7/5/18

General Mathematics
First Semester, School Year 2018-2019

FUNCTIONS
Lesson 1: Functions as Models
Learning Outcome: At the end of the lesson, the learner
is able to represent real-life situations using functions,
including piecewise functions, and solve problems
involving functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Review: of relations and functions
2. Review: The functions as a machine
3. Review: Functions and relations as a table of values
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

4. Review: Functions as a graph in the Cartesian plane

5. Review: Vertical line set
6. Functions as representation of real life situations
7. Piecewise functions

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RELATIONS FUNCTIONS

A relation is a rule that A function is a relation

relates values from a set of where each element in the
values (called the domain) domain is related to only
to a second set of values one value in the range by
(called the range). some rule.

The elements of the The elements of the

domain can be imagined as domain can be imagined as
input to a machine that input to a machine that
applies a rule to these applies a rule so that each
inputs to generate one or input corresponds to only
more outputs. one output.
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

A relation is also a set of A function is a set of

ordered pairs (x,y) ordered pairs (x,y) such
that no two ordered pairs
have the same x-value but
different y-values.

The Function as a Machine

General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

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Functions and relations as a table of values

For the following illustrations of functions and

relations, we draw from the definitions for
relations and functions given previously.
Example 1.
Which of the following relations are
functions?
(a) f = {(1,2),(2,2),(3,5),(4,5)}
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

(b) g= {(1,3),(1,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,7)}
(c) h = {(1,3),(2,6),(3,9),…,(n,3n),…}

Functions and relations as a table of values

Example 1. (Solution)

The relations f and h are functions

because no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values, while
g is not a function because (1,3) and
(1,4) are ordered pairs with the same x-
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

value but different y-values.

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Example 2.
Which of the following mapping diagrams
represent functions?
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Functions and relations as a table of values

Example 2. (Solution)

The relations f and g are functions because

each x ∈ X corresponds to a unique y ∈ Y.
The relation h is not a function because there
is at least one element in X for which there
is more than one corresponding y-value. For
example, x = 7 corresponds to y = 11 or 13.
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

Similarly, x = 2 corresponds to both y = 17

or 19.

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Functions as a graph in the Cartesian Plane

Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each
vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

If a vertical line x = a intersects a graph twice ,

say at (a,b) and at (a,c), then th e graph cannot
represent a function because two different y-
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

values corresponds to x = a.

Example 3.
Which of the following graphs can be
graphs of functions?
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

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Example 4.
Which of the following represents a
function?
(a) y = 2x + 1
(b) y = x2 – 2x + 2
(c) x2 + y2 = 1
(d)
(e)
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

Domain
The domain of a relation as the set of all possible
values that the variable x can take.

Example 5.
Identify the domain for each relation above using set
builder notation.
Solution:
(a) ℝ
(b) ℝ
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(c) [-1,1]
(d) [-1,+∝]
(e) (-∝,1) ∪ (1,+∝)

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If a relation is a function, then y can be

replaced with f(x) to denote that the values
of y depends on the value of x. Do this for
the functions in the following examples,
replacing f with other letters to distinguish
the functions from each other
(a) y = 2x + 1 f(x) = 2x + 1
(b) y = x2 – 2x + 2 q(x) = x2 – 2x + 2
(c) x2 + y2 = 1 not a function
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(d)
(e)

Functions as representations of real-life situations

Functions can be often used to model real situations.

Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead
to a better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 6.
Give a function C that can represent the cost
of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.
Solution:
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Since each meal costs P40, then th e cost

function is C(x) = 40x.

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Example 7.
One hundred meters of fencing is available to
enclose a rectangular area next to a river (see
figure). Give a function A that can represent
the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

Solution:
The area of the rectangular enclosure is A = xy .
Write this as a function of x.
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Since only 100m of fencing is available,

then x + 2y = 100 or y =(100 – x)/2 = 50 – 0.5x.
Thus,A(x) = x(50 – 0.5x) = 50x – 0.5x 2.

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Piecewise Functions

Some situations can only be described by more than

one formula, depending on the value of the
independent variable.

Example 8.
A user is charged P300 monthly for a
particular mobile plan , which includes 100 free
text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are
charged P1 each . Represent th e amount a
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

consumer pays each month as a function of

the number of messages m sent in a month.

Example 8.
A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular
mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each.
Represent the amount a consumer pays each month
as a function of the number of messages m sent in a
month.
Solution:
Let t(m) represent the amount paid by the consumer
each month. It can be expressed by the piecewise
function
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

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Example 9.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers,
and each additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 for
the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the
jeepney fare in terms of the distance d in kilometers.
Solution:
The input value is distance and the output is the cost
of the jeepney fare. If F(d) represents the fare as a
function of distance, the function can be represented
as follows:
General Mathematics: CHED-K to 12 TPMU

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