PHYSICS 220 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

Heat capacity =Q/!T

• shows how much heat is required to change the
Lecture 24 T of object (system)
• Specific heat c = Q/m!T
Heat • Q = c m !T
Heat required to increase temperature depends on
amount of material (m) and type of material

• Heat adds energy to object/system

• IF there is no dissipation then:
Heat increases internal energy: Q = !U
Heat increases temperature: Q = C !T

Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 1 Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 2

Exercise Question
Suppose you have equal masses of aluminum and
copper at the same initial temperature. You add 1000 J
After a grueling work out, you drink a liter of cold of heat to each of them. Which one ends up at the
water (0 C). How many Calories does it take for higher final temperature
your body to raise the water up to body
Substance c in J/(kg-C)
temperature of 36 C? A) aluminum aluminum 900
copper 387
B) copper iron 452
C) the same lead 128
A) 36 B) 360 C) 3,600 D) 36,000 human body 3500
water 4186
ice 2000
1 liter = 1,000 grams of H20
1000 g x 1 calorie/(gram degree) x (36 degree) = 36,000 calories !T = Q/cm
36,000 calories = 36 Calories!
Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 3 Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 4
 Specific Heat for Ideal Gas Phase Transitions
• Monatomic Gas (single atom) • A phase transition occurs whenever a material is changed
Translational kinetic energy only from one phase, such as the solid phase, to another
At constant Volume work = 0 phase, such as the liquid phase.
Q = !U = 3/2 nR!T – Phase transitions occur at constant temperature.
– The latent heat of vaporization LV is the heat per unit mass that
CV = 3/2 R = 12.5 J/(K mole) must flow to change the phase from liquid to gas or from gas to
Cv – specific heat at constant volume. liquid.

• Diatomic Gas (two atoms) • Fusion occurs when a liquid turns into a solid.
Can also rotate • Evaporation occurs when a liquid turns into a gas.
CV = 5/2 R = 20.8 J/(K mole) • Sublimation occurs when a solid changes directly to a gas
without going into a liquid form.

Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 5 Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 6

Demo 3B - 04 Latent Heat

• As you add heat to water, the temperature increases
T pinned at boiling for a while, then it remains constant, despite the
additional heat! steam
point of water T water water
changes temp
temp to steam rises
which is below rises (boils)
100oC
ignition point Substance Lf (J/kg) Lv (J/kg) Latent Heat
water 33.5 x 104 22.6 x 105
for cup f=fusion v=vaporization Q added to water

• Latent Heat L [J/kg] is heat which must be added (or

removed) for material to change phase (liquid-gas).
• |Q| = m L
Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 8
 Why Phase Diagram
When boiling the most energetic molecules escape
Reducing the average T
H2O
But heat added to continue boiling so
process goes to completion

Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 10

Phase Diagram Exercise

CO2 During a tough work out, your body sweats (and evaporates)
1 liter of water to keep cool (37 C). How much cold water
would you need to drink (at 2 C) to achieve the same thermal
cooling? (recall CV = 4.2 J/g for water, Lv=2.2x103 J/g)

A) 0.15 liters B) 1.0 liters C) 15 liters D) 150 liters

Qevaporative = L m = 2.2x103 kJ/kg x 1kg

Qc = c m !t = 4.2kJ/kgK x 35K x m
m = 2.2x103 / 147 = 15kg or 15 liters!
Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 11 Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 12
 Boiling Point Exercise
How much ice (at 0 C) do you need to add to 0.5 liters of a
Going from Lafayette to Denver the water at 25 C, to cool it down to 10 C?
(L = 80 cal/g, c = 1 cal/g C)
temperature at which water boils:
Qwater = mc!T

A) Increases B) Decreases C) Same = (0.5kg)(1cal / gC)(15C)

= (7,500 calories)
Not same m
Qice = mL + mc!T
Qice
" m=
L + c!T
7,500cal
= = 83.3 grams
80cal / g + (1cal / gC)(10)
Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 13 Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 14

Exercise Heat transfer

Ice cube trays are filled with 0.5 kg of water at 20 C and • Conduction
placed into the freezer. How much energy must be
removed from the water to turn it into ice cubes at -5 C?
(L = 80 cal/g, cwater = 1 cal/g C, cice = 0.5 cal/g C)
• Convection
Water going from 20 C to 0 C: Q1 = mcwater !T1
= 500 " 1 " (#20) = #10000(cal)
• Electro-magnetic radiation
Water turning into ice at 0 C: Q2 = !mL
= !500 " 80 = !40000(cal)

Ice going from 0 C to -5 C: Q3 = mcice !T2

= 500 " 0.5 " (#5) = #1250(cal)

! Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = "51250(cal)
Lecture 24 Purdue University, Physics 220 15 Lecture 25 Purdue University, Physics 220 16
 Demo 3B - 03 Heat Transfer: Conduction
• Hot molecules have more KE than
cold molecules

• High-speed molecules on left

collide with low-speed molecules on
right
– energy transferred to lower-speed
molecules
– heat transfers from hot to cold
– vibrations

Char were little conduction

Lecture 25 Purdue University, Physics 220 18

Heat Transfer: Conduction Conduction

• I = rate of heat transfer = Q/t [J/s] Which of the following is an example of conductive heat
I = " A (TH-TC)/d transfer?
• Q/t = " A !T/!x
" = thermal conductivity A) You stir some hot soup with a silver spoon and notice that
• Units: J/s*m*C the spoon warms up.
• good conductors…high ", e.g., metal
• good insulators … low ", e.g., plastic
B) You stand watching a bonfire, but can’t get too close
R = d/(A") = thermal resistance because of the heat.
C) Its hard for central air-conditioning in an old house to cool
the attic.

d = !x
TH TC
Hot Cold
Area A
Lecture 25 Purdue University, Physics 220 19 Lecture 25 Purdue University, Physics 220 20
 Conduction with 2 Layers
• Find I=Q/t in J/s
Key Point: Continuity (just like fluid flow)
• I1 = I2
• "1A(T0-TC)/!x1 = "2A(TH-T0)/!x2
• solve for T0 = temp. at junction
• then solve for I1 or I2
I1 I2
• TH-T0 = I R1 and T0-TC = I R2
!T = (TH-T0) + (T0-TC) = I (R1 + R2)

Outside: TC = 0C Inside: TH = 25C

!x1 = 0.02 m A1 = 35 m2 k1 = 0.080 J/s*m*C

!x2 = 0.075 m A2 = 35 m2 k2 = 0.030 J/s*m*C
T0
answer: T0=2.27 C I=318 Watts

Lecture 25 Purdue University, Physics 220 21