SSS ‘The widespread use of wire rope in almost every type of industry—and the many ramifications and variations of such service—requires constant and up-to-date knowledge of every technical advance pertaining to the construction of wire rope and to its application, To make available such information to engineers—and to others who have need for exact facts relating to the sub- ject-is the purpose of this Handbook. It is our belief that you will find the contents not only of very real help—but that you will reeognize in ita broadness of scope and a completeness that could only result from knowledge gained through many years of leadership in this important field. This leadevship has been achieved because of steadfast adherence to un- varying standards of quality—and because of ability to provide a perfect answer to the many usual and unusual application problems that are eon- stantly occurring.Contents Page Stretch of Wire Rope. Reserve Strength Size of Outer Wires Effcets of Bending. Stress due to Acceleration Stress in Guys Stress in Suspended Cables Multiple Sheave Blocks Efficiency of Wire Rope Tackle Stresses in Wire Ropes on Inclined Planes and Slopes: ‘Maximum Load on a Wire Rope Grooves Fleet Angle Unreeling and Uneoiling. Spooling and Coiling. Drum and Reel Cap: Attaching Sockets. Splicing Wire Rope Gauging Wire Rope. Care of Wire Rope. Ondering Wire Rope with Fittings Attached Useful Information. Decimal Equivalents ‘Areas of Round Wires Weights of Steel Wives ‘Measures and Weights Metric System of Measures and Weights. ‘Tables of Multiples Specitie Gravities and Weights Strength of Manila Rope Strength of Materials. Natural Trigonometrie Functions 34 67 89 10-11 12-80 31 31-33 34-26 st 38.39 40 4142 701 2 8-15 76-81The stretch of @ wire rope under load is the ‘result of two components: the struetura stretch, caused by lengthening of the rope lay, compres: sion of the core, and adjustment of the wires and strands to the load; and the elastie stretch, caused by elongation of the wires. ‘The structural stretch varies with the size of core the lengths of lays, and the construction of the rope. This stretch also varies with the loads imposed and the amount of bending to which the rope is subjected. For estimating this stretch the value of 4%, or 003 times the length of rope under lod, gives an approximate Sigure. If leads Elatie Stretch in fot = ey ‘The approximate metallic areas of the principal constructions of USS Tiger Brand Wire Ropes Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stretch of Wire Rope are light, 14% or 0025 times the rope length may be used. “With heavy loads, this stretch may approach 195, or 01 times the rope length. 1 elastic stretch of a wire rope is direetly pro- portional to the load and the length of rope under load, and inversely proportional to the metallic area and modulus of elasticity. This applies only to loads which do not exceed the elastic limit of a wire rope. The elastic limit of a conventional wite rope is approximately 55% of its breaking strength: the elastic limit of thermally stabilized wire rope is 75%. This may be expressed as: (Load in Lbs.) (Length of rope under load in feet) fetallie area of rope in square inches) (Modulus of Elasticity) and Strands are shown below. Approximate Metalic Areas in Square Inches er i rae pia, Bi GelBSene 6x25 EW 680 ggg WEE cals, TMOKStaNDS ar een Gh “GARY at cae fora 8 SE sti Taig Sasa aaoy Sg? Ge igs eat Saath aos PS vast 0088,, 00870082 00m... aD : 60 e oe Pare cae eee Mo vn SY 09 os Bo ae Bs 8 ise Bole ge a SB ee "25 Mle 227 ass "328 385 301 ~2dl 245250 2H 3 531 438332341350 eR 2 8 BA i-Wie ny 4st 52560 $0 37 Sok oth ae 8 it we Ae Be se Se 1a ber 9 es Lies S88 ee oie ae 61-Wire ~ Low = 1055 14061271500 1.762 “att Le Tao 1a ia yO Bog aT aie aap cho fio 3881 bon a Wie 2 192 240 26s “pa 9 By LE 30m Me 2s 34 Be SBT si a ee 3 8 ioe: Independent Wire Rope Cores add approximataly 15% to the metallic area of ropes of ol round strands; and approx imately 10%; 1 6ui0 Tope G. Wire Strand Cores 44d appronmataly 205 ota tba area st ands round tan, Site ropes. For more accuraie figures contact our Wie Rope Biegler Department.Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stretch of Wire Rope ‘Approximate Maduli of Elasticity ‘The modulus of elasticity of a wire rope varies throughout its life and is dependent on the con- struction of the rope and the conditions under which it operates. This modulus increases during ‘the usoful life of the rope. It is affected by the length of service of the rope, the intensity of working loads, whether these loads are constant or variable, and the smount of bending and vibra- tion to which the rope is subjected. ‘The commonly used approximate values for ‘moduli of elasticity of the various constructions are listed below. [New or unused wire ropes will have greater clongation than used ropes, because the greater portion of the structural stretch of a rope occurs uring the initial period of its useful life. The modulus of elasticity is also the smallest during this period. Comision wena a 6x7 Fiber Core. .. 12,000,000 6x7IWRC. a 214,000,000, Bub Soko | 18 Sek 6x21 FW IWRC 13,000,000 6x25 FW IWI J 6x19 Fiber Core 6x30, Type G Fiber Core : 12,000,000 6x37 Fiber Core 11,000,000 para 1280.00 0 ibe: Oo 70,007,600 a Galvaized Wire Coe Brie Ropes (Bu, Ee Frsiesed Galvniad Wie Core Bilge Ropes [gue Galvanized Bridge Strands [29 Wve Gear GuySacnta ge Mie _ Siine a 3400.00 ete Prestressed Galvanized Bridge Strands. 23,000,000 256 & —— tata Tnked Col Tack Stand 78,00,00 Smooth Coil Track Stran 3x7 Torque Balanced Super Tensile Elevated Elastic Limit 3:19 Torque Balanced Super Tensile Elevated Elastic Limit. 3x86 Torque Balanced Super Tensile Elevated Elastic Limit. - 3x46 Torque Balanced Super Tensile Elevated Elastic Limit. 3x55 Torque Balanced Super Tensile Elevated Blastic Limit. 6:25 Super Tensile Unit Lay IWRC. 6x36 Super Tensile Unit Lay IWRC. EE ‘The moduli of elatelty shown on this page are for wire ropes and strands of standard con- structions and with standard leng:he of lay‘The reserve strength of awire ropeisthestrength of the rope exclusive of the outer wires, which are the first to be destroyed by wear and abrasion, AAs the number of layers of wires in each strand Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Reserve Strengths | fnoreases, the reserve strength inereases. W Inbrieated ropes have the following. approxi reserve strengths in terms of total strengthsof new ropes. Conseruction 6a. 8x67 Tiller Rope. ONT ec x19 Seale. 8x19 Seale. x19 Warrington. 6x25 Filler 8x25 Filler Wire 19x7_Non-Rotating. 6x36 Filler 6x4 Filler Wire 6x46 SFW. ope Comiraetion 657 6x17 6x19 Seale 6x19 Warrington (Large Outer Wires) 6x21 Filler Wire 6x80 Type G Flattened Strand ‘/AMERANGLE Core. 6x12—7 Fiber Cor x19 Seale 6x25 Filler Wire 19xT Non-Rotating. 6x86 Filler Wire, 8x05 Filler Wire 6x4 Filler Wire & 6349 SWS 6x46 SPW. ; 6x6x7 Tiller Rope. Percentage oF Tora Outer Wires Size of Outer Wires ister Dee "Bichipty Bia, of Rove By Factrh 1/9 ane 1s 1a apaTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Effects of Bending All wire ropes, except stationary ropes used as, guys or, supports, are subjected to bendin; around sheaves or drums. The service obtained from wire ropes is, to a large extent, dependent. upon the proper choice and location of the sheaves and drums about which it operat ‘A wire rope may be considered asa machine in which theindividualelements(wiresand strands) slide upon each other when the rope is bent. ‘Therefore, as a prerequisite to the satisfactory operation of wire rope over sheaves and drums, the rope must be property lubrieated. (See Lub- rication—page 51.) With this in mind, the fects of bending may be classified as: Loss of strength due to bending. Fatigue effect of bending, Loss of strength du to bending is caused by the inability of the individual strands and wires to adjust themselves to their changed position when the ropes bent. Tests have shown that rope strength decreases to a marked degree as the sheave diameter grows smaller with respect to the diameter of the rope. ‘The loss of strength due to bending wire ropes over the sheaves found in common use are not expected to exceed 89; and will usually be about 4%, “the bending of a wire rope is accompanied by readjustments in the positions of the strands and wires and results in aetual bending of the wires, Flexing of the wires develops, bending loads which, even though usually within the clastielimitof the wires, setup points of increased stg concentration = efatigueeffectof repetitive bendingappears in the forme of small eracks in the wires at creased overstressed foci. These cracks propa- gate, under repeated stress eycles, until the Femaining sound metal is inadequate to with- stand the bending load and complete fracture cers. This results in broken wires showing no apparent contraction of eross section. Experience has established the fact that from the serviee viewpoint, a very definite relation. ship exists between the size of the individual ‘outer wires of a wire rope and the size of the Sheave or drum about which it operates. Sheaves ‘and drums smaller than 200 times the diameter of the outer wires will cause permanent set in & heavily loaded rope. Good practice requires the use of sheaves and drums with diameters 800 times the diameter of the outer, wires in the rope for heavily loaded fast-moving ropes. For imine hoists, the factors are usually about 1,000; for elevators, approximately 900, Itis impractical to give a definite minimum size of sheave or drum about which a wire rope will operate with satisfactory results, because of the other factors affecting the useful life of the Tope. Reverse bends, where a rope is bent in one Gifection and then ‘inthe opposite directo, cause excescive fatigue and should be avoided ‘whenever possible, When @ reverse bend is necessary, larger sheaves are required. than ould the case it the rope were bent in one irection only. "Tables T and IL show the minimum. tread diameters of sheaves and drums for use with the various sizes, grades, and constructions of wire rope. These diameters are based on factors of 600 times the diameters of the outer wires for the table covering iron ropes, and 400 for the table covering the higher grades of wire rope, with the ‘exception of the 19x Non-Spinning, for which a Factor of 500 is used. Te should be clearly understood that these are not the recommended diameters of sheaves and Grums for use with USS Tiger Brand Wire Rope. These ae the minimum sizes which, under {avorable operating conditions, ean be expected to give reasonable wire rope service. Ifthe other features of operation, such as speeds and loads, are severe, larger sheaves and drums should be fused; the amount by which they exceed these ‘minimum figures depending upon the severity of the conditions of service. The use of sheaves and drums larger than shown in these tables will recult in increased. wire rope serviee, which Usually will more than warrant the additional fost of the larger sheaves and drums Table [Minimum Tread Diameters of Sheaves and Drums in Inches Bright Iron Wire Ropoe Hore et ort tHE % 15% 10 8 5 i wh ms 10 0% % BY 15 2 1% he me IK 3% % 3g 2 io) 10: Ke 354 eG BMRB 2 hg 44 30 ed Kw 58M 85 pein y - 40 ea 20. 1% 4 i 50 : These Minimum Tread Diameters are based on factors of 600 times the diameters of the outer Wires.Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Effects of Bending ‘Table Minimum Tread Diameter of Sheaves and Oruns in Inches Stel Wie pes es Py oo Warrington aus ais eas Sale __ Ww a Rope aie eae SEY gute Sx6xt Din 6x? Norftot sae a of 1034 8% 3% M 13 1034 44 % 1534 1234 5 He wy 1s oe ym 7 5 7 % BK mK oT 8 % 2614 2K 1834 8% cre 3% 23% 2244 10% K% 3634 2934 26}4 124% 1 80 ry 1% 474% 384 3334 14 526 4246 3m 1% 5734 46% 4 Us 63 51 45 1% 55K 4834 594 5245 6334 56h em 7634 674 75 ‘These Minimum Teead Diameters are based on actor of approximately 400 times the diameters of outer wires for al except the 19x7 Nou-Retating Rope, for which a factor of 600 is used.Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses due to Acceleration In order to cause a body to move from one point to another, a force must be applied to the body If the rate at which the body moves from point to point docs not change during successive inter- vals of time, we say that the body has a constant speed or a uniform velocity. Velocity is always expressed as 4 ratio of distance to time, and for ‘our purposes, we shall use the ratio, fect per second (ft./sec.) as most convenient. The force necessary to move a body with unifarm velocity is constant, and is that foree required to overcome {rictionsl and gravitational resistance, On the other hand, if the velocity of a body changes, additional foree is necessary to eause this hangs. Suppose a body initially at rest starts to move so that it has velocities at the end of certain time intervals as follows: Abend of lst soeond velocity is. 5 ft./see Abend of 2nd sccond velocity is 10 ft/sec. Abend of Srd second velocity is 15 {./see Atend of 4th second velocity is 20 ft./see. We see that at the end of each second the velocity has been increased 5 ft. /se., or, in other words, the body has boen accelerated at the rate of 5 feet per sucond per sxcona. (written §ft./see /see, or 5 ft./see2) If the acceleration is not at 2 uniform rate, we ean only express the acceleration it is at the ond of a certain time interval. It will be found that the great majority of wire rope installations operate with a uniform acceleration, or that the acecleration deereases as the equipment gets up to maximum speed. ‘There ure certain fundamental relations be- tween weight, force, acceleration, velocity, dis- tance and time which fortunately aro very simple. Let W = weight of a body and rope, F = force necessary to eause a change of velocity, This is sometimes called the inertia force and does not include the forors needed to overcome friction or gravity, & = acceleration due to gravity = 322 ft per sec, per sec Tinear acceleration in [Link] [Link] ste. y= linear velocity in ft, per see. 8 = distance in feet, t jme in seconds of the acceleration period. ‘The formulas connecting these various quanti- tes that we shall need to use are as follows: QMa=f (2) = B when stating rm ret @re¥ From which wr-¥ r= Let us take, for example, a vertical miine hoist. W thea represents the weight of the rope hanging. in the shaft, the weight of the eage, the weight ‘of the ear, and the weight of whatever material is being brought to the surface. From the mine data, we can get v or the maximum speed of the hoist in feet per sceond. That stil! leaves the time ‘to be determined. By standing near the hoisting drum and listening to the engine during a few trips, the observer ean very easily determine the number of seconds ¢ it tekes the engine to get up to speed. A stop wateh will help considerably in determining this acceleration period. From formula (4), we can now get F, the extra forer needed for acceleration, In case the speed of the hoist is not available, then recourse is had to formula (5). t is deter- mined as described above, and the acceleration distance s must also be found by observation ‘The hoist indicator can be used in estimating ‘the distances traveled during the acceleration period, the uniform speed period, and the slowingdown periad by noting the position of the indi- ceator when the time is taken. A very close esti mate of distance ean be made in this manner. Local conditions may give the observer other means of determining the maximum speeds, time and distances ‘The fact that all wire rope poscesses a certain amount of elasticity makes conditions casicr for long ropes on deep shafts or slopes. A certain amount of motion of the winding drum is ab- sorbed in stretching the rope, and therefore the load is not accelerated as rapidiy. ‘The force necessary to overcame the inertia of sheavs, ete, in shallow shafts is also greater in proportion to the whole inertia foree, and must be taken inte consideration. Good practice therefore calls for ‘the use of a higher factor of safety in shafts where tho total hoisting distanee is not great. ‘The rope user will find thet acceleration stresses fare generally anuch less in clecttically operated hoists, for the automatie eontrol prevents rapid starting as a protective measure for the cletrical equipment. Steam hoists, en the other hand, are often started by opening the throttle wide, with consequent sudden jerks on the rope and ex tremely rapid acceleration for the first second or toro, In such eases, itis a safe precaution to add Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses due to Acceleration arbitrarily about 25% to calculated stresses ob- {sined as above, ‘The preceding discussion has only considered speeding up or acceleration. The sume forees come into play when apparatus is slowing down during retardation. In most hoists, the acceleration forces fare greater because loads are being lifted, but ‘oceasionally conditions of extremely rapid rotard- ation are met which necessitate careful checking, to avoid undue stresses being placed on the rope. ‘Tho same formulas apply in either caso, ~ ‘The following table gives the pereentage of in- ‘erase over the statie load in hoisting eables due to accelerations of from .25 to 32 feet per second peer second, These are based on g = 32 ft, per ssceond per second, ‘eseion Gi lncwase| Aesloration % Tuer Feetjce /see. “of Load | Peet/see/sce. “of Lasd 2 O78 4 So 156 16 7 234 18 1 33 20 2 2 4 a 6 6 3 28 10 30 12 32Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Guys Guys are wire ropes or strands used to hold » vertical structure in position against an overtura- ing fore, The most common types of guyed struc- tures are stacks, derricks, and masts for draglnes, reversible tramways and radio transmission. ‘As a general rue stress in guys from tempera tare changes are neglected, but in structures such a radio masts this is an important feature, and rust be subject to special analysis, ‘The number of guys used for any particular installation is contingent on eoveral variable factors, such as typeof structure, space available for guys, contour of the ground, ete, and is nota part of this discussion Tis desirable to space guys uniformly wherever possible in order to equalize the pull, P, on each uy insofar as possible, particularly against forces ‘which change in direction, as when a derrick ‘boom swings in its circle Tt is also desirable to equalize the erection tensions on the guys. When no external foree is ‘acting ox the strueture, the tension in each guy should be the same. A ‘Tension Indiestor” is sometimes used to determine the tension in guya If this instrament is not available, the tension can be approximated very closely by measuring the deflection at the center of the span from the chord drawn from the guy anchorage to the point of support on the structure. The formulas for uniformly loaded eables will be found under “Stress in Suspended Cables", end the initial tension may be found when the deGection, span and weight per foot are known. A good average figure to use for ereotion tension of guys is 20% of the maximum working tension of the guy. ‘Our purpose isto outline the method of deter- rining the stress in guys. One of the frst con- siderations is the location of the guy anchorages ‘The anchorages should be so located that the angle , (Alpha) between the horizontal plane and the guy line, isthe same for all guys (to equal erection tensions). Angle e, in good practice, Figure! 10.seldom exceeds 45 degrees; 30 degrees being quite commonly used. The tension in the guys decreases 2s angle a becomes less. The direct load on the structure is also lose with smaller values of a. To Gind the maximum extra tension, ‘that will be applied to aay single guy by the force, F; first, determine the pull, P, which is the amount roquited along the guys, in the same vertical plane #3 the force, F, to resist the horizontal component of the force, F. This pull, P, is entirely indopendent of the number of guys. Assume that the following are known: F = The total resultant external foree acting oon the structure, 77 = Gamma=The angle between the horizon tal plane and the force, F. bh = The height of structure. 4 = The horcnal tne from strc fo fa anchor cx = Tie vert gto anchorage abot Dow be of sre ‘The horn component ofthe fe, F, = F cos 7. a= Alphe~ the aoe whos tanga ia mi pls if he anchorage below heb of ovctue sod minus fit above Pes ‘As cos a is always Jess than one, P is always greater than F cos 7, the horizontal component, of foree, F. It must be remembered that P represents the total pull acting slong the guys at an angie, «, ‘sith the horizontal and in the same vertical plane as the foros, F. If only one guy were used, P would represent the extra tension, T. In practice, however, a number of guys aro always used and, therefore, the pull on any one guy will not be equal to P. The following table gives factors for any number of guys from 3 to 15, equally spaced about 9 central structure, To find the maximum extra tension, T, that will be applied to any single guy by the force, F, capable of rotating 360 degrees around a vertical axis, it ie only necessary to Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Guys ‘multiply the value of P, as determined above, by the factor for the number of guys used. Tt must be clearly understood in using this table that the guys are uniformly spaced and under equal ten- sion when no load is acting on the structure. Table tt Nal 37 32 ‘Tee factors ae fr average conditions. If the guys are ‘erected under accurately measured tenons of ot less ‘han 20% of the working load the faotors for 5 ar more guys may be reduced 1095, I the erecting tensions are low Srnot accurately equalize, the factors for Sor more ue Should be inereseed 10%, Example—A derrick mast 90 f&, bigh is sup- ported by nine equally spaced guys anchored at 2 horizontal distance of 170 ft. from the mast and the elevations of the guy anchorages are 10 ft blow the bace of the mast. The load on the struc- ture is equivalent to a fores of 10,000 Is. acting on an angle of 10 degrees below the horizontal What is the maximum pull on any single cable and what size guy rope should be used? Froa Fig. b= gre a lie mo lige yd F = Ho the tan a= 2410 190 sag a= 30 — 29" p= Eset x - 10000 % 985 «1 47 the From Table TIT, ‘T = 11,427 X 50 = 5,714 Lbs, rection tension is 10 per cent of total work- ing tension, 5,714 is 90 per cent of total working tension. Therefore, working tension = 5214%100_ 90 6,349 Lbs, ateTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in | Suspended Cables Cable spans may be divided into two general classes, Anchored Spans, and Counterwesghted Spane, In each ofthese divisions, we find it neces- sary to solve for streses and defections of uni- formly loaded spans and also of spans supporting one of more individes! concentrated lead. [3p Uerefore; necessary 10 analyze the conditions of each problem eareully and the following points st be considered: 1, Horizontal distance between support. 2. Difference in elevation between supports 3. Maximum allowable delctio, measured vertically from chord to enble Length of eable between support, Weight per foot of cable, to which must be added in certain eases the adiionel weight imposed by snow and ie. Maina lind to be sppted by Ge Lead uniformly distributed over the Jength of the span. Angi os uprored at any psn ie ihe syn Multiple individuat loads Ts the eable anchored at both ends or is it anchored at one end and eounterveighted at the other end? Modulus of elasticity in tension Wind loads on the eable and on the sus- pended lad Changes in length of cable duo to changes in temperature, Sinee our purpose is to present’ means for obtaining results quickly, we will not give deviva- tions of the following formulas. Computations are simpliied by the sssumplion that uniform isading is cistributed honzontally, and that the cable assumes a. paaboli are, For the great jority” of cases encountered in. practice, the results thus obtained are suiientiy eceurte, ff Epecial cases occur where the ratio of defection to span i very lng, then the cateary eqtions Stout be Spplod These ae svaable seer ‘The following nomenclature will Net cross sectional area of eable. Horizontal spacing of loads. (net) ut 4. 5. 8 9. 10, sed A 2 2 = Base of Naporian system of logarithms = 27182518, Modulus of elasticity in tension. ‘= Weight of an individual concentrated load. Vertical difference in elevation of supports. E G b = Ratio of deflection to span = 2 for level spans and "268 & for inotined spans. = Length along cable when the exble only is supported in a span. = Hypothetical length along cable at zero = Length long cable when ether a uniformly distributed lsd or one or more concen. trated loads are suspended. ~ Horizontal distance from left support to the fret load. Nomber of concentrated loud Change in total length of eable per pound ot tenon 3 Hlorzontal distance between supports Chord length of sub-spen between load and Support or between two loads, {= Horizontal component of cable tension © = Masimom eable tension at let support. & = Maximum eable tension at right support. Erection tension of empty cable in an anchored span, Number of loads to left of xy in multiple loaded span, Weight per foot of horizontal length of span fof uniformly” dstebuted loa, w= Welht per foot of uniformly distributed load along the eable, whichis assumed for purposes of paraboli curve ealeulations, as fcquvatent. to uniformly. distribated Toad slong the chord Weight per foot of uniformly distributed leadalong th ebiorpurpostsoeatear curve ealealations. Horizontal distance from support to xy. Vertical deflection from support to xy. Vertical defection from support at center of span, ‘A term in the general formula for multiple ioaded counterveighted spans. " Alpha = Angle between the horizontal and a chord between supports, Betan = Angle between the horizontal and a tangent to cable curve at the left sup- port Betat = Angle between the horizontal and a tangent 10 8 cable curve at the right suppor. Betas = Angle betmeen the horizontal and a tangent 10 a cable curve at any point capa 6 we6: = Betas ~ Angle between the horizontal and 2 tangent to 2 cable eurve at a load. \ = Lambda = Change in length of eable per foot of length, per pound of tension. 4 = Delta = Total change in length of eable dele © = Theta = Angle between the horizontal and the chord of half span, sco = Secant of an angle = _1 ‘eine ANCHORED SPANS are principally employed for supporting electrical cables, for guy’ lines, for suspension bridges, and usually for track cables fof cableways and reversible aerial tramways ‘where a single moving load is supported in a clear span, ‘When a eablo span is erected, anchored at both tends, aad a load of any kind supported from the ‘cable, the deflection inereases, because of the clastic properties of the cable. The tension also increases when the load is applied. Tt is necessary to select the size, construction, and grade of tho cable, with a proper factor of safety, after having dotermined the maximum tension in the eable duc to dead and live loads. {tis then necessary to erect the cable at such & dofiectioa that the masimum safe working ten- Stresses in Suspended Cables sion will not be exeueded when the load i applied. ‘Tn the eas of eabloways with high self-oup- portigg towers, tho cable tension and deflection may be affceted by yielding of the supports. A complete stady of such a span includes the appli Cation ofthe thcory of deficetion in framed etc- tures, but such a speeal condition does not come ‘thin the sonpe ofthis handonok. In all eases we Tilston ta po are anced fo ide ports or immovable ground anchor "Thedeterminationof the proper erestion def. tion and tension involves the wee of the madlas of elasticity in tension for the particulsr con Siniction of cable which is Using weed. Tes well koown thatthe moiulus of elasticity ranges etvwen 25,000,000 and 300,000 for Etrictural ste, but the modils of elasilty of aro cable, esiderng the able aa whole, bas “arious values depending on ts eonstruetion, and slzoon tv ovork fat has been put into "The modulus ean be appreciably increased by & prestratng operat. This frequently done to Urge eabls the cat of track eables carrying rolling fonds somevsat the sane effect iy secret ster pied of operation a8 most ofthe struc: tural stetch removed. Ste Modul of Elsie pase Inclined Span — Uniformly Loaded — Anchored When the tension is known, the center deflee- tion is found from: ae ® and the deletion at any poiat in the span is: y= en @ ‘When the center deffeetion ie known, the hori- zontal component of tension is found from: 8 Figure 2 | | | | When the deflection at some point other than the center of span is known: wales) a ® © At either support the eabe slope is: aye tan gor pe = 0 a er Brand Wire Rope Engineering HandbookTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables also tan 61 or f= 3 ® When the tension snow, the length of cable + 8!84(approx, « Lior k= s +S taperox) @ When the deflection ie known: Liork = [yr og. (set )/it16H)] co An easier forms, giving clomly approximate rela taorLes(1 + Sut — Set + Fs) ay Suicient accuracy ean be ecure, for many af the cans enonunterd in pace, My contacting formula (11) to: Lorb=s(1+$4) aay In determining the eecon tension for ni- focmiyloaded sp, the vale of Lr sad i aut tatty the equation mek ba SSL pay as By substitution of (fr Lia (1) and using corresponding wales of and ty Put b= Pets) = fey an Copper eable Messenger strand + ice ‘Total vertical load Horizontal wind load on both cables ‘This equation can be solved for te, using the ial and error method. EXAMPLE: ‘A 750,000 CM. bare, hard drawa, stranded copper cable is to be supported across a river. Supports will be at the same elevation and 1356 {eet conters. The copper eable is 0981" diameter, and will weigh 2.325 pounds per foot. NLE.L.A. lass “B” loading is to be used, that is, a coating of ice 34 inch thick plus @ horizontal wind load of eight pounds per square foot on the projected farea of the ice coated cable, The center defection ‘ean not exceed 75 feet. (a) What are the specifications of the necessary spegepee cable assming the sme ie and wind (b) What is the cable slope at supports and at the quarter points of the span (©) What is the erection tension and defection for the messenger strand only, assuming there are no ice or wind conditions at time of erection? Tt is necessary to assume the diameter of mes- senger strand to figure the loading on the span. Ts may then be necessary to revise the figures if the first selection does not prove suitable. We will assume a %° diameter strand weighing 1.581 pounds per foot. + co = 8.240 pounds per foot 2421 pounds per foot 5.661 pounds per foot 2.582 pounds per foot Total resultant load 222 pounds per foot 6.222 x TES ‘Then from (3) ~ S22 B® ~ 15,000 pounds ) tan gr = 92221350. 9990, 2 Then from (8) tan. gr = S222 1350. . 990, 9, = 12 ‘Then from (5) tf = 18900 X gee 12°32" = 18365 pounds ‘Then from (6) when x = 337.5 feet tan Gs With a factor of safety of 4, the roquired break- ing strength wll be £19865 =77400 pounds. For instance, a 14” diameter, 19 wire, Extra Galva- nized Estea High Strength Strand has a breaking The Bs 24 x 18 Ie order to set up (14) in convenient form, first calculate the following: @ L= 1390+ 19,008,000 +.0001608 18900) + 1350 = 1358. 2 615 — 337.5) BBS (ors — 937.3) 1111, G1 = 6-20" strength of 79,700 pounds, and will be satisfactory {or the purpose intended. A = 1458 square inches. w=1.581 pounds. = 1361.110 ft. BSE x 1950! = 256,240,000 Ey Substituting these values in (14), ooorses te +8071 = 258240000The following shows the results of a scries of slide rule computations for assumed values of te until the above equation is satisfied (the values in the last two columns are equal). mise. tao EeEONR sm asst sn rome Siae so) So Ral a a a A x 63568 Therefore: (a) One piece 74° diam. 19 wire Extra Gal- vanized Extra High Strength Strand with sockets attached so as to give a length of 1358.98 feet eonter to center of supports. Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in (b) Maximum cable slope at supporte = 12°32, Maximum cable slope at quarter points () Erection tension Erection deflection = = 5856 pounds 67.25 ft The following table No. IV gives factors for obtaining maximum tension t’ at the supports of a uniformly loaded level span when w, the weight per horizontal foot and s, the horizontal length of span, are nova, Seo ealumn 2, The close relation between the parabola and the eatenary is shown. by a comparison of the values in columns 2 and Column 3 gives the factor for obtaining t’ when w the weight per foot along the eable, and sis known. ‘The length of a uniformly loaded level span, based ‘on a parabolic curve, can be obtained from the factors io column 4. If the span is inclined see (24) and (25). “The factors in columa 4 ean als be wed for the catenary for k ratios up to 0.12 with an error loss than 0.02%, and for k ratios as high a5 0.20 with anerror of only 01%. blew awa Frevoa Fon Manion Tesmow —— Gtesienle” Wise waghtct Wen weigtot Sle mus ol epen Chea sted, ‘actor below ® teers" ‘Sincn' Leet rlator Secor ew Wer COLES ® COLE s 12510 i 10429 1043 3982 300 7828 783 6.962 696 a 6x0 6a 22 570 570 “tas Bo32 53 “026 a 13 028 4492 449 8 4:06 420 ‘32 3058 304 ‘34 370 an 138 3.508, 351 038 az 333 5+ Suspended CablesTiger Brand Wire Rope Engingoring Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Table IV (Cont) Facrons Fox Masanva Te ap of eee Tage ga ot ecton ie Whea wg a wali afin Sopdet Tasd porto” ‘ei riot’ "otal an by ¥ Enon hacen” Lys sx factor o Se tintor coum COLUMN 2 cou « 04 3.165 317 1.00425 “az 3018 202 0046s ‘ott 2.884 288 00514 “016 2763 276 1.00561 2.652 265 00611 2.549 255, 1.00668 237 235 L00so1 2342 2M 100982 1987 1.98 Lous 1.854 186 101281 075 1.740 174 1.01480 08 1.640 164 ores “085 1583 1.56 101894 r) 1476 149 toa1s “085 1408 1a 102356 10 1340 136 1.02604 “ros 1201 131 1.02865 n 1212 125 108136 lus 1197 12 Lostis 2 1155 1s 103713 135 Lt 1.04021 aa 1 10133 “135, tos 0469 ia 105 1.04985 145 10841 6 1.008 1.08711 16 0.964 1.00455 17 0990 107236 a 0.900 1.08068 19 0825 ost Loso1e 20 0.800 0.853 1 om ost 2 0757 08% 2 ons 0807 2m 072 0796 25 o707 0738 177sTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in | Suspended Cables Inclined Span— Uniformly Loaded— Anchored ‘The following formulas give the increments of defieetion and slope due to inclination of the chord, | —— “Down” slopes, are usually considered as plus ‘values and “up” slopes as minus values, yea Seah as) tant 6) ‘At any point 8) sc tan A WS) oe stan a an tan fet tne rawr vs/oe as) tan pee Buna Zann Ser ae) tan (at any point) = [(5-x) stan a (20) When center dfletion is known t = (ai) Low point of an inclined span occurs when ten $3 = 0 se Stun a When defcetion at any other point is know: ae ae My mn @) t= tee 6 ea) ef = tece Ge ‘To find the lengths of eable in an inclined span formulas (9) and (11) are modified Lior k = FR + SES (approx) Lork = yor (s + fae Be + 2) “) (23) TE will be seen that the solutions for inclined spans are quite similar to those for level spans, anTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Level Span—Single Load at Center—Anchored _ ‘The deflection produced by a concentrated load suspended midway between two fixed points A and B forms (wo equal sub-chords AC and OB, “The eable assumes two eatenary ares whieh inter sect at C. The following formulas are, however, based on the parabola, as the difference in results is negligible. ‘The center deflection is found from: Gs , wet _ 5 0G + ws) yen GE EAC) ey 506 + we) and t = SOG em © = tee gr = te 2) pees | Example: A rolling load weighing 2000 pounds is to be supported in a level span 2000 ft. long by cable anchored at both ends. The deflection must not exceed 8 feet, No wind or ie conditions. (a) What are the specifications of the eable? (b) What is the maximum tension in the cable? (c) What is the slope at the supports with the load at center of span? (4) What is the eable length between supports, with no rolling load on the eable? (©) What is the erection tension and erection deflection of the cable? Ti is necessary to assume a size and grade of ceable for the calculations. If the first selection does not prove suitable, the calculations must be revised, We shall essume that a 14° diameter Standard Locked Coil Cable will be suitable, Since this is level span, a = 0 and w= w! w = 3.16 pounds per foot 2000 (2X 2000 -+ 3.16 2000) A = 8508 square inches From (27) t ei = 31,084 pounds From (0) tan un E SAI gg, 0 ar From (28) oe t! = 31084 X 1.0089 = 31360 poundsTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables ‘The maximum ble length oes when Ine is at center of eran. tan @ =; ae 2 (sone EEA i000 oat a5 a) vr 983 6 = 4-45 2 24 x S10SF In order to sot up (14) in convenient form, fst calculate the following: 2007-730 5 19,000,000 Pi +s = 0001243 x 31,084 + 2000 = 2003.864 P= = 0001213 Substituting these values in (14) L0001243te + 2007.730 —2008.864 ‘The following shows the results of a series of pounds = 50.18 tons. ‘The breaking streasth of a slide rule eomputatic until the above equation is satisfied (the valucs in tons. Therefore, this size eablets satis the last two eolumns are equal) from (9) Le = 2000 + for assumed values of te 14" diameter Standard Locked Coil Cable is 54 tory, and our Locked Coit Cable is the most suitable con- struction where rolling foads are to be handled. Tf the proposed installation is temporary, or if first 0001283 te + 3.866 cost ofthe cable is a prime consideration, we may 2735 @6oL consider the use of 136" diameter High Strength, _ er 1" diameter Extra High Strength Smooth Coil 2772 6.638, Track Strands, a8 well a3 114° diameter 6x19 2782 aes Mosrror Rope, However, it would be weer te = 22,380 pounds to revise the calculations for either of thw fatter selections, beeauss the we of elasticity change: ul mode (0) v= 31360 pounds TEX _ ooops, 8 ae (a) Ly = 2008. fe (a) With a factor of safety of 3.2, the required —(@)._te = 22350 pounds 1g strength will be 3.2 x 31360 = 100852 ye = 70.60 ft, s19+Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Inclined Span—Single Load at Center—Anchored 1 the chord is inclined, similar to Fig 5, then See (28) ry the center dficetion i found by adding to (28). art Then: Seo 20) tan gr = Sh See (29) aTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in |___ Suspended Cables Level Span with Single Load at any Point When the cable hangs between fixed points of suspension, with supports at the same elevation, the tension t varies with different positions of the lod G and is a maximum only when G is at the center of the span, Knowing the tonsion t at the center of the span from (27), the dofeetion at other points may be determined from: xiws $26" ox) 2 (wet ++ 4G VIED ‘However, it must be understood this formula will only give epproximate results, as it is based ‘on constant cable length, neglecting the elastic properties of the exble. As the load moves away @2) from center of span, the tension decreases and eae ceable decreases in length. Therefore, the results ‘obtained from (32) are somewhat greater than actual deflections. Formuta (32) is, however, sufi- ciently accurate for many problems encountered in practice, After determining the deflection by (82) for any position of the load, the corresponding, approxi- mate tension at xy can be found from: xis-x) (ws + 20) ay ‘To determine the deflection ofthe eable at any point, when the oad is at xy, eonsider x or (6-3), Fig. 6, scparate inclined spans, with y as the dlfleeace in elevation. Then formula (17) can be applied.Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Inclined Span—Single Load at any Point Anchored Figure 7 Formula 2) ca be pind to nine spans by adding, which becomes Bwben x = $ The, for inclined spans: ‘Multiple Loads in Anchored Spans Multiple loads in anchored spans are seldom encountered in practice. However, the subject is important enough to merit some attention. When speaking of multiple loads, it will be assumed loads are equal in amount and spaced uniformly. ‘The loads should be placed symmetrically about the conter line of the span to compute the maxi- ‘muin tension or deficetion in the span. Use formula (52), page 28, to determine the defection and 22. 2) formula (54) to determine the maximum tension. “To determine the length along the cable at maxi- ‘mum tension, consider the loads as stationary in the position stated above and treat the lengths of cable between supports and the first load, and the lengths between loads, as separate spans. After this length, L, has been determined, the erection tension, defection of empty cable, ete. are caleu- lated by the trial method in a similar manner to that for a single load in an anchored span.Stresses in Level Span—Uniformly Loaded —Counterweighted ‘The tension and defletion of either an anchored ora counterwighted span are the same, under the same conditions of leading, when the eable sup- ports a tnifornly distributed load. However, an important difference occurs when the live load is removed, In the caso of an anchored span, the eficetion and length of the cable remain constant, except as they are affected by the elastie proper- tics of the cable, backstays, and supports. The tension, however, decreases when the live load is removed. Comparing this performance with = counterweighted span, we find that the tension remaing constant when the live load is removed, while the dofletion and length of the eable de- crease in proportion to the change in loading, ‘These he moment 26 thefts due to equaliz Figure 8 hen the se dw topos te The wo entrails eb for cling ds utin ean onl under the tp The vo tr tof tite ovate inte cg of traincays having interme diate supports Apply formulas (1) to (12) inclusive, pages 13 and Mf under Anchored Spans. Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Suspended CablesTiger Brend Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Inclined Span— Uniformly Leaded —Counterweighted Figure 9 Apply formulas (15) to (25) inclusive, page17 under “Anchored Spans.” Level Span—Single Load at Center —Counterweighted Figure 10 Apply formulas (26) to (29) inclusive, page 18, under “Anchored Spans.” Apply formulas (30) and (31) inclusive, page 20, under “Anchored Spans.” omeTiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Level Span— Single Load at any Point—Counterweighted x (x) {Ina coostaat tension span the deleston ofthe load may be determined from: ee as) Alco the defeetion of the eable may be determined for any pont in the span, with the load at an point 1 being coordinates to points tothe let of Gand xzysbeingecoordinates of poiatsto the rghtof G. Som +E om 3s) ry ee a ‘Tho cable slope at left cupport, whee xt = 0s 471 (points left of G) = _ a ‘The cale pea ght suppor, when x = Litae ge = GE 4 88 9) “The eable slope at any point between the load and cither support is: tan § (points to ltt of G) = S G—m) + £5 =x) (20) Gm 8 tan gs (points to right of G) = S™ + (w ~ §) ay When x = m, the slope at and to the eft of the load is: tan $c (loping to left of @) = F-GE4EG—x) aa ‘The slope at and to the right of the lod is: tan gi (loping to the right of G) = SF + % (x — 9 sy ‘The tangent of the angle under the load is equal to (42) + (43) = If we take half the difference between the angles load must climb. The maximum slope thus ob- obtained from (42) and (43), the tangent of the tained will determine the maximum pull on resulting angle Will be the slope which a moving lage rope. 25Tiger Brand Wire Rope Engineering Handbook Stresses in Suspended Cables Inclined Span—Single Load at any Poi —Counterweighted | c _ Figure 12 In these formulas, as in all others, we have placed the higher support at the left-hand end of span, and have made this point the origin of moments, For y— at tho load — add to formula (35) xan a ay For yt ~ points left of G — add to formula 6) xian @ 3) For y2— points right of G— add to formula (87) tan @ as) ‘The cable slopes are determined by taking the chord into account as an additional termn in the above ‘equations tan gi —at left support — formula @8) “tan 2 an tan ge— at right support — formula @9) stan @ as) tan gn — points to left of G ~ formula (40) San # 9 tan go — points to sight of G — formula (41) “ten @ ) tan g! —at the load — formula (42) and (43) tan @ 6p