two more resistances( 2Ω and 3Ω) in the right gap
5. Find the mean resistance
6. Find the mean resistance by introducing X 2 in the left gap
7. Find mean resistance by connecting X1 and X2 in series in the left gap
8. Compare the values of X1 + X2 and their series combination value
9. Write the result with unit precautions and sources of error

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

To find X1
 Serial Resistance in the right gap(R) Balancing (100—L) X 1= RL/ (100—L)
number length(L)
1
2
3
Mean resistance X1 = ..........................Ω

To find X2

Serial Resistance in the right gap(R) Balancing (100—L) X 2= RL/ (100—L)

number length(L)
1
2
3
Mean resistance X2 = ..........................Ω

To find series combination of X1 and X2

Serial Resistance in the right Balancing length(L) (100—L) X = RL/ (100—L)

number gap(R)
1
2
3
Mean resistance in series combination = ..........................Ω

RESULT

R1=..............Ω, R2 =...............Ω

Theoretical value of resistance in series =.................... Ω

Experimental value of resistance in series = ............Ω

Within the experimental error law of series combination of resistances verified

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

 EXPERIMENT18

METER BRIDGE

AIM

To verify the law of combination of resistances in parallel using meter bridge

APPARATUS Bridge, resistance wires, galvanometer, resistance box, connecting wires, jockey

PRINCIPLE

When galvanometer shows null deflection, P/Q = R/S

X = RL/ (100—L)

R, resistance in the right gap

X , unknown resistance in left gap

L, balancing length measured from the unknown resistance side

1 1 1
Resistance in parallel = +
x x1 x2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Do the connections according to circuit diagram, with X 1 in the left gap

2. Close the key and introduce a resistance in right gap and check for opposite deflections by
pressing the jockey at A and B
3. Introduce suitable resistance in the right gap and find balancing length from the end A(care
should be taken to get balancing length between 30 cm and 70 cm)
4. Find the balancing length by introducing two more resistances in the right gap
5. Find the mean resistance
6. Find the mean resistance by introducing X 2 in the left gap
7. Find mean resistance by connecting X1 and X2 in parallel in the left gap
 X1 X 2
8. Compare the values of and their parallel combination value
X 1+ X 2
10. Write the result with S I unit

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

To find X1

Serial Resistance in the right gap(R) Balancing (100—L) X 1= RL/ (100—L)

number length(L)
1
2
3
Mean resistance X1 = ..........................Ω

To find X2

Serial Resistance in the right gap(R) Balancing (100—L) X 2= RL/ (100—L)

number length(L)
1
2
3
Mean resistance X2 = ..........................Ω

To find parallel combination of X1 and X2

Serial Resistance in the right Balancing length(L) (100—L) X = RL/ (100—L)

number gap(R)
1
2
3
Mean resistance in parallel combination = ..........................Ω

RESULT

R1=..............Ω, R2 =...............Ω

Theoretical value of resistance in parallel =.................... Ω

Experimental value of resistance in parallel=............Ω

Within the experimental error law of parallel combination of resistances verified

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT19

POTENTIOMETER

AIM

To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer

APPARATUS (write here)

PRINCIPLE

If a steady current flows through a wire of uniform area of cross section, potential difference is
directly proportional to the length

Vα L

Internal resistance r = R (L1 — L2)/L2

R, resistance connected in parallel to the cell

L1, balancing length of the cell in open circuit

L2, balancing length of the cell in closed circuit

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Do the connections according to circuit diagram

2. Close the primary circuit and keep secondary circuit open, then Check for opposite
deflections by pressing the jockey at A and B
 3. Introduce a resistance (1Ω) in the resistance box and find balancing length with secondary
circuit open(L1) and then closed(L2)
4. Repeat the experiment for different values of R
5. Calculate the value of internal resistance in each case and
6. Write the result with S I unit

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial Resistance(R ( L 1) ( L2 ) r = R (L1 — L2)/L2

number )
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT

Internal resistance of a cell varies with current. Internal at different values of external resistances are
shown in the table.
Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT20

CONCAVE MIRROR

AIM

To find image distance (v) for different values of object distance (u) of a concave mirror and to find
its focal length by u,v method and normal incidence method

APPARATUS concave mirror, mirror stand, screen, scale and light source

PRINCIPLE

If u is the object distance, v the image distance and f the focal length, applying sign conventions,

1 1 1
+ = (draw the graph only if asked in the question)
u v f

RAY DIAGRAM (draw image formed by a concave mirror when object is placed beyond 2F and mark
u, v and f also draw ray diagram for object at 2F under the heading normal incidence method )

PROCEDURE

1. Find rough focal length of the concave mirror by focussing on distant object
2. Decide the values of u as three values before 2F and three values after 2F with 2cm gap
3. Keep the object at first value of u and get clear image on the screen and measure the value
of v
4. Experiment is repeated for different values of u and get v in each case
5. Find the value of f in each case and find mean f
 6. Keep the screen and light source at same distance from the mirror and get a clear image of
light source on the screen by moving the mirror away
7. Measure this distance as 2f and find f as half of it
8. Take three trials and find the mean value of f in distant object method also
9. Draw u, v graph or 1/u , 1lv graph as asked
10. Calculate the value of f in each case from the graph
7. Write the result with S I unit

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial v 1/u 1/v 1/f =1/u + Focal length f

number u 1/v
1
2
3
4
5
Mean focal length f=............................m

RESULT

Focal length of the given concave mirror by u v method = ........................m

Focal length of concave mirror by normal incidence method =..................m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT20

CONCAVE MIRROR

AIM

To find image distance (v) for different values of object distance (u) of a concave mirror and to find
its focal length by u,v graph

APPARATUS concave mirror, mirror stand, screen, scale and light source

PRINCIPLE

If u is the object distance, v the image distance and f the focal length, applying sign conventions,

1 1 1
+ =
u v f

from u v graph f = (OA + OB)/4

RAY DIAGRAM (draw image formed by a concave mirror when

object is placed beyond 2F and mark u, v and f)

PROCEDURE

11. Find rough focal length of the concave mirror by focussing on

distant object
12. Decide the values of u as three values before 2F and three values
after 2F with 2cm gap
13. Keep the object at first value of u and get clear image on the screen and measure the value
of v
14. Experiment is repeated for different values of u and get v in each case
15. Find the value of f in each case and find mean f
16. Keep the screen and light source at same distance from the mirror and get a clear image of
light source on the screen by moving the mirror away
17. Measure this distance as 2f and find f as half of it
18. Take three trials and find the mean value of f in distant object method also
19. Draw u, v graph or 1/u , 1lv graph as asked
20. Calculate the value of f in each case from the graph
8. Write the result with S I unit
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial v 1/u 1/v 1/f =1/u + Focal length f

number u 1/v
1
2
3
4
5
Mean focal length f=............................m

RESULT

Focal length of the given concave mirror by u v method = ........................m

Focal length of concave mirror by normal incidence method =..................m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT21

CONVEX LENS

AIM

To find image distance (v) for different values of object distance (u) of a convex lens and to find its
focal length

APPARATUS
Convex lens, lens stand, screen, scale and light source

PRINCIPLE

If u is the object distance, v the image distance and f the focal length, applying sign conventions,

1 1 1
+ = (draw the graph only if asked in the question)
u v f

RAY DIAGRAM (draw image formed by a convex lens when object is placed beyond 2F and mark u,
v and f)

PROCEDURE

1. Find rough focal length of the convex lens by focussing on distant object
2. Decide the values of u as three values before 2F and three values after 2F with 2cm gap
3. Keep the object at first value of u and get clear image on the screen and measure the value
of v
4. Experiment is repeated for different values of u and get v in each case
5. Find the value of f in each case
6. Draw u, v graph or 1/u , 1lv graph (as asked)
7. Calculate the value of f in each case from the graph
8. Write the result with S I unit

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial v 1/u 1/v 1/f =1/u + Focal length f

number u 1/v
1
2
3
4
5
Mean focal length f=............................m

RESULT

Focal length of the given convex lens = ........................m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT22

CONCAVE LENS

AIM To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens

APPARATUS Convex lens, concave lens, light source, screen, metre scale etc..........

PRINCIPLE If u is the object distance, v the image distance and f the focal length, applying sign
1 1 1
conventions, − =
v u f

RAY DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE

1. Form a diminished image(I1) on the screen with the convex lens

2. Introduce the concave lens(L) at a particular distance from this image
3. Measure LI1 as u
4. Move the screen away from the concave lens to get a clear image I 2
5. Measure LI2 as v
6. Find focal length
7. Repeat the experiment for different values of u and find the mean value of f
8. Write the result with S I unit

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial LI1 = u LI2 = v 1/u 1/v 1/f = 1/v – 1/u Focal length f
number
1
2
3
4
5

Mean focal length f=............................m

RESULT

Focal length of the given concave lens = ........................m

Name................................. Class and division =................................. Date..........................

EXPERIMENT23

PN junction

AIM

To draw the V,I characteristics of PN junction in forward bias

APPARATUS

Pn junction diode, milli ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, battery eliminator

PRINCIPLE

V, I characteristics of PN junction diode means the variation of current as a function of applied

voltage. In forward biasing current is negligible till the voltage across the diode crosses a certain
value called threshold voltage or cut in voltage (0.2V for germanium and 0.7V for silicon diode).
Beyond this characteristic voltage, the diode current increases exponentially even for small increase
in voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Do the connections according to the circuit diagram

2. Adjust the rheostat to get 0.1V in voltmeter and note the ammeter reading
3. Repeat the experiment for 0.2V, 0.3V, 0.4V, 0.5V, 0.6V and 0.7V(care should be taken to
avoid the ammeter reading going beyond the range of ammeter 500mA)
4. Draw V, I graph and find dynamic resistance from the graph
5. Write the result with S I unit
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Serial Voltmeter reading (V) Ammeter reading (I)

number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

From the graph ΔV = .............V

ΔI = ................mA = ................x 10 –3 A

Dynamic resistance =ΔV/ΔI

Static resistance =V/I

=................Ω

RESULT

V I characteristics of PN junction diode is drawn in forward bias. Since the curve is not a straight line,
it does not obey ohm’s law

Dynamic resistance (AC resistance) in forward bias =..................Ω

Static resistance (D C resistance) in forward bias =..................Ω

EXPECTED VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What you mean by least count?

2. Find the least count of scale, screw gauge, and vernier calliper
3. Which is more precise screw gauge or vernier why?
4. Define spring constant
5. If a spring is cut in to two identical pieces what change occur for the spring constant
6. Define length of the pendulum
7. What happens to g when pendulum is taken in to moon, centre of the earth?
8. Is the value of g is a constant? Explain
9. Where is g more? at the poles or equator why?
10. What do you mean by seconds pendulum?
11. Define pitch
12. What you mean by zero error in screw gauge? When is it +/-
13. Why an experiment is repeated many times
14. State principle of moments
15. What is the difference between mass and weight
16. Define centre of gravity
17. State parallelogram /triangle law of vectors
18. What do you mean by concurrent forces, equilibrium
19. Magnitude of Resultant of two equal forces is same as one of the forces. what is the
angle between them
20. Who invented simple pendulum?
21. Why heavy bob is used in simple pendulum
22. Can you do the experiment for large amplitude? Why?
23. Name the factors which affect the period of simple pendulum
24. State Hooke’s law
25. Define shm and give examples
26. Which is more elastic steel or rubber
27. Define resistance and resistivity, name the factors which decide them
28. Name the material used for making rheostat
29. How temperature affect resistance of a conductor and semiconductor
30. State ohm’s law is it a universal law?
31. If a wire is stretched to double its length how the resistance and resistivity get affected
32. How resistance change with V and I
33. How a an ammeter/voltmeter connected in a circuit and why?
34. Name and state the principle of wheat stones bridge
35. What are the precautions to be taken in potentiometer /metre bridge experiment
36. What is end correction how is it minimised?
37. Why the copper strips are made thick?
38. Define emf and p.d.
39. State the principle of potentiometer and explain how can you increase the sensitivity of
potentiometer
40. What is the use of high resistance in potentiometer/meter bridge
41. Why the copper strips are made thick in metre bridge
42. Which is preferred potentiometer or voltmeter for measurement of emf? Why?
43. Define potential gradient
44. Name the factors which decide internal resistance of a cell
45. Distinguish between real and virtual images
46. Image distance and object distance are same for a mirror/lens. what is the minimum
distance between object and image
47. Define principal focus of concave mirror/convex lens
48. Why small aperture lens/mirror is used?
49. What change is observed when colour of incident light is changed from violet to red in
the case of lens/ mirror
50. How focal length of a Lens/mirror changes when immersed in water?
51. Can a convex lens/concave lens act as diverging /converging lens
52. Name the factors that decide focal length of a mirror/lens
Ans of qns no 52

Refractive index of the lens

Radius of curvature

Colour of incident light