TEXAS

[Link]

Course # 117
Approved for use in Texas by the Texas Department of Public Safety.

NOTICE: Course materials may not be reproduced except for use by Parent Taught Program instructors.

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 CLASSROOM PHASE

MODULE 1 – TRAFFIC LAWS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Message to Instructors ................................................................................................. 3

1.1.1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5

1.1.2 - Your License to Drive ...................................................................................... 10

1.1.3 - Right of Way ..................................................................................................... 46

1.1.4 - Traffic Control Devices .................................................................................... 53

1.1.5 - Controlling Traffic Flow ................................................................................... 79

1.1.6 - Alcohol and Other Drugs ................................................................................. 98

1.1.7 - Cooperating with Other Roadway Users ...................................................... 107

Module 1 Classroom Quiz ........................................................................................ 130

Module 1 Classroom Quiz Answer Key ................................................................... 135

Throughout the course, students will be directed to other websites that may contain registered trademarks. An example is "Don't
Mess with Texas", which is a registered trademark owned by the Texas Department of Transportation. All cited trademarks and
logos are properties of their respective holders and these respective holders have not sponsored, endorsed, or approved this parent
taught driver education course.

NOTICE: Course materials may not be reproduced except for use by Parent Taught Program instructors.

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Message to Instructors

Prior to starting this course, you must receive your student’s Parent Taught Driver
Education (PTDE) Information Packet from the Texas Department of Public Safety.

To receive the packet, instructor must submit the application (DL92 — Request For
a Parent Taught Packet), and applicable fee. If more than one student, each must
be registered separately with the Texas Department of Public Safety. Here is the
request form: [Link]

Texas law specifies that only the following individuals qualify to teach this course:

 Parent;
 Step-parent;
 Foster parent;
 Legal guardian (must be appointed as the student’s legal guardian by a court of
competent jurisdiction; a power of attorney is not legally sufficient);
 Grandparent; or
 Step-grandparent

Methodology - You may select one of the following two methods to instruct your student:

Concurrent Method - is when the classroom instruction, in-car observation, and behind-
the-wheel instruction are taught simultaneously. Module One, consisting of six (6) clock
hours of classroom instruction is the prerequisite to licensing. In a concurrent program,
upon completion and mastery (70%) of Module One, students can apply to DPS for a
Learner License. After obtaining a Learner License, students must complete the
remaining 26 clock hours of classroom instruction (Modules 2 through 12), 7 hours in-car
observation, 7 hours behind-the-wheel instruction (Module 13), and 30 additional hours
of behind-the wheel instruction (10 hours at night).

Block Method - is when the 32 clock hours of classroom instruction is taught in its entirety
before the in-car instruction begins. Upon completion and mastery (70%) of the classroom
instructional phase (Modules 1 through 12), students can apply to DPS for a Learner
License. After obtaining a Learner License, students must complete 7 hours in-car
observation, 7 hours behind-the-wheel instruction (Module 13), and 30 additional hours
of behind-the wheel instruction (10 hours at night).

For more information about these two methods, refer to the Parent Taught Driver
Education (PTDE) Information Packet.

Throughout the United States, obtaining a license to drive has long been an important
rite of passage for teenagers. Regardless of what type of driver education training
novice drivers receive, parents typically play an important role in young drivers’
preparation for driving. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
has noted the importance of parental involvement in driver education:

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 Parents, guardians, or other adults must play a greater role in the
education and licensing of novice drivers. There will never be enough time
or money to fully train a novice driver through public institutions. There will
always be the need for additional supervised oversight during initial
training. Research has shown that parents and other guardians have great
potential to influence youngsters. At a minimum, adults through their own
driving behaviors provide models (positive and negative) to novice drivers.
Research also has documented that there are multiple problems in using
parents and guardians to enhance the training and learning of young
drivers. For example, there are households where available adults work
and report that they do not have the time nor inclination to provide guided
supervised driver training. However, because the potential positive
benefits far outweigh the negative, educators are attempting to include
parents and guardians in all aspects of educating young students. (Smith)
You, as an instructor, have much more influence than you think so don’t hesitate to
establish effective ground rules. Know the state laws, restrict night driving, restrict
passengers, and prohibit drinking and driving. These types of instructor restrictions and
Graduated Driver License restrictions are to allow a beginner more experience behind the
wheel in lower risk driving situations. These restrictions are gradually lifted, allowing
novice drivers more experience and maturity when it’s time to obtain their full, unrestricted
license.

This course provides instructors with an alternative to commercial or public school driver
education. Instructors will find the course teachable to which they can adapt to their own
aims and allows students to work at their own pace. This course will teach your student
what they need to know to obtain a Class C learner license and/or provisional license,
which authorizes the holder to operate passenger cars, small passenger vans, pickup
trucks, etc.

This course presents the subject of safe driving in a highly readable manner and is written
to meet the needs of teenagers who want to learn how to drive. Students will find the
program interesting and stimulating. It is designed to stimulate them to think about and
then perform the proper maneuvers necessary for safe driving. It will provide novice
drivers with a foundation of knowledge, understanding, attitudes, skills, and experiences
necessary to become a safe, competent driver. More importantly, it will instill an
awareness of the potential hazards the student will face as a driver. The habits they
acquire from this course will carry over into adult life. Make sure they are safe habits.

Although a driver education course introduces novice drivers to the mechanics of driving,
it doesn’t produce safer drivers. A teen’s attitudes, experience, and decision-making
skills matter more. Remember as you teach your student, novice drivers tend to
overestimate their skills and underestimate their vulnerabilities.

Instruction should occur at a pace of not more than 2 hours per day in any
combination of Classroom and In-Car instruction.

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A “Classroom Instruction Log Record” may be found in the Parent Taught Driver
Education (PTDE) Information Packet to record progress. An instructor may not provide
more than two hours of classroom instruction in any one day and the classroom phase of
the course may not be completed in less than 16 calendar days. The dates of instruction
should be recorded on the Log Record. This document may be requested at the driver
license office when the student applies for a learner license and provisional license.

A “Behind-the-Wheel Instruction Log” may also be found in the Parent Taught Driver
Education (PTDE) Information Packet. Dates, times, and instructor signatures should be
recorded. This document may be requested at the driver license office when the student
applies for a provisional license.

The end of each module contains a quiz and answer key for the instructor to use to check
the student’s progress. The student must master each module with a score of 70% or
better in order to progress to the next module. If the student scores lower than 70%,
they must repeat the module until mastery is obtained.

This course will aid the novice driver and instructor to continue the lifelong learning
process of legal and responsible reduced-risk driving practices in the Highway
Transportation System (HTS). The HTS is a complex system that includes federal, state,
local, and individual systems functioning together to provide a reduced-risk and lawful
driving environment. The entire system consists of people, vehicles, and roadways.

1.1.1 Introduction

Objectives:

- The student is expected to recognize how this Texas Driver Education and
Traffic Safety Program provides a novice driver the foundation of knowledge,
understanding, skills and experience necessary for the novice driver and the
parent, guardian, or adult mentor to continue the life-long learning process of
reduced-risk driving in the Highway Transportation System (HTS).

- Distinguish between a novice and experienced driver.

- Know that basic knowledge of traffic laws provides a driver the foundation to
formulate informed, legal, and responsible decisions to reduce risk.

- Recognize that participating in the HTS is a privilege with risk, responsibilities,

obligations and potential consequences requiring the knowledge,
understanding, and application of legal and responsible reduced-risk driving
practices.

In order to successfully master this course, the student must legally and responsibly
perform reduced-risk driving practices in the HTS by:

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 Understanding that driving is a privilege with responsibilities, obligations, and
potential consequences;

 Demonstrating knowledge and understanding of traffic laws including traffic control

devices and right-of-way laws;

 Demonstrating understanding of pre-drive tasks, utilizing and requiring passengers

to utilize occupant protection and restraint systems, utilizing vehicle symbols and
devices, demonstrating starting tasks, performing vehicle operation and control
tasks, demonstrating post-drive tasks, utilizing baseline and progress assessment
tools to evaluate and improve behind-the-wheel skill level, formulating a Driving
Plan, and utilizing a classroom progress assessment;

 Maintaining visual attention, mental attention, and communication, using reference

points, managing vehicle balance, and executing vehicle maneuvers;

 Understanding and demonstrating legal and responsible driving practices and

managing fatigue and aggressive driving;

 Learning how to predict, analyze, and minimize risk factors and employing a space
management system;

 Understanding driving environments and minimizing risk;

 Managing distractions and multi-task performances;

 Understanding zero-tolerance practices related to the use of alcohol and other

drugs by applying knowledge of alcohol and other drug laws, regulations,
penalties, and consequences to licensing, driving, and lifestyles;

 Managing potential adverse conditions that result from weather, reduced-visibility,

traction loss, and emergencies;

 Managing potential vehicle malfunctions, performing preventative maintenance,

and planning trips;

 Making wise consumer decisions regarding vehicle use and ownership, vehicle
insurance, environmental protection and litter prevention, anatomical gifts,
recreational water safety; and

 Committing to continue the lifelong learning process of reduced-risk driving

practices that are provided in this program.

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 Novice versus Experienced Driver
Novice

 A person with limited (less than one year) or no experience operating a motor
vehicle in the HTS;

 A person who perceives specific actions such as tailgating, failure to yield,

speeding, improper lane use, improper turns, improper backing, or driving
impaired as less risky than experienced drivers;

 A person who is slower to recognize potential hazards; and

 A person who fails to scan the roadway for information that can reduce risks.

Experienced Driver

 A driver with extended exposure (more than one year) operating a motor vehicle
in the HTS;

 A driver with understanding of traffic laws and procedures in the HTS;

 A driver who fixates on potential hazards longer and is therefore able to

compensate accordingly; and

 A driver who is committed to driving safely and continuously scans critical areas
on a roadway for potential hazards.

Novice drivers must understand the need to drive legally and responsibly by using
reduced risk driving practices in the HTS environment. Always remember that driving a
motor vehicle is one of the most dangerous things most people do. Every year over
3,000 people are killed in traffic crashes in Texas and over 82,000 are seriously injured.

A driver license offers mobility and freedom; however, the novice driver must realize
and accept driving as a privilege with responsibilities, obligations, and potential
consequences.

Responsibilities and obligations include:

 obey all traffic signs and laws for the safety of yourself and others,
 share the roadway with other HTS users in a safe manner at all times to avoid
crashes,
 be mentally, physically, and emotionally prepared to drive,
 be courteous in general to help avoid crashes and keep traffic moving in an
orderly fashion, and
 avoid taking unnecessary risks

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Potential Consequences may include:

 loss or suspension of driving privilege,

 loss of job and income,
 assessment of fines,
 attorney fees,
 injury, or
 death

Knowledge and understanding of traffic laws provides a novice driver with the
foundation to develop informed, legal, and responsible decisions to reduce risk. In this
program, students will prepare and maintain a Driving Plan that includes knowledge,
understanding, skills, and experiences necessary for the student and instructor to
continue the life-long learning process of legal and responsible reduced-risk driving
practices in the HTS.

Novice Driver Statistics

Crashes and fatalities increase when it comes to novice drivers who have the least
amount of driving experience and an immaturity that often results in risk-taking while
they are driving. The following facts and information have been gathered from NHTSA
and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety to provide you with an overview of this
preventable dilemma.

 Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among American teens.
Each year, more than 5,000 teens (ages 16-20) are killed in passenger vehicle
crashes.

 Compared with adults' fatal crashes, those of teens more often involve driver
error.

 Excessive speed is a factor in about a third of teens' fatal crashes.

 Many fatal crashes involve only the teen's vehicle. Typically these are high-
speed, single vehicle crashes in which the teenage driver loses control.

 Teens' fatal crashes are more likely to occur when young passengers are riding
with them. This risk increases with the addition of every passenger. About 3 of 5
deaths of teen passengers occur in crashes with teen drivers.

 Teens are less likely than adults to drive after drinking alcohol, but their crash
risk is substantially higher when they do. About 1 in 5 fatally injured 16-year-old
drivers have blood alcohol concentrations of 0.08 percent or more.

 Per mile driven, the fatal crash rate of 16-19 year-olds is about 4 times as high at
night as it is during the day.

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  Teenage drivers and passengers are among those least likely to wear their seat
belts. Nationally, 3,349 teen passenger vehicle occupants, ages 16 to 20, were
killed in motor vehicle crashes, and 56% (1,880) were unrestrained at the time of
the fatal crash.

 While all teens are at a high-risk of experiencing a fatal crash, young males,
pickup truck drivers and passengers, as well as people living in rural areas are
also among those least likely to buckle up.

 Nighttime driving is considered a high-risk activity for novice drivers. Per mile
driven, the nighttime fatal crash rate for 16-year-olds is about twice as high as
that during the day.

 In 2012, more than 3,000 people were killed in distracted driving crashes. The
greatest proportion of distracted drivers was the under-20 age group. Sixteen
(16) percent of all drivers younger than 20 involved in fatal crashes were reported
to have been distracted while driving.

 A majority (77%) of young drivers are confident that they can safely text while
driving. In reality, text messaging makes a crash up 23 times more likely
because it’s the longest eyes-off-the-road time of all distracted driving activities.

 Teens who text while driving spend approximately 10% of their driving time
outside of their lane.

A University of Utah study found that the reaction time of a teen driving and talking on a
cell phone is the same as that of a 70-year old driver who’s not using a phone.

Everyone knows by now that texting and driving is dangerous, but plenty of people
continue to do it. Even with all the stories of tragic car accidents that occur because of
distracted driving, teens and adults are still texting at the wheel. Even an OMG or LOL
is never worth the risk.

The following is Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) crash data on Teens for
2013. A Distracted Driving Crash is defined by TxDOT for the purposes of this data as
a crash that had a reported contributing factor of Distraction in Vehicle OR Driver
Inattention OR Cell/Mobile Phone Use.

1. How many teens (15 - 19 years old) are involved in a crash where the 15-19 year
old is the driver? 95,360

2. How many teens (15 - 19 years old) are killed in a crash where the 15-19 year old
is the driver? 168

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3. How many teens (15 - 19 years old) are involved in a distracted crash where the
15-19 year old is the driver? 18,551

4. How many teens (15 - 19 years old) are killed in a distracted crash where the 15-19
year old is the driver? 25

5. How many teen passengers (15 - 19 years old) are involved in a crash where a 15-
19 year old is the driver? 24,291

6. How many teens passengers (15 - 19 years old) are killed in a crash where a 15-19
year old is the driver? 53

7. How many teens Passengers (15 - 19 years old) are involved in a distracted crash
where the 15-19 year old is the driver? 4,075

8. How many teen passengers (15 - 19 years old) are killed in a distracted crash
where the 15-19 year old is the driver? 4
For questions 1 through 4, the count is for all 15-19 year old teens, not just those in the same car as 15-19 year old driver at the time of the crash.

For questions 5 through 6, the count is for 15-19 year old teen passengers who were in the same vehicle as the 15-19 old driver at the time of the crash.

1.1.2 – Your License to Drive

Objectives:

- The student is expected to describe the process, responsibility, and obligation

of obtaining, possessing, and renewing a Texas driver license including the
instruction permit.

- Recognize driver license types, restrictions, endorsement and special

information.

- List and describe suspensions and revocations placed on driving privileges.

- List and describe guidelines and procedures to inspect and register a motor
vehicle in Texas.

- Recognize the benefits and obligations of the Safety Responsibility Act.

Novice drivers must face the challenges of a constantly changing driving environment
and the responsibilities that come with the privilege of possessing a license to drive.
Students must understand the process of obtaining a driver license, registering a
vehicle, maintaining motor vehicle inspections, and maintaining vehicle insurance as
required by the Safety Responsibility Act. This Act requires all drivers to be financially
responsible for the death, injury, or property damage they may cause while operating a
motor vehicle.

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 Who May Drive A Motor Vehicle In Texas

Individuals who meet the following criteria may drive a motor vehicle in Texas.

1. Residents who have a valid Texas driver license.

2. The driver of an official motor vehicle in the U.S. or state military service may drive a
vehicle without a valid Texas driver license unless the vehicle is a commercial motor
vehicle.

3. Any person while driving or operating any road machine, farm tractor, or implement of
husbandry temporarily operated or moved on a highway is exempt from licensure,
unless the vehicle is a commercial motor vehicle.

4. Any nonresident who is at least 16 years of age and possesses a valid driver license
issued in the nonresident’s home state. Nonresidents who meet this criteria may drive
a vehicle permitted to be operated with a Class C or Class M driver license in Texas.

5. Nonresident who are at least 18 years of age may drive any vehicle in Texas if they
are legally licensed to drive such a vehicle in their home state or country, and their
home state or country grants like recognition (reciprocity) to citizens of Texas.

6. A nonresident on active duty in the armed forces of the U.S. who has a valid license
issued by his/her home state and such nonresident’s spouse or dependent son or
daughter who has a valid license issued by such person’s home state.

7. Any person on active duty in the armed forces of the U.S. who has in his possession
a valid license issued in a foreign country by the armed forces may drive a motor
vehicle in Texas for a period of time not to exceed 90 days from the date of his/her
return to the U.S.

8. New residents who are properly licensed have 90 days after entry into Texas to
secure a Texas driver license.

9. Unless a license is suspended, cancelled, revoked, or denied, a Texas driver license

held by any person who enters or who is in the U.S. armed forces will remain valid as
long as the:

a. Service continues; and

b. Person remains absent from Texas and the absence does not exceed 90 days
from the date the licensee is honorably separated from the service or returns to
Texas.

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 Driver License Eligibility

The DPS may not issue any license to a person who:

1. Is under age 15,

2. Is under age 18 unless the person complies with the requirements imposed by
Section 521.204: [Link]

3. Is shown to be addicted to the use of alcohol, a controlled substance, or another drug

that render a person incapable of driving,

4. Holds a driver license issued by Texas or another state or country that is revoked,
canceled, or under suspension, or

5. Has been determined by a judgment of a court to be totally incapacitated or

incapacitated to act as the operator of a motor vehicle.

Types of Texas Driver Licenses

Learner License (Instruction Permit)

A learner license, also known as an instruction permit is a vertical license issued with a
photograph and allows a student driver to legally practice driving when accompanied by
a licensed driver. The licensed driver must be at least 21 years of age with at least one
year of driving experience, must occupy the seat beside the driver, and cannot be
intoxicated, asleep, or engaging in any activity that prevents him/her from observing and
responding to the actions of the driver.

Minimum age: 15 with driver education

Fee: $15 for license + $1 fee = $16

If applicant is under 18 years of age, license expires on the applicant’s 18th birthday or
six years from next birthday if over 18. A learner license is not renewable. It must be
renewed at regular fees upon expiration or at the time the driving test is passed and
restrictions removed.

If you are under 18 years of age and applying for your first Texas driver license or
learner license, you must provide proof of the following to DPS:

1. Driver education;

2. Verification of enrollment and attendance in school (or high school diploma or

equivalent);

3. Social security number;

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4. Identification;

5. Residency;

6. Vehicle Insurance (only required if minor owns the vehicle);

7. Fees (go to [Link] for fee amounts)

The Verification of Enrollment and Attendance Form (VOE) must be obtained

from your school. Ask school officials to complete and sign the form then
present it to the customer service representative at the driver license office when
applying for or renewing your license.

The VOE ensures you are enrolled in school and attended school for at least 80
days (90%) in the fall or spring semester preceding the date of application; or
have been enrolled for at least 45 days, and are currently enrolled in a program
to prepare persons to pass the high school equivalency exam.

Primary Methods of Identification:

 Texas driver license (DL) or identification certificate (ID) with photo within two-
years of expiration date.

 Unexpired United States passport.

 United States Citizenship Certificate or Certificate of Naturalization with

identifiable photo (N-560, N-561, N-645, N-550, N-55G, N-570 or N-578).

 Unexpired Dept. of Homeland Security (DHS) or US Bureau of Citizenship and

Immigration Services document issued for a period of at least one year and must
be valid for no less than six (6) months from the date presented to the
department with a completed application. The document must contain verifiable
data and identifiable photo, specifically:

o US Citizen Identification Card (I-179 or I-197)

o Resident Alien Card (I-551)
o Temporary Resident Identification Card (I-688)
o Employment Authorization Card (I-688A, I-688B or I-766)

 A Foreign Passport with a visa (valid or expired) and:

o Form I-94 with status code F1, F2, M1, or M2, an unexpired Form I-20,
and evidence of current enrollment at the educational institution listed on
Form I-20 or sponsorship in a visiting worker program; or
o Form I-94 with status code J-1 or J-2 and an unexpired Form IAP-66 or
Form DS-2019 (Refer to [Link] or

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 o Unexpired Form I-94 with a defined expiration date. Form I-94 must have
been issued for a period of at least one year and have at least six months
validity remaining.

 Unexpired United States military ID card for active duty, reserve or retired
personnel with identifiable photo.

Secondary Methods of Identification:

 Original or certified copy of a birth certificate issued by the appropriate State

Bureau of Vital Statistics or equivalent agency. (U.S. Territory or the District of
Columbia or Canadian province).

 Original or certified copy of United States Department of State Certification of

Birth (issued to United States citizens born abroad) (Form FS-240. DS-1350, or
FS-545).

 Original or certified copy of court order with name and date of birth (DOB)
indicating an official change of name and/or gender from a US state, US Territory
or the District of Columbia or Canadian province.

Supporting Methods of Identification may include but is not limited to:

 School records;

 Insurance policy (valid continuously for the past two years);

 Vehicle title;

 Military records (Form DD 214);

 Unexpired military dependant identification card (actual card);

 Original or certified copy of marriage license or divorce decree;

 Voter registration card (actual card);

 Social Security card (actual card);

 Pilot's license (actual card);

 Concealed handgun license (actual card);

 Temporary receipt for a Texas Driver License or identification certificate (actual

receipt);

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  Unexpired photo DL or photo ID issued by a US state, US territory, the District of
Columbia, or Canadian province (actual card);

 Expired DL or ID issued by another US state, US territory, the District of

Columbia or Canadian province that is within two years of the expiration date
(actual card);

 A consular document issued by a state or national government (actual

document); or

 Texas Inmate ID card issued by TDCJ.

Minor Restricted Driver License (Hardship License)

A minor restricted driver license (MRDL), also known as a hardship license, may be
issued to a minor who establishes the necessity to drive. The difference between a
provisional license and a MRDL is that the Graduated Driver License requirements do
not apply to a MRDL and the holder of an MRDL can become fully licensed at age 15.
An application for a MRDL must be executed by an authorized adult on behalf of the
minor. Both the adult and the minor must sign the form and present it in person at the
driver license office. Only a parent, guardian, or person having custody of a minor may
make application on behalf of a minor. If the minor does not have a parent, guardian, or
custodian then an employer or county judge may apply on behalf of the minor.

A person applying for a MRDL:

1. Must be at least 15 years of age but not more than 18;

2. Complete and pass a driver education course, vision test, knowledge test, and driving
test; and

3. Meet all other requirements for an original applicant.

DPS may require supporting documentation or conduct an investigation to confirm the

information provided on the application. DPS will issue a MRDL if it’s determined:

1. Failure to issue the MRDL will result in an unusual economic hardship for the family
of the minor applicant;

2. The MRDL is necessary due to an illness of a family member; or

3. The MRDL is necessary because the minor applicant is enrolled in a vocational

education program and requires the license to participate in the program.

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Graduated Driver License (GDL)

The Texas Graduated Driver License (GDL) program was implemented January 1, 2002
to give new drivers the chance to improve their driving skills over time in lower-risk
environments.

Phase One: Applicants who are under 18 years of age must hold a learner license or
an MRDL for a minimum of six months prior to the issuance of a provisional Class A, B,
or C driver license. Under the GDL program, there is no minimum time a person must
hold a restricted motorcycle or moped license before he/she can apply for a Class M
license. Phase One does not apply to Class M or MRDL holders. The learner license
must remain valid during the mandatory six-month period to meet this regulation.

If your license is suspended during Phase One then the initial six-month period is
extended by the number of days suspended because your license is invalid during that
time.

A Texas learner license will be issued to individuals who are 15 years of age, present
an out-of-state instruction permit, and submit a VOE form. A Texas learner license must
be held for six months from the date of issuance before the individual is eligible for
Phase Two.

Phase Two: Phase Two restricts the driving privileges of individuals who are under 18
years of age until their 18th birthday following the issuance of an original Class A, B, C
or M driver license (provisional license). These individuals may not drive:

1. With more than one passenger in the vehicle under the age of 21 who is not a family
member.

2. Between midnight and 5:00 a.m. unless the operation of the vehicle is necessary for
the driver to work, to attend or participate in a school-related activity, or due to a
medical emergency Individuals who are under 18 years of age and obtained their
license on or after September 1, 2009, are restricted from using a wireless
communication device, including a hands-free device, until they reach age 18, except
in the case of an emergency.

Out-of-State License Holders

Applicants who are at least 16 years of age but less than 18 who present a valid out-of-
state instruction permit or out-of-state driver license will be issued a Phase Two
provisional GDL with passenger and time restrictions for a 12-month period of operation
of a motor vehicle in Texas.

A person may not receive a Texas driver license until they surrender to the Department
all valid driver licenses in his/her possession issued by this or any other state.

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Provisional License

All original licenses, other than a learner license, issued to any individual who is under
18 years of age will have “PROVISIONAL” printed on it. The license will expire on the
individual’s 18th birthday. Non-commercial driver licenses issued to any individual who
is 18 years of age or older will be valid for six years. Individuals who are under 21 years
of age will have “UNDER 21” printed on their license.

Classified Driver Licenses

Class A, B, C, and M driver licenses are issued to individuals who are exempt or not
required to obtain a commercial driver license (CDL). Individuals who operate any of
the following vehicles are exempt from obtaining a CDL, but may need a Class A or
Class B driver license because the type of vehicle driven still meets the size and weight
equivalent of a commercial motor vehicle. A classified driver license permits a person to
drive:

1. A fire-fighting or emergency vehicle necessary to the preservation of life or property

or the execution of emergency governmental functions whether operated by an
employee of a political subdivision or by a volunteer fire fighter.

2. A military vehicle or a commercial motor vehicle when operated for military purposes
by military personnel, members of the Reserves and National Guard on active duty
including personnel on full-time National Guard duty, personnel on part-time training,
and National Guard military technicians.

3. A recreational vehicle driven for personal use.

4. A vehicle that is owned, leased, or controlled by an air carrier, and is driven or

operated exclusively by an employee of the air carrier only on the premises of an
airport, on service roads to which the public does not have access.

5. A vehicle used exclusively to transport seed cotton modules or cotton burrs.

6. A vehicle:

a. Controlled and operated by a farmer;

b. Used to transport agricultural products, farm machinery, or farm supplies to or from

a farm;

c. Not used in the operation of a common or contract motor carrier; or

d. Used within 150 miles of the person’s farm.

Class A Driver License

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A Class A driver license permits a person to drive:

1. Any vehicle or combination of vehicles described under a Class B or Class C driver

license; and

2. A vehicle or combination of vehicles with a gross combination weight rating (GCWR)

of 26,001 lbs. or more, provided the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of the
vehicle(s) towed is in excess of 10,000 lbs.

A Class A driver license does not permit a person to drive a motorcycle or moped.

Minimum Age

18 or older (Applicants 18 to 24 are required to successfully complete an approved

driver education course.) License expires after six years.

17 with completion of an approved driver education course or approval of a minor

restricted driver license (MRDL). License expires on applicant’s next birthday.

Class B Driver License

A Class B driver license permits a person to drive:

1. Any vehicle included in Class C;

2. A single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 26,001 lbs. or more
and any such vehicle towing either a vehicle with a GVWR that does not exceed
10,000 lbs. or a farm trailer with a GVWR that does not exceed 20,000 lbs.; and

3. A bus with a seating capacity of 24 passengers or more including the driver.

A Class B driver license does not permit a person to drive a motorcycle or moped.

Minimum Age

18 or older (Applicants 18 to 24 are required to successfully complete an approved

driver education course.) License expires after six years.

17 with completion of an approved driver education course or approval of a minor

restricted driver license (MRDL). License expires on applicant’s next birthday.

Class C Driver License

A Class C driver license permits a person to drive:

1. A single vehicle or combination of vehicles that are not included in Class A or Class
B; and

18
2. A single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of less than 26,001 lbs.
towing a trailer not to exceed 10,000 lbs. GVWR or a farm trailer with a GVWR that
does not exceed 20,000 lbs.

A Class C driver license does not permit a person to drive a motorcycle or moped.

Minimum Age

18 or older (Applicants 18 to 24 are required to successfully complete an approved

driver education course.) License expires after six years.

16 with completion of an approved driver education course. License expires on

applicant’s 18th birthday.

15 with the approval of a minor restricted driver license (MRDL). License expires on
applicant’s 18th birthday.

Class M Driver License

A Class M driver license permits a person to drive a motorcycle or moped. For more
information, visit [Link]

Minimum Age

Motorcycle: 16 with completion of the classroom phase of a driver education course (32
hours) and a DPS-approved basic motorcycle operator training course (16 hours);
drivers who are under 18 years of age must also hold a valid Class C license

Moped: 15 with parental permission, completion of the classroom phase of a driver

education course (32 hours), and a DPS-approved motorcycle operator training course
(16 hours)

Motor-driven cycle of 250 cc or less: 15 with DPS approval for a minor restricted driver
license (MRDL) or completion of the classroom phase of a driver education course (32
hours) and a DPS-approved basic motorcycle operator training course (16 hours)
Commercial Driver License (CDL)

With the exception of motorcycles and mopeds, individuals who hold a valid CDL may
drive all vehicles in the class for which that license is issued including their personal
vehicle. Any vehicle that requires an endorsement (i.e. school bus, hazardous material,
etc.) may not be driven unless the proper endorsement appears on the CDL.

Authorization to drive a motorcycle must be printed on the CDL.

19
Any individual whose driver license is currently suspended, cancelled, revoked, denied,
or disqualified in Texas or in any other state is not eligible for a CDL.

Class A CDL

A Class A CDL permits a person to drive any combination of vehicles with a gross
combination weight rating (GCWR) of 26,001 lbs. or more if the gross vehicle weight
rating (GVWR) of the vehicle(s) towed exceeds 10,000 lbs.

Minimum Age

21 (Interstate) – Expires after five years

18 (Intrastate) – Expires after five years

Class B CDL

A Class B CDL permits a person to drive any single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight
rating (GVWR) of 26,001 lbs. or more, any one of those vehicles towing a vehicle that
does not exceed 10,000 lbs. GVWR, and any vehicle designed to transport 24
passengers or more, including the driver.

Minimum Age

21 (Interstate) – Expires after five years

18 (Intrastate) – Expires after five years

Class C CDL

A Class C CDL permits a person to drive any single vehicle or combination of vehicles
that is not a Class A or Class B if either vehicle is:

1. Designed to transport 16 to 23 passengers including the driver; or

2. Used in the transportation of hazardous materials that require the vehicle to be

placarded.

Minimum Age

21 (Interstate) – Expires after five years

18 (Intrastate) – Expires after five years

Nonresident Commercial Driver License (CDL)

For individuals who meet the requirements for a nonresident CDL, DPS may issue a:

1. Temporary, 60-day nonrenewable, nonresident CDL to an individual who does not

have a social security number; or

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2. Nonresident CDL to an individual who presents a valid social security number. For
more information on the issuance of a nonresident CDL or for eligibility requirements,
visit [Link]

Identification (ID) Cards

DPS can issue an ID card with a photograph of the applicant. ID cards have a
distinguishing number similar to a driver license and are maintained in the driver record
file. ID cards are displayed in a vertical format for individuals who are under 21 years of
age and are horizontal for individuals who are 21 and over. Applicants must provide
documents in accordance with ID card policy requirements.

Minimum Age

ID cards can be issued to any person of any age. Anyone under the age of 21 will have
“Under 21” printed on the card. Expires on birth date, six years from issuance.

If aged 60 or older, ID cards have no expiration date.

Medical and Emergency Information

On the reverse side of the card, state law requires for DPS to print the statement
“Directive to physician has been filed at telephone #” and “Emergency contact number”.
Space has been provided on the surface for the license holder to write a telephone
number and a box to the left of the statement to indicate why the telephone number is
provided. A space has also been provided on the back of the card to allow individuals
to voluntarily list health conditions which may impede communication with a peace
officer.

Allergic Reaction to Drugs

DPS does not print medical information on driver licenses or ID cards. To add medical
information to the back of your driver license or ID card, use a permanent ink pen and
write the following information:

1. Name of your physician;

2. Emergency contact number; and

3. Name of medication that may cause an allergic reaction.

Organ Donation

DPS offers “Donate Life Texas” pamphlets to any person who visits a driver license
office. The pamphlets provide general information on the Donate Life Texas program. If
you choose to be an organ donor, a small red heart with the word “donor” will be printed

21
in the lower right corner on the front of the card to indicate your desire to be an organ
donor. You can register to be an organ, tissue, and eye donor online at
[Link].

How to Obtain a Texas Driver License

If you are applying for a Texas driver license, you must comply with the following
procedures. If you are required to obtain a CDL, in addition to the following procedures
you must also complete several forms.

Application for a Texas Driver License

Application for a driver license must be made in person. You can obtain an application
at any driver license office or download an application from
[Link] All in-person applicants are
provided an opportunity to complete a voter registration application and registration for
selective service.

Needed Documents and Information for Application

To apply for a Texas driver license be prepared to provide the following documents and
information.

1. Your full name, residential address, mailing address, place of birth, and date of birth.

2. Identification documents (For a list of acceptable documents visit

[Link]

3. Social security card or other acceptable evidence of a social security number.

4. Thumbprints or fingerprints.

5. Physical description.

6. Provide answers to the medical status and history questions listed on the application.
Individuals with certain medical limitations may have their cases reviewed by the
Medical Advisory Board (MAB) before the license may be issued.

7. Surrender valid out-of-state driver licenses.

8. Current county of residence and U.S. citizenship status.

Driver Record

A complete record of your examination will be recorded on your application and

scanned into the Driver License System where it becomes a part of your permanent

22
driving record. Any convictions for moving traffic violations or crashes which occur will
be recorded on this permanent record. This includes out-of-state records of convictions.

23
Evidence of Financial Responsibility (Insurance)

If you apply for an original driver license you must provide evidence of financial
responsibility or a statement that you do not own a motor vehicle which requires the
maintenance of financial responsibility. Evidence of financial responsibility must be in at
least the minimum amount required and cover each motor vehicle the applicant owns
that requires maintenance of financial responsibility.

Vehicle Registration

A new Texas resident must submit with the application evidence that each motor vehicle
owned by the person is currently registered in Texas or indicate they do not own a
motor vehicle required to be registered. Registration receipt issued by the county tax
assessor-collector of the county in which the new resident resides is satisfactory
evidence a motor vehicle has been registered in Texas.

Fees

The required fee(s) must be submitted before any tests will be given for an original
Texas driver license. The fee allows you to take three tests for each type of exam
required. If you fail after three attempts, a new application and fee must be submitted
before any additional tests can be taken. The required tests must be completed within
90 days. The application fee is valid at any driver license location.

Driver Education

Individuals who are under the age of 25 are required to successfully complete an
approved driver education course.

Minors

If you are under 18 years of age, your application must be signed under oath by the
parent or guardian with custody. If there is not a guardian, the employer or county judge
may sign the application. The person who signs before your 18th birthday, may ask
DPS to cancel your license. In addition, the minor applicant and cosigner must sign a
zero tolerance notification document which explains the zero tolerance law.

Social Security Number (SSN)

All applicants who apply for a Texas driver license are required to present evidence of
their SSN. The purpose of requiring individuals to provide evidence of their SSN is to
assist DPS in verifying the identity of each license holder.

Most customers who visit a driver license office should bring with them the following
documents:

• A social security card.

24
• An unexpired passport or a birth certificate.

• A supporting document such as your vehicle registration or Texas vehicle title.

• A marriage license or divorce decree for those customers who want to change their
name.

Testing

Before any tests are given, all applicable fees must be paid to DPS. Your picture will be
taken, and you will be given a receipt which you may use as a temporary license for 45
days or until you receive your permanent license in the mail. If you don’t receive your
license in 45 days contact the DPS.

If you do not pass the knowledge and driving tests on your first attempt, your application
will be held in the driver license office for 90 days. After 90 days or three failed tests, a
new application and fee will be required.

The knowledge and driving tests are not required for applicants who surrender a valid
out-of-state license.

Part 1: The Knowledge Test

As part of the Less Tears More Years Act, all applicants who are under 25 years of age
are required to take a driver education course to apply for a driver license. The goal of
the Less Tears More Years Act is to save lives. This is done through education and
awareness provided by way of a driver education course. Upon successful completion
of the course, the person is not required to take the knowledge test, also known as the
written test.

There are three types of knowledge tests.

1. Class C – Knowledge test for all original applicants.

2. Class M – Motorcycle road rules for motorcycle and moped applicants.

3. Class A or Class B – Rules for operators of Class A and Class B vehicles.

A grade of 70 percent or better is required to pass the knowledge test.

Part 2: The Vision Test

Your vision will be tested when you are at the driver license office. Depending on the
results, you may be required to wear corrective lenses while driving if the lenses will

25
improve your vision and help increase the safety of your driving. If the results are
inconclusive, you may be referred to your doctor.

Part 3: The Driving Test

The driving test is given only after all other tests have been passed and evidence of
financial responsibility is presented or the vehicle is exempt under the Less Tears More
Years Act. The type of vehicle that must be used for the driving test depends on the
class of license. No one under the age of 18 is exempt from taking the driving test.

Individuals who complete the DPS-approved basic motorcycle operator training course
are not required to take a driving test for a Class M license if the person already has a
valid, unrestricted Texas license. Also, the driving test is not required for anyone
applying for a learner license.

Description of Driving Test

During the driving test you will not be asked to do anything illegal. You must follow all of
the instructions given by the customer service representative. Do not carry on a
conversation during the driving test.

If you are not eligible to drive in Texas, a licensed driver should drive the car to the test
area. If you are not issued a learner license then the licensed driver should also drive
you away from the driver license office.

Upon completion of the driving test you will be informed of any errors you may have
made and let you know how to correct those errors.

Your application for a license will not be approved if you:

1. Violate the law.

2. Refuse to follow instructions.

3. Drive dangerously or have a crash.

4. Have more than 30 points deducted on the driving test.

All drivers are graded on four basic skills, regardless of the type of driving test.

1. Control – Your ability to make your car do what you want it to do.

2. Observation – Your ability to see what other traffic is doing and other things which
may create problems in traffic.

3. Positioning – Your ability to drive in your lane.

26
4. Signaling – Your ability to use turn signals is required. You may be graded on your
performance on the following skills so it is good to practice before taking the driving
test.

a. Parallel parking.

b. Quick stop – You may be asked to stop your car as quickly as possible at about
20 mph without skidding your tires.

c. Backing – Your ability to back the car for a distance of about 15 feet at a slow rate
of speed and as straight and smoothly as possible. Turn and look back at all times
while backing.

d. Stop signs.

e. Traffic signals.

f. Use of clutch – On standard transmissions, hold the clutch all the way down when
starting the motor, shifting gears, and when speed drops below 10 mph when
stopping. Do not ride with your foot resting on the clutch.

g. Intersection observance – Use the proper lane; slow down and look both ways
before entering the intersection.

h. Turns.

i. Right-of-way.

j. Following, passing, and proper lane observance.

k. Posture – Keep hands on steering wheel; don’t rest your elbow on the window.

Pass or Fail Driving Test

If you do not pass the driving test you will be told when you can return for another test. If
you pass the driving test:

1. Write down the number of your original license in case it gets lost.

2. Always carry your license with you when driving and upon request, show to:

a. Any peace officer, sheriff, constable, judge, justice of the peace, or state trooper.

b. Anyone with whom you are involved in a crash.

27
Penalties for Driving Without a License

During a stop, a law enforcement officer will determine if you have a valid driver license
as required. If not, the penalties are as follows:

1st Conviction – A fine of up to $200.

2nd Conviction – A fine of $25 to $200.

3rd Conviction – A fine of $25 to $500 and/or 72 hours to 6 months in jail.

Driving without a license, operating a vehicle without insurance at the time of the
offense, and driver causes a crash resulting in serious bodily injury or death - Class A
misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $4,000 and/or confinement in jail for not more
than 365 days.

Restrictions or Endorsements Placed on a License

A restriction and/or endorsement may be placed on your license. This is not meant to
interfere with your driving but to make you a better driver. For a complete list of codes,
visit [Link]

Restriction codes:

A - With corrective lenses

B - LOFS age 21 or over
C - Daytime only
D - Not to exceed 45 MPH
E - No expressway driving
I - M/C not to exceed 250 cc
J - Licensed M/C Operator age 21 or over in sight
K - Moped
L - Vehicle w/o air brakes - applies to vehicles requiring CDL
M - CDL Intrastate Commerce only
P - Stated on license
Q - LOFS 21 or over vehicle above Class B
R - LOFS 21 or over vehicle above Class C
S - Outside mirror or hearing aid
T - Automatic transmission
U - Applicable prosthetic devices
V - Applicable vehicle devices
W - Power steering
X - Vehicle not to exceed Class C

28
Endorsement Codes:

H - Hazardous materials (CDL only)

N - Tank vehicle (CDL only)
P - Passenger (CDL only)
S - School Bus (CDL only)
T - Double/triple trailer (CDL and non CDL)
X - Combination of endorsements H and N

A Duplicate Card

You should apply for a duplicate license or ID card at your local driver license office if
your license or ID card has been lost or destroyed, or for any change in information. If
you need to change your address and have your card in your possession, a duplicate
license or ID card may also be obtained online at [Link].

A change of name or address must be reported to DPS within 30 days. A license

expiring in less than 12 months, or in less than 30 days for a provisional license, should
be renewed not duplicated.

Renewing a License

A renewal notice invitation may be mailed to you about six weeks before your license
expires. The notice will be mailed to the last address you provided to DPS. If you do not
receive this notice, it is up to you to renew your license.

Application for Renewal

An application for renewal must normally be made in person at any driver license office.
However, you may be eligible to renew online at [Link], by mail, or by
phone at 1-866-DL-RENEW. To check your eligibility to renew, visit DPS online.

Alternate methods to renew will not be extended to:

1. Any person whose license is suspended, cancelled, revoked, or denied.

2. Commercial driver license (CDL) holders.

3. Holders of occupational license, provisional license, or learner license.

4. Licensees restricted because of driving ability or a medical condition that requires

periodic reviews, including any medical or physical condition which may result in
progressive changes to a licensee’s ability to safely drive a motor vehicle.

29
5. Driver license or ID card holders who are subject to sex offender registration or driver
license holders who are 79 years of age or older.

6. Driver license holders who do not have a social security number or photo on file.

When you are at the driver license office you will be asked questions concerning your
medical history. If you have certain medical limitations, your case will be referred to the
Medical Advisory Board (MAB) for their opinion about how your condition may affect
your driving.

Individuals Returning to Texas from Military Service

Military personnel returning from duty must present a Texas driver license and
separation papers to obtain a renewal license without taking a test when the license has
been expired for over two years.

An Out-of-State Texas Licensee

Most out-of-state Texas licensees may mail in their application for renewal. However,
the following individuals who live out-of-state are not eligible to renew by mail and must
renew in-person.

1. A person subject to sex offender registration requirements.

2. A person 79 years of age or older.

3. A person holding a commercial driver license (CDL).

The proper fee and the results of your vision test performed by an eye specialist or an
authorized driver license employee must be included with your application.

Suspensions and Revocations

Operating a motor vehicle is a privilege. If this privilege is abused it may result in a

driver license suspension or revocation. Mandatory suspensions, revocations, and
convictions for certain offenses involving fraudulent government records require an
additional $100 fee. Administrative License Revocations (ALR) require an additional
$125 fee. Some mandatory suspensions also require filing a Financial Responsibility
Insurance Certificate (SR-22).

Mandatory Suspension

Convictions for the following offenses will result in the automatic suspension of your
license and driving privilege.

1. Driving while intoxicated (DWI) by use of alcohol or drugs.

30
2. Drug offense.

3. Intoxication manslaughter or intoxication assault.

4. Failure to stop and render aid.

5. Causing the death or serious injury of anyone while operating a motor vehicle;
involuntary manslaughter.

6. Any offense punishable as a felony under the motor vehicle laws of Texas.

7. Overtaking and passing a school bus (subsequent conviction).

8. Boating while intoxicated.

9. Evading arrest.

10. Driving while license invalid.

11. Altered/unlawful use of a driver license.

12. Displaying or possessing a fictitious or altered driver license or ID card.

13. Lending a driver license or ID card to someone.

14. Possessing more than one valid driver license or ID card.

15. Providing false information or documents when applying for a driver license.

16. Making, selling, or possessing a document deceptively similar to a driver license or

ID card issued by DPS.

17. Graffiti.

18. Fictitious license plate, registration certificate, or safety inspection sticker.

19. Fraudulent government records.

20. Racing a motor vehicle on a public highway or street.

31
Administrative Suspensions and Revocations

The driver license or privilege of any driver may be suspended or revoked by DPS, after
an opportunity for a proper hearing, for any of the reasons listed below. A reinstatement
fee is required for all discretionary suspensions and revocations.

1. Driving while license suspended.

2. Causing a serious crash while driving a motor vehicle.

3. Becoming incompetent to drive.

4. Repeated violations of traffic laws, including:

a. Four or more traffic convictions occurring separately within any 12-month period
or 7 or more traffic convictions within any 24-month period;

b. Failure to complete a drug education program as required upon conviction of a

drug offense;

c. Failure to provide medical information when requested;

d. Failure to take or pass a test when requested;

e. Fleeing or attempting to flee from a law enforcement officer;

f. Person has committed an offense in another state, which if committed in this

state would be grounds for suspension or revocation;

g. Fail to stop for a school bus (second conviction); or

h. Violates a probation order set by a previous hearing.

Suspensions and Revocations (Under 21)

Convictions or failure to comply with the following offenses will result in the automatic
suspension of the driving privilege of individuals who are under 21 years of age.

Alcoholic Beverage Code Offenses

1. Minor in possession.

2. Attempt to purchase alcohol by a minor.

3. Purchase of or consumption of alcohol by a minor.

32
4. Consumption of alcohol by a minor.

5. Misrepresentation of age by a minor.

6. Driving or operating a watercraft under the influence of alcohol by a minor.

7. Failure to complete an alcohol awareness class.

Health and Safety Code Violations

1. Failure to complete a tobacco awareness class when required.

2. Drug offense.

3. An offense under the Controlled Substance Act.

4. A felony under chapter 481 that is not a drug offense.

Family Code Violations

1. Delinquent conduct by a minor or juvenile.

2. Truancy.

Suspend or Revoke After Hearing of Minor

The license or driving privilege of a minor may be suspended or revoked by DPS, after
a proper hearing, for:

1. Failure to appear or default in payment of a fine for a traffic or a non-traffic violation.

2. A juvenile court order.

3. Failure to pay a fine or juvenile contempt.

4. Repeated violations of traffic laws;

a. Two or more traffic convictions occurring separately within any 12-month period for
a driver who has a provisional license.

b. Two or more traffic convictions if the driver holds a minor restricted driver license.

Administrative License Revocation (ALR)

The Administrative License Revocation (ALR) law became effective January 1, 1995.
Under this law, a license is confiscated and automatically suspended independent of

33
criminal proceedings whenever a driver either (1) refuses to submit to chemical testing
(blood, breath or, in some states, urine), or (2) submits to testing with results indicating
a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08% or higher.

The administrative license suspension process usually begins when a law enforcement
officer determines that there is reasonable suspicion for an initial traffic stop of a
motorist. If the officer has reason to believe that the driver is impaired, field sobriety
tests are administered. If the driver performs poorly, the driver is arrested for DWI and
transported to the police station. At the station, the officer will read to the driver the
"Statutory Warning" and then request that driver submit to a breath or blood test to
measure his/her alcohol concentration. If the driver refuses to provide a specimen or
provides a specimen with a prohibited alcohol concentration, the officer serves a notice
of suspension and confiscates the driver's license.

Procedures for handling minors vary slightly. A law enforcement officer must have
reasonable suspicion to conduct a traffic stop, however, a full custodial arrest is not
required. Once the officer determines that the individual is under 21 years of age and
has reason to believe that he/she has consumed alcohol, the officer will issue the driver
a citation for DUI, serve the notice of suspension, and confiscate the driver license. The
minor may or may not be placed under arrest and a chemical test may or may not be
requested. The officer may proceed with a custodial arrest procedure if he believes the
individual is seriously impaired.

DPS is authorized to suspend a license or driving privilege:

1. For individuals who are over 21 years of age who fail a breath or blood test (the blood
alcohol content indicates a level of 0.08 or more);

2. Of any person who refuses to submit to a breath or blood test; or

3. For individuals who are under 21 years of age for any detectable amount of alcohol.

Cancellations

DPS is authorized to cancel the driver license or ID card of individuals who do not meet
certain qualifications. The following types of cases require cancellation of a driver
license or ID card:

1. Suspension and revocation action from another state.

2. Parental authorization withdrawn (for individuals who are under 18 years of age).

3. Failure to give the required information on the application for the license or ID card.

4. Person was not entitled to the license or ID card.

5. Incomplete driver education.

34
6. Voluntary surrender for medical or insurance purposes.

7. False statement on application license or ID card.

Court-Ordered Suspensions, Revocations, and Cancellations

Upon receipt of a court order, DPS will suspend, revoke, or cancel a license or driving
privilege for:

1. Delinquent child support.

2. Requirement for an ignition interlock device (see [Link] for more

information).

3. Failure to repay any overpayment of food stamps or financial assistance.

4. Mentally incapacitated.

5. Chemically dependent.

Denials

DPS is authorized to deny the issuance of a driver license to a person who is ineligible
to receive a license in this state. An applicant may be denied a driver license for:

1. Suspension/revocation/cancellation/disqualification status in Texas, another state, or

Canadian Province.

2. Physical or mental incapacity preventing the safe operation of a motor vehicle.

3. Acquiring motor vehicle fuel without payment.

4. Certain criminal mischief (i.e. graffiti, etc.).

5. Purchasing for or furnishing alcohol to a minor.

6. Delinquent child support.

Driving While License Invalid (DWLI)

The penalties for driving a motor vehicle while driver license or privilege is suspended,
cancelled, denied, or revoked is a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to
$500.

35
If the person has a previous conviction for the same offense, was operating a vehicle
without insurance at the time of the offense, or the person’s license had been
suspended because of an offense involving operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated,
the penalties are a Class B misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $2,000, and/or
confinement in jail for not more than 180 days.

If the person was operating a vehicle without insurance at the time of the offense and
caused a crash which resulted in serious bodily injury or death of another, the
suspension will automatically be extended. The penalties are a Class A misdemeanor,
punishable by a fine of up to $4,000, and/or confinement in jail for not more than 365
days.

Sanctions for Non-Driving Alcohol-Related Offenses by Minors

The Zero Tolerance law provides sanctions for minors who commit offenses under the
non-driving alcohol-related offenses. A minor may not purchase, attempt to purchase,
falsely state he/she is 21 years of age or older, or present a document indicating he/she
is 21 years of age or older to a person engaged in selling or serving alcohol beverages,
consume, or possess an alcoholic beverage.

1st offense – Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500, 8 to 12 hours of

community service, and mandatory attendance of an alcohol awareness course. The
driver license will be suspended (or privilege will be denied if not licensed) for 30 days.

2nd offense - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $500, 20 to 40 hours of

community service, and the minor may be required to attend an alcohol awareness
course. The driver license will be suspended (or privilege will be denied if not licensed)
for 60 days.

3rd offense (at least 17 years of age but less than 21) - Class B misdemeanor
punishable by a fine of $250 to $2,000; minor may also be required to attend an alcohol
awareness course, and confinement in jail not to exceed 180 days. The driver license
will be suspended (or privilege will be denied if not licensed) for 180 days. Minors are
not eligible for deferred disposition on the third conviction or any conviction after.

3rd offense (under 17 years of age) - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to

$500, 20 to 40 hours of community service, and the minor may be required to attend an
alcohol awareness course. The driver license will be suspended (or privilege will be
denied if not licensed) for 60 days, or the case can be transferred to Juvenile Court as
delinquent conduct.

A minor who is convicted of driving while his/her license is suspended because of a

non-driving alcohol-related offense is subject to the penalties of Driving While License
Invalid (DWLI).

36
 Other Non-Driving Sanctions for Alcohol-Related Offenses

A person who purchases, furnishes or sells an alcoholic beverage to a minor is subject

to a fine of up to $4,000 and/or confinement in a jail for up to one year.

Occupational License (Essential Need License)

An occupational license, also called an essential need license, is a special type of

restricted license issued to individuals:

1. Whose driver license has been suspended, revoked, or denied for certain offenses
(other than medical or delinquent child support); and

2. Who can prove to a court there is an essential need to drive.

Individuals may still qualify for an occupational license even if their driver license has
been suspended for surcharges.

Application for an occupational license is made to the district or county court in the
county of the licensee’s residence or to the court of original jurisdiction, whichever is
applicable. If the court determines an individual is eligible to apply for an occupational
license then a court order will be issued. The court order is not the occupational license.
A court order only authorizes DPS to issue the occupational license. The applicant must
submit the court order and all required items to DPS before an occupational license can
be issued. The fee for this type of license is $10 per year.

A person issued an occupational license must also carry a certified copy of the court
order when operating a vehicle and must allow a law enforcement officer to examine the
order at the officer’s lawful request. An occupational license may not be issued to drive
a commercial motor vehicle.

For more information on occupational licenses, visit [Link].

Driver Responsibility Program (DRP)

The Driver Responsibility Program (DRP) establishes a point system that requires
drivers who have received six or more points on their driver record within three years to
pay a surcharge. This surcharge is an administrative fee based on convictions against
the driver.

The surcharge is in addition to other types of fees and does not replace a suspension,
revocation, disqualification, or cancellation action resulting from the same conviction. To
check your driver eligibility, visit [Link]/LicenseEligibility.

Two criteria are used to determine if a surcharge will be assessed; Point System and
Conviction Based.

37
Individuals who have both points and convictions reported to their driver record will
receive separate surcharges for each offense; a surcharge for the points and a
surcharge for the conviction.

Point System

Points are assessed to traffic convictions. Once the conviction has been reported to the
driver record, points are assigned and remain on your driver record for three years. A
person will receive:

• Two points for a Texas or out-of-state traffic conviction.

• Three points for a Texas or out-of-state traffic conviction that resulted in a crash.

A surcharge is assessed when the driver has six or more points on his/her driver record.
The driver is required to pay an additional $100 surcharge for the first six points and $25
for every point after six.

Conviction Based

Drivers who receive a conviction for one of the offenses listed in the Conviction Based
Surcharges (DRP) table are assessed a surcharge every year for three years. Points
are not assessed for these offenses because the surcharge is automatic upon
conviction.

 Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) - 1st offense – surcharge of $1,000.

 DWI - Two or more offenses – surcharge of $1,500.

 DWI with BAC of 0.16 or greater - surcharge of $2,000.

 No insurance - surcharge of $250.

 Driving While License is Invalid (DWLI); license is cancelled, suspended, or revoked -

surcharge of $250.

 No driver license (No license, expired license, no CDL, or endorsement violation) -

surcharge of $100.

DPS Contracts with a Vendor

DPS contracts with an outside vendor to collect surcharges. This vendor is legally
authorized to charge the following service fees in addition to the surcharge.

1. A service fee of four percent of the original surcharge amount.

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2. An installment plan payment fee of $2.50 per partial payment.

3. A credit or debit card fee of 2.25 percent of payment plus $0.25 (except where
prohibited by law).

4. An electronic check fee of $2 per payment.

Driver Record Review

DPS reviews surcharge cases annually. The number of points on a record can vary
each year based on convictions that are added or removed. Please be aware there is a
lapse in time from the date you are convicted for an offense and the date your
conviction is reported to DPS by the courts. As a result, point(s) may be added to your
record for an offense committed in a previous year.

Driver Notification

A letter will be mailed to you notifying you of the surcharges you have been assessed.
Therefore, it’s important to notify DPS of any changes to your address or other
information. (To change your address online, visit [Link].)

Surcharges must be paid within 30 days to prevent the suspension of your driving
privileges. If your license is suspended for failure to pay surcharges, your driving
privileges will remain suspended until you establish an installment agreement or until
payment is made in full. (Payment may include the surcharge and any related costs
such as service or collection fees.)

Indigency Program

The Indigency Program reduces the amount of surcharges owed for some individuals
who have incomes at or below 125 percent of the federal poverty guidelines. A
summary of additional features and requirements of this program are summarized
below.

1. Only surcharges assessed on or after September 30, 2004, are eligible for a
reduction.

2. The surcharge amount owed is reduced to 10 percent of the total or $250, whichever
is less.

3. Customers are still required to pay the full amount of all other applicable fees.

4. If there are not any other licensing restrictions, suspension action is stopped for those
individuals who are making payments.

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40
 Vehicle Inspection

All motor vehicles registered in Texas must be inspected each year at an official motor
vehicle inspection station. This includes motorcycles, motor scooters, and mopeds. In
order to obtain an inspection sticker, evidence of financial responsibility for the vehicle
must be presented at the time of inspection.

After a vehicle passes inspection, an approved sticker must be placed on the

windshield. Motorcycles and mopeds must have the inspection sticker displayed near
the rear license plate. These inspection stickers are good for one year from the month
of inspection. Any vehicle involved in a crash must be re-inspected after repairs have
been made.

In addition to the safety inspection, an emissions test is required for motor vehicles
capable of being powered by gasoline and registered in or required to be registered in
and primarily operated in a designated county. Designated counties include Dallas,
Tarrant, Denton, Collin, Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwell, Harris, Fort Bend,
Brazoria, Galveston, Montgomery, El Paso, Travis, and Williamson.

Required Equipment for Vehicles

In order for a vehicle to be considered safe, the following equipment, in proper working
condition, is required.

 Foot Brake - must stop car within a distance of 25 feet at a speed of 20 mph.

 Parking Brake - should be adequate to stop and hold car.

 Two Headlights - (one on each side on the front) - A beam indicator showing when
the high headlight beam is on.

 Brake (Stop) Lights - all vehicles must be equipped with two brake lights.
Exception: models manufactured prior to model year 1960 are required to have only
one brake light.

 Tail Lights - all vehicles must be equipped with two tail lights. Exception: models
manufactured prior to model year 1960 are required to have only one tail light.

 Reflectors - two red reflectors, one on each side of car (may be combined with tail
lights) – must be placed at a height of 15 to 60 inches and visible up to 600 feet; and
up 350 feet on vehicles manufactured before 1960.

 Turn Signals - every motor vehicle, trailer, semi-trailer, and pole-trailer must be
equipped with electric turn signals (except motorcycles and certain trailers).
Exception: passenger cars and trucks less than 80 inches in width and
manufactured before 1960.

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 License Plate Light - a white light that makes the rear license plate visible when the
headlights (or auxiliary lamps) are on.

 Parking Lights - white or amber on the front, red to the rear (may be combined with
other lights).

 Horn - must be heard from a minimum of 200 feet.

 Muffler and exhaust system - all 1968 or later models must be equipped with an
exhaust emission system to help reduce air pollution.

 Safety Glass - all new cars must be equipped with safety glass. Any replacements of
glass must be with safety glass.

 License Plates - must have one valid plate at the front and one at the rear of
passenger and commercial vehicles. Exception: dealer plates and those
commercial vehicles that are only issued one license plate.

 Windshield Wipers – to remove rain and debris from the windshield in bad weather.

 Rearview Mirror – must be able to reflect a view of the highway for a distance of at
least 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle.

 Slow-Moving Vehicle Emblem – an emblem or sign that must be displayed on farm

tractors and machinery, road construction machinery, animal-drawn vehicles and
certain other motor vehicles designed to travel at 25 miles per hour or less.

 Seat Belts - are required if seat belt anchorages were part of the original equipment
of the automobile.

 Tires - are required in proper and safe condition with a minimum tread depth of
2/32nd of an inch.

 Fuel Cap - the fuel cap on gasoline–powered vehicles from 2 to 24 years old will be
checked during inspection to determine if missing or defective. Exception: antique
vehicles, circus vehicles, slow moving vehicles, motorcycles, vehicles operated
exclusively by a fuel other than gasoline, and vehicles newer than 2 years or older
than 24 years.

Prohibited Equipment for Vehicles

Certain equipment is considered unsafe and therefore not allowed:

 A red light showing from the front, except on an emergency vehicle.

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 A bell, siren, or exhaust whistle except on an emergency vehicle.

 A muffler cutout.

 Anything that extends more than three inches beyond the left side or six inches
beyond the right side of the body, running board, or fenders of the car.

 Flashing red lights on the front—except on emergency vehicles, school buses, and
church buses.

 A radar interference device designed to interfere with a radar or laser device used to
measure a vehicle’s speed.

Minimum Road Clearance

A vehicle must not be modified or weighted in such a manner that the body is below the
lowest part of the rims of the wheels.

Optional Equipment for Vehicles

 Spotlight - must be turned off for a vehicle approaching from opposite direction. If
headlights fail, it may be used with the beam striking the road not more than 50 feet
in front of the vehicle on which it is used.

 Side cowl or fender light - two are permitted and must show amber or white light
without glare.

 Running board courtesy lights - one on each side is permitted and must show amber
or white light without glare.

 Backup lights - two permitted separately or in combination with other lights. Do not
use when vehicle is in forward motion.

 Flashing lights - widespread flashing lights may be used on any vehicle to warn of
unusual traffic hazards and must show flashing amber or white to the front and
flashing amber or red to the rear. Must flash simultaneously.

 Additional lights - any motor vehicle may have up to three additional driving lights
mounted on the front, not less than 12 nor more than 42 inches from the road
surface.

 Sunscreen or window tinting - must comply with appropriate state regulations for the
vehicle make and model.

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 Registration of Vehicles

All vehicles must be registered in the county of residency. Once registered, a sticker
will be issued that must be placed on the windshield or on the rear license plate of a
motorcycle or moped.

After purchase of a new vehicle from a dealership, the buyers’ temporary tags are
recognized for 60 days. If purchasing a vehicle from a private party, the owner must
register the vehicle within 30 days.

If someone moves to Texas or enters into gainful employment, their vehicle may be
operated for 30 days, then it must be registered in Texas.

A new Texas resident must register every vehicle they own before applying for a Texas
driver license. The registration receipt issued by the county tax assessor-collector for
each vehicle will be acceptable proof of registration when applying for a Texas driver
license. For more information, contact your County Tax Assessor-Collector.

Safety Responsibility Act

The Liability Insurance Law

The Safety Responsibility Act was enacted to ensure all drivers are financially
responsible for the death, injury, or property damage they may cause while operating a
motor vehicle. All owners and/or operators of motor vehicles in Texas must have at
least the minimum amount of liability insurance. The minimum amount of liability
insurance in Texas is:

• $30,000 against injury or death of one person.

• $60,000 against injury or death of two individuals.

• $25,000 against property damage.

To comply with the Safety Responsibility Act, a driver, unless exempt, must maintain
liability insurance or be self-insured under the provisions of the Act. Evidence of
financial responsibility must be presented at the time a person applies for a driver
license, registers a motor vehicle, or obtains a motor vehicle inspection certificate.

Every owner or operator of a motor vehicle in Texas is required to furnish evidence of

financial responsibility to a law enforcement officer or to another person involved in a
crash upon request.

Evidence of Financial Responsibility

The acceptable items showing evidence of financial responsibility are:

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1. A liability insurance policy in at least the minimum amounts.

2. A standard proof of liability insurance form prescribed by the Texas Department of

Insurance and issued by a liability insurer that includes the:

 Name of the insurer, insurance policy number, an policy period

 Name and address of each insured; and

 Policy limits or a statement the coverage of the policy complies with at least the
minimum amounts of liability insurance required by the Safety Responsibility Act.

Failure to Provide Evidence of Financial Responsibility

If an individual fails to provide evidence of financial responsibility when required, he/she

may receive a citation. The court may dismiss the charge if the individual provides
evidence that a liability insurance policy was in effect when the citation was issued.

Upon conviction of driving a motor vehicle without sufficient evidence of financial

responsibility, when required, a driver is subject to penalties.

1st conviction - A fine of $175 to $350.

2nd conviction and every conviction after - Suspension of driver license and motor
vehicle registration, a fine of $350 to $1,000, and court-impoundment of the motor
vehicle driven or operated by the person at the time of the offense provided the
defendant was an owner of the vehicle at the time of the offense and is an owner of the
vehicle on the date of conviction. The vehicle shall be impounded for 180 days. Before
the court orders the release of the vehicle, evidence of financial responsibility must be
presented to the court.

The vehicle registration and license and driving privilege will be suspended:

1. Upon conviction of a traffic violation providing for automatic suspension of a driver

license, unless evidence of insurance is presented to the DPS;

2. If a judgment resulting from a crash has not been satisfied within 60 days of the
judgment;

3. If an installment agreement arising out of a settlement of a crash is in default;

4. If, while uninsured, the individual was involved in a crash in which another person is
killed, injured, or there is at least $1,000 damage to a person’s property and there
exists a reasonable probability of a judgment being rendered against the driver; and

5. When required to maintain evidence of financial responsibility for two years from the

45
 most recent conviction date.

1.1.3 – Right-of-Way

Objectives:

- The student is expected to define right-of-way and list the responsibilities,

obligations, and potential consequences for failure to accept or yield the right-
of-way.

- Define traditional and non-traditional intersections.

- Describe when and the procedures to accept or yield the right-of-way in the HTS
at controlled intersections, uncontrolled intersections, intersecting roads with
lesser or greater number of lanes, intersecting roads with different pavement
surfaces, T-intersections, controlled-access roads, railroad grade crossings,
turns (left and right), and entering a public road from a private road.

- Know when and the procedure to yield the right-of-way to emergency vehicles
including the “Move Over Act”, school buses, and pedestrians.

- Know how the basic knowledge of right-of-way laws provides a driver the
foundation to formulate and implement informed, legal, and responsible
decisions to reduce risk.

Right-of-way - is the right to move onto or across a road before other people or
vehicles. There are certain rules to help determine the right-of-way, but if the other
driver doesn’t follow these rules, allow them the right-of-way. In every situation, right-of-
way is something given, not taken. All drivers should know and understand the rules
which determine who has the right-of-way. They are designed to determine who should
yield and who should go first.

When two vehicles approach an intersection not controlled by traffic lights or signs or
when two vehicles approach an intersection controlled by four stop signs, neither
vehicle has the right-of-way. Texas law states that when two or more vehicles approach
an intersection at the same time, the driver on the LEFT must yield to the driver on
the right.

There are heavy fines associated with the failure to follow the right-of-way rules. If a
driver commits any traffic offense of which failure to yield the right-of-way to another
vehicle is an element and causes bodily injury to another, there is a fine of $500 to
$2,000. If a driver causes serious bodily injury to another, the fine increases to as
much as $4,000.

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Intersections Controlled by Signs and Signals

When signs and signals control traffic at an intersection, obey them. Know the meaning
of each sign and signal.

Traditional Intersection

A traditional intersection is a place where two or more roadway users meet and cross at
a point.

Non-traditional Intersection

A non-traditional intersection is typically an intersection that has been converted to a

roundabout or a traffic circle.

Single or Two-Lane Road Intersecting a Multi-Lane Road

When driving on a single- or two-lane road yield to vehicles traveling on a divided street
or road and to vehicles traveling on a road with three or more lanes.

Unpaved Road Intersecting a Paved Road

If you are driving on an unpaved road which intersects with a paved road, you must
yield the right-of-way to vehicles traveling on the paved road.

Intersections Not Controlled by Signs, Signals, Multi-Lanes, or Pavement

When approaching this type of intersection, yield the right-of-way to any vehicle that has
entered or is approaching the intersection on your right. If the road to your right is clear
or if approaching vehicles are far enough from the intersection to make your crossing
safe, you may proceed. Since there are not any traffic controls at this intersection, make
sure there are no approaching vehicles from the left. You may legally have the right-of-
way but be sure the other driver yields to you before you proceed.

Turning Left

When turning left, yield the right-of-way

to any vehicle coming straight through
from the other direction.

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Private Roads and Driveways

When entering or crossing a road, street, or highway from a private road, alley, building,
or driveway after stopping prior to the sidewalk, you must yield the right-of-way to all
approaching vehicles and pedestrians.

T-Intersection

When approaching an intersection of a through street from a street that ends at the
intersection, stop then yield the right-of-way to vehicles on the through street.

Enter or Leave Controlled-Access Highway

The driver proceeding on a frontage road of a controlled-access highway must yield the
right-of-way to a vehicle:

• Entering or about to enter the road from the highway; and

• Leaving or about to leave the road to enter the highway.

Driving on Multiple-Lane Roads

On a road divided into three or more lanes providing for one-way movement, a vehicle
entering a lane of traffic from the right must yield the right-of-way to a vehicle entering
the same lane of traffic from the left.

Railroad Grade Crossings

When approaching a railroad grade crossing, stop between 15 feet and 50 feet from the
nearest rail if:

1. A clearly visible railroad signal warns of the approach of a train.

2. A crossing gate is lowered or a flag person warns of a train.

3. The driver is required to stop by other law, a rule adopted under a statute, an official
traffic-control device, or a traffic-control signal.

4. An approaching train within about 1,500 feet of the crossing produces an audible
signal and is an immediate hazard.

48
5. An approaching train is visible and in unsafe proximity to the crossing.

A person who fails to obey the law regarding railroad grade crossings is subject to a fine
of $50 to $200. You are required to stop at a railroad grade crossing and remain
stopped until allowed to proceed or it is safe to proceed.

Additional Safe Driving Procedures at Railroad Crossings

1. If a railroad crossing is marked only with a cross-buck sign, reduce speed, look both
ways, and listen for a whistle. If a train is approaching, stop. If a train is not
approaching, proceed with caution.

2. If red lights are flashing at a railroad crossing, stop. If a train is approaching, remain
stopped until the train passes and the light stops flashing.

3. If the railroad crossing arms have been lowered, stop. Remain stopped and wait until
the train has passed and the gates are raised before crossing.

4. Never stop on the tracks. If your car stalls on the tracks and you cannot restart it, get
out and try to push the car off the tracks. If you can’t push the car off the tracks, get
help. If a train is approaching and your vehicle is stalled, get out quickly and move
away from the tracks. Run toward the approaching train to avoid flying debris at a 45
degree angle away from the point of impact. Stay clear of the tracks.

5. Be sure the tracks are clear before you proceed to cross. There may be two or more
sets of tracks. One train could be blocking the view of another.

6. Remember, trains do not and cannot stop at crossings. Trains always have the right-
of-way.

7. Audible signs or whistles may be difficult to hear when approaching railroad

crossings. Roll your window down, turn your radio down, and listen carefully.

If you encounter a railroad grade crossing signal problem, call the Texas Department of
Public Safety Communications Center at (800) 772-7677 or call your local police
department or county sheriff’s office. Each railroad crossing signal has an identifying
number. Please note the number and be ready to provide it when reporting a problem.

Yield Right-of-Way to Emergency Vehicles

Yield (or give) the right-of-way to police cars, fire trucks, ambulances, and other
emergency vehicles sounding a siren, bell, or flashing red light. If traffic allows, pull to
the right edge of the road and stop. If you are unable to pull over to the right, slow down
and leave a clear path for the emergency vehicle.

49
1. You are not allowed to follow within 500 feet of a fire truck answering an alarm or an
ambulance when the flashing red lights are on.

2. Do not drive or park on the street where the fire truck has answered an alarm.

3. Do not park in a location that interferes with the arrival or departure of an ambulance
to or from the scene of an emergency.

Unless otherwise directed by a law enforcement officer, drivers who approach a

stopped emergency vehicle with its lights activated must:

1. Vacate the lane closest to the emergency vehicle if the highway has two or more
lanes traveling in the direction of the emergency vehicle;

2. Slow to a speed not more than 20 mph less than the posted speed limit when the
posted speed limit is 25 mph or more; or

3. Slow to a speed less than 5 mph when the posted speed limit is less than 25 mph.

Move Over Act

In 2003, the “Move Over” law went into effect and was intended to reduce the number of
injuries to police officers, paramedics, ambulance workers, and fire fighters who have all
too often been injured by cars speeding past sites where they were attempting to carry
out their duties. This law requires drivers nearing a stopped emergency vehicle, tow
truck, or TXDOT vehicle that have lights activated, unless otherwise directed by a law
enforcement officer, to:

 Vacate the lane closest to the emergency vehicle, if the highway has two or more
lanes traveling the direction of the emergency vehicle; or
 Slow to a speed not more than 20 miles per hour (mph) less than the posted speed
limit when the posted speed limit is 25 mph or more; or

50
 Slow to a speed not more than five mph when the posted speed limit is less than 25
mph.

A violation is a punishable by a maximum fine of $200. If the violation results in property

damage, the maximum fine increases to $500. If the violation results in bodily injury, the
offense is enhanced to a Class B misdemeanor.

Yield Right-of-Way to School Buses

You must yield the right-of-way to school buses. Always drive with care when you are
near a school bus. If you approach a school bus from either direction and the bus is
displaying alternately flashing red lights, you must stop. Do not pass the school bus
until:

1. The school bus has resumed motion;

2. You are signaled by the driver to proceed; or

3. The red lights are no longer flashing.

A person who fails to obey the law regarding yielding the right-of-way to school buses
displaying alternating, flashing lights is subject to the penalties listed below:

 1st conviction = A fine of $500 - $1,250.

 2nd conviction and every conviction after = A fine of $1,000 - $2,000. Possible
suspension of driver license for up to six months.

 If a person causes serious bodily injury to another when passing a stopped school
bus = Class A misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $4,000 and/or up to one
year in jail.

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 If a person causes serious bodily injury to another and has previously been
convicted of passing a school bus and causing serious bodily injury = State jail
felony punishable by 180 days to 2 years confinement and a possible fine of up to
$10,000.

Yield the Right-of-Way to Pedestrians (Person on Foot)

Avoid Turning a Car into a Deadly Weapon - Always be on the lookout for individuals
who are on foot (pedestrians) whether they have the right-of-way or not. Drivers must
give the right-of-way to pedestrians at all times:

1. At an uncontrolled intersection (there are not any traffic signs or signals for the
pedestrian to enter the crosswalk).

2. If the pedestrian has a WALK signal;

a. If there is not a pedestrian control signal, give the pedestrian the right-of-way on a
green light.

b. If the light changes to red after the pedestrian has entered the crosswalk, still give
the pedestrian the right-of-way.

Yield Here to Pedestrian Signs

The “Yield Here to Pedestrians” signs are used when yield lines are used in advance of
a marked crosswalk that crosses an uncontrolled multi-lane approach.

In-Street and Overhead Pedestrian Crossing Signs

The “In-Street Pedestrian Crossing” signs or the “Overhead Pedestrian Crossing” signs
may be used to remind road users of laws regarding right-of-way at a non-signalized
pedestrian crosswalk.

The “In-Street Pedestrian Crossing” signs are placed in the road at the crosswalk
location on the center line, on a lane line, or on a median island. The “In-Street
Pedestrian Crossing” signs will not be posted on the left or right-hand side of the road.

The “Overhead Pedestrian Crossing” signs are placed over the roadway at the
crosswalk.

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Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons

A pedestrian hybrid beacon is a special

type of hybrid beacon used with signs
and pavement markings to warn and
control traffic at locations where
pedestrians enter or cross a street or
highway. Pedestrian hybrid beacons are
only installed at a marked crosswalk.

In-Roadway Lights

In-roadway lights are special types of highway traffic signals installed in the roadway
surface to warn roadway users they are approaching a condition on or near the road
they may not see or which might require them to slow down or come to a stop.

Examples of when in-roadway lights are used include situations involving pedestrian
crossings such as school crosswalks, marked crosswalks on uncontrolled approaches,
or in advance of roundabouts.

1.1.4 – Traffic Control Devices

Objectives:

- The student is expected to list and explain the meaning of the colors and shapes
of signs, signals, and pavement makings.

- Recognize and describe the purpose and appropriate response for traffic control
devices including signs, signals, and pavement markings based on law,
consequences, and driving conditions.

- Recognize how basic knowledge of traffic control devices provides a driver the
foundation to formulate and implement informed, legal, and responsible
decision to reduce risk.

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 Traffic Signals

Traffic signals help provide for the orderly movement of traffic. Drivers must obey these
signals except when a law enforcement officer is directing traffic. You must obey a law
enforcement officer at all times even if the officer is directing or telling you to do
something which is ordinarily considered against the law.

Steady Red Light (Stop)

Stop before entering the crosswalk or intersection. You may turn right unless prohibited
by law. You may also turn left if both streets are one way, unless prohibited by law. You
must yield to all pedestrians and other traffic lawfully using the intersection.

A Flashing Red Light

Stop completely before entering the

crosswalk or intersection then proceed
when you can do so safely. Vehicles on
the intersecting road may not have to
stop.

Steady Yellow Light (Caution)

A steady yellow light warns drivers to use caution and to alert them a red light is coming
up. You must STOP before entering the nearest crosswalk at the intersection if you can
do so safely. If a stop cannot be made safely, then you may proceed cautiously through
the intersection before the light changes to red.

A Flashing Yellow Light

A flashing yellow light warns drivers to

slow down and proceed with caution.
Drivers may turn left on a green light.
However, drivers must yield the right-of-
way if other traffic is approaching from
the opposite direction.

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A Flashing Yellow Arrow for Left-Turns

A flashing yellow arrow allows a driver to turn left but the driver must yield the right-of-
way to oncoming traffic. In addition, a yellow flashing arrow is meant to reduce
confusion of what the following signals mean:

1. A circular green light (occasionally mistaken as a protected left turn); and

2. A circular red light and green arrow showing at the same time (some motorists stop).

Steady Green Light (Go)

A steady green light means the driver

can proceed on a green light if it is safe
to do so. You may drive straight ahead
or turn unless prohibited by another sign
or signal. Watch for cars and
pedestrians in the intersection. Be
aware of careless drivers who may race
across the intersection to beat a red
light.

Green Arrow Displayed at the Same Time as a Red Light

A green arrow displayed at the same

time as a red light means the driver can
proceed carefully in the direction of the
arrow after yielding the right-of-way to
other vehicles and pedestrians.

Left Turn on Green

You can turn left on a green light.

However, you must yield the right-of-
way if traffic is approaching from the
opposite direction.

Traffic Signs

In your lifetime of driving, you will see hundreds of different signs. These signs provide
drivers with information they need to navigate in the HTS and arrive safely to their
destination. All drivers must understand that signs serve many purposes. Each traffic
sign has been given a specific shape and color making it possible for drivers to
recognize and identify them at a glance and at a great distance. Signs also display
symbols and words or a combination of both. Traffic signs help you to be a better driver
because they:

55
1. Warn of hazards ahead that would be difficult to see.

2. Guide drivers to their destination by identifying the route.

3. Inform of local regulations and practices.

4. Regulate the speed and movement of traffic.

Standard Colors

The color of roadway signs tell you what type of information it contains. Knowledge of
these colors help prepare for the information it will display when you are close enough
to read it.

RED - Stop or prohibited

BLUE - Motorist Services Guidance
YELLOW - General Warning
ORANGE - Construction and Maintenance Warnings
ORANGE (Retroreflective) – Used on various types of signs
GREEN - Indicated Movements Permitted, Direction Guidance
WHITE - Regulation
BROWN - Public Recreation and Scenic Guidance
BLACK - Regulation

When approaching from a distance, you should be able to identify these signs by their
shape:

Octagon: Exclusively for stop signs

Horizontal Rectangle: Generally for guide signs
Equilateral Triangle: Exclusively for yield signs
Pennant: Advance warning of no pass zones
Diamond: Exclusively to warn of existing or possible hazards on roads or adjacent
areas.
Vertical Rectangle: Generally for regulatory signs.
Pentagon: School advance and school crossing signs.
Round: Railroad advance warning signs.

Warning Signs

Warning signs alert drivers to conditions which are immediately ahead and tell them
what to look for. There may be road hazards, changes in direction, or some other
situation you should know about. Not only must warning signs be observed for safety
reasons but to disregard them may be a traffic violation.

When you encounter a warning sign:

56
1. Pay attention.
2. Follow instructions.
3. Reduce speed to at least the posted construction zone speed signs.

The following are examples of common warning signs.

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Warns of traffic control signal ahead.

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The divided highway you are travelling ends ahead. Be careful as you approach the
point where two-way traffic begins again.

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Height of underpass from road surface is shown. Do not try to enter if your load is
higher than the figure shown on the sign.

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Slow down on wet road. Do not suddenly turn, speed up, or stop.

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Advises you are approaching a section of highway where the opposing flows of traffic
are separated by a median island.

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You should drive in the right-hand lane and expect oncoming traffic in the left-hand lane.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
You are approaching a point where two roads come together but you are not required to
merge, an additional lane begins. Watch for traffic in the new lane.

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Road ahead makes a gradual curve in the direction of the arrow (right). Slow down,
keep right, and do not pass.

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The road curves one way (right) and then the other way (left). Slow down, keep right
and do not pass.

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Cross road ahead; slow down and watch for cross traffic ahead. Look carefully in all
directions for traffic.

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Another road enters the road you are traveling on from the direction shown. Watch for
traffic from that direction.

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Gives advance notice of a reduction in the number of lanes of pavement ahead.

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Slow down, the road surface ahead is in poor condition.

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T-Intersection

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Cross traffic

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Y-Intersection or side road traffic to the right.

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Road ahead makes a sharp turn in the direction of the arrow (right). Slow down, keep
right, and do not pass.

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You are approaching a point where other traffic lanes come together with the one you
are in. Watch for traffic from that direction.

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There is a winding road ahead. Drive slowly and carefully, and do not pass.

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You are near an area where a large number of pedestrians cross the street. Slow down
and watch for people crossing the street on foot.

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You are near a school. Slow down, and prepare to stop suddenly if necessary. Watch
for children.

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The road ahead makes a sharp turn to the right and then a sharp turn to the left. Slow
down, keep right, and do not pass.

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The surface of the road is covered with loose gravel. Go slow enough to keep complete
control of your vehicle. Do not apply brakes suddenly or make sharp turns.

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Warns of hazardous condition on bridge caused by ice. This sign will be displayed
continuously during wintertime periods. Drivers should slow down and avoid applying
their brakes if icy conditions exist.

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Mounted in front of an obstruction which is close to the edge of the road, such as
culverts or center piers on divided highways.

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Used to indicate the alignment of the road as an aid to night driving.

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Mounted immediately in front of an obstruction or at sharp changes in road alignment.

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Indicates traffic is permitted to pass on either side of a traffic island or an obstruction.

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You are approaching a “T” intersection and must turn left or right. Be prepared to yield
the right-of-way at the intersection if necessary.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This sign is used to mark the ends of the side rails of narrow bridges and other
obstructions so they may be easily seen.

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There is a low place in the road. Slow down to avoid losing control of your vehicle or an
uncomfortable jolt.

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Slow your speed and watch for trucks entering or crossing the highway.

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Use extreme caution to avoid running off the paved portion of the highway because the
dirt on the side of the pavement is soft and may cause you to lose control of the car.

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The pavement ahead narrows; reduce speed. Room for two cars to pass but with
caution.

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The bridge ahead is not as wide as the road. Slow down and use caution.

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The hard-surfaced pavement changes to an earth road or low-type surface. Slow down.

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Two roads cross. Slow down, look to the right and to the left for other traffic and be
prepared to stop.

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There is a significant drop from the pavement edge to the shoulder. If you must leave
the pavement, slow down and steer firmly.

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The pavement has been grooved to lessen the possibility of slippery pavement in wet
weather. Motorcyclists should use caution.

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There is a sudden high place in the road ahead. Slow down to avoid losing control of
your vehicle or an uncomfortable jolt.

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Slow your speed and watch for individuals who may be disabled or who may be
crossing the road in a wheelchair.

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The road ahead curves sharply. Slow down, keep right, and do not pass.

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You are approaching a downgrade; all drivers approach with caution. It may be
necessary to use a lower gear to slow your vehicle.

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The lane ends ahead. If you are driving in the right lane, you should merge into the left.

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This sign will have yellow lights flashing (top and bottom) when the freeway ramp ahead
is metered. The ramp meter (red or green) directs motorists when to enter the freeway.

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Be prepared for a stop sign ahead.

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Regulatory and Warning Signs

Regulatory signs tell us what we must do. Drivers are required to obey all regulatory
signs in the same manner as traffic laws. These signs are one way that will help to
protect your safety. The following are examples of common regulatory and warning
signs.

If you wish to turn at an intersection where this sign is posted, do so only in the direction
indicated by the arrow.

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Advisory Speed Sign: This sign gives the highest speed which you can safely travel
around the turn ahead.

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High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Preferential Lane: Buses and vehicles used for
carpools may use this lane only between the hours of 6 a.m. to 9 a.m., Monday through
Friday.

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Do not pass other vehicles.

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Do not cross yellow lines: The distance you can see ahead is so limited that passing
another vehicle is so hazardous you may not pass.

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Stay in the right-hand lane if you are driving slower than other vehicles on the road.

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This sign indicates two lanes of traffic are permitted to turn left. The traffic in the left lane
must turn left, traffic in the other lane has a choice.

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Indicates the speed at which the exit ramp from a highway may be traveled safely.

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Do not park, stop, or allow your vehicle to stand idling in a parking space reserved for
disabled individuals unless your vehicle has a disabled license plate or windshield
identification card.

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This sign tells you the maximum speed (in mph) you are permitted to travel. Sign also
indicates the maximum speeds permitted on the road for day time and nighttime.

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Turning left at an intersection where this sign is posted is prohibited.

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Trucks are prohibited from using or entering the street or road where this sign is
displayed.

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Making a U-turn at an intersection where this sign is posted is prohibited.

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Drive to the right of this sign. This sign is used in advance of islands and medians.

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If you see this sign facing you, you are driving the wrong way on a one-way street and
you are directly opposing the flow of traffic.

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The road or street ahead is for one-way traffic traveling in the opposite direction.
You must not drive into it in the direction you are going.

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Stop: A red stop sign with white letters or a yellow sign with black letters. Stop before
the crosswalk, intersection, or stop sign. Do not block the pedestrian crosswalk. A stop
sign means a car must come to a complete stop. Slowing down is not adequate.

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This signs tells you the road you are on joins with another road ahead. You should slow
down or stop if necessary so you can yield the right-of-way to vehicles on the other
road.

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School Zone: The speed shown is in effect when the yellow light is flashing. Be
extremely careful for school children.

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The use of a wireless communication device is prohibited in the school zone.

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Red light photo is enforced.

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These signs are added to a stop sign advising that all approaching traffic to this
intersection must stop.

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Drivers should not change lanes or turn across the double white lines.

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On roadways with more than one lane with vehicles traveling in the same direction and
this sign is present, slower traffic should travel in a lane other than the farthest left lane.
The farthest left lane is for passing only.

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Oncoming traffic must stop for vehicles at an intersection. Vehicles turning at a
protected light should use caution.

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The center lane is only used for vehicles turning left, not for passing or overtaking.
The only time a vehicle should enter the center lane is at a point where the vehicle will
have time to slow down or stop to make a safe left turn. This lane should never be used
for passing or as a through traffic lane.

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This sign reminds drivers that the shoulder of the road should be used only by vehicles
required to stop because of mechanical breakdown, tire trouble, lack of fuel, or other
emergencies.

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A green signal will indicate when you may turn left.

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The road ahead is not open to any traffic. Look for detour or other route.

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Vehicles driving in the right lane must turn right at the next intersection unless the sign
indicates a different turning point.

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Instructs drivers that all traffic on the same roadway must merge into one lane.

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Advisory Speed Sign: This sign gives the highest speed which you can safely travel
around the turn ahead.

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This sign marks a place where you may cross over to the other side of the divided
highway.

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Guide Signs

Guide signs are especially helpful when you are not in familiar area. Guide signs tell you
what road you’re on, how to get where you want to go, and provide information making
the trip more pleasant and interesting.

Here are examples of common guide signs.

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The only place where you may lawfully throw your litter on the highway is in a litter
barrel. This sign advised that such a barrel is one mile ahead. Litter barrels are also
found at all rest picnic areas.

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The lane that has this sign above it exits ahead.

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Texas Route Marker signs tell you what road you are on. Plan your trip and know which
road you want to take.

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This sign identifies what road you are on and identifies a short state highway in a city or
urban area.

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Indicates an officially designated highway that branches off the regularly numbered
highway and goes through the business portion of a city.

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These signs are usually mounted above the road. The arrows indicate the lane or lanes
to be used to follow a particular highway route.

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Travel information: This sign tells you which way to go and how far you must travel.

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Mileposts provide a means of identifying the location of crashes, breakdowns, or other
emergencies. Mileposts are erected every mile on interstate highways starting at the
state line.

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Lane-use control signals are overhead signals indicating if a motorists should drive in a
specific lane. If a red X appears above a lane, a driver should not drive in that lane. A
steady yellow X means a driver should prepare to safely vacate the lane over which the
signal is located because a lane control change is being made. A steady downward
green arrow means a driver is permitted to drive in the lane over which the arrow signal
is located. Lane-use control signals can be used on streets or highways.

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Railroad Warning Signs

Railroad Crossing

This sign means you are within a few

hundred feet of a railroad crossing. Slow
down and be prepared to stop. If you
see a train coming, STOP. Never try to
beat a train.

Railroad Cross Buck

Railroad cross buck signs are posted at every railroad, highway, road, or street grade
crossing and shows the location. If more than one track is to be crossed, the sign will
show the number of tracks. Always slow down, look, listen, and be prepared to yield the
right-of-way to an approaching train.

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Gate and Flashing Light

Stop when the lights begin to flash

before the gate lowers across your side
of the road. Remain stopped until the
gates are raised and the lights stop
flashing.

At railroad crossings stop within 15 feet to 50 feet of the nearest rail when:

1. You are directed to do so by a flag person.

2. There are flashing red lights or gongs sounding.

3. There is any warning device telling you a train is coming.

Pavement Markings

Pavement markings help you just like signs and signals. They are used to warn and
direct drivers and to regulate traffic.

Two-Lane Rural Road with Two-Way Traffic

Keep to the right of the yellow center line. You may cross a broken line when passing
another vehicle or when the right half of the road is closed. Do not cross the line if it is
not safe.

Three Lane One-Way Roads

On a one-way road when each lane is marked with a broken white line you may drive in
any lane. When turning from a one-way road, move into the proper lane well in advance
of your turn.

Left Turn Lane Only

The only time a vehicle should enter the center lane is at a point where the vehicle will
have time to slow down or stop in order to make a safe left turn maneuver.

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Multi-lane Highway (Four or More Lanes)

Do not cross the double yellow line to

pass. Stay in your lane as much as
possible. If you are driving slower, keep
in the right-hand lane.

Solid and Broken Lines

A solid yellow line on your side of the road marks a “no-passing zone.”

Crosswalks

White crosswalk lines are painted across a road to indicate pedestrian crossing areas.
Pedestrians should use these areas when crossing the road. At intersections where
stop lines are missing, you must stop before the crosswalk when required to stop by
traffic signs, traffic signals, or pedestrians.

White Stop Lines

White stop lines are painted across the pavement lanes at traffic signs or signals.
Where these lines are present, stop behind the stop line.

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Solid White Lines

Solid white lines are used for pavement edge lines, shoulder markings, channelizing,
transitions, and lane use control. Crossing a solid white line should be avoided if
possible. The solid yellow line on the left edge of the road is a guide for drivers to
indicate driving to the left of the yellow line is prohibited. This type of yellow line can be
found on interstate highways.

Crossing is prohibited where there is a pavement marking of double solid white lines.

Barrels

Barrels that are engineered to act as an

impact cushion is a new concept in
reducing the seriousness of crashes.
These barrels are usually installed in
front of a solid obstacle and in an area
of high crash frequency.

Hearing Impaired

If you see this flag, slow down; the

bicycle operator may have impaired
hearing. This sign may also be
displayed on vehicles to alert others the
driver may be hearing impaired.

Construction and Maintenance Devices

Various traffic control devices are used in construction and maintenance work areas to
direct drivers or pedestrians safely through the work zone and to provide for the safety
of the workers.

The most commonly used traffic control devices are signs, barricades, drums, cones,
tubes, flashing arrow panels, and flag individuals. Orange is the basic color for these
devices.

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When you are in a construction and maintenance work area, be prepared to:

1. slow down or stop as you approach workers and equipment; or

2. change lanes.

Effective Sept. 1, 2013, Texas drivers must move over or slow down when approaching
TxDOT workers and vehicles that are stopped with overhead flashing blue or amber
lights. The state’s Move Over/Slow Down law, which traditionally has required drivers
to yield to police, fire and emergency vehicles, has been expanded to provide that same
protection for Texas Department of Transportation workers.

The new addition to the Move Over law requires motorists to move out of the lane
closest to the TxDOT vehicle when possible or reduce their speed to 20 miles per hour
below the posted limit. If the road does not offer multiple lanes, the driver must slow
down. On roadways with posted speed limits of 25 miles per hour or less, drivers must
reduce their speed to 5 miles per hour. Violators can be fined up to $2,000.

Construction and Maintenance Signs

Construction and maintenance signs are used to alert drivers of unusual or potentially
dangerous conditions in or near work areas. Most signs in work areas are diamond
shaped, but a few are rectangular.

Channelizing Devices

Barricades, vertical panels, drums, cones, and tubes are the most commonly used
devices to alert drivers of unusual or potentially dangerous conditions in highway and
street work areas, and to guide drivers safely through the work zone. At night
channelizing devices are often equipped with flashing or steady burn lights.

77
When you encounter any type of channelizing device:

1. Slow down and prepare to change lanes when it is safe to do so.

2. Be prepared for drivers who wait until the last second to move to the open lane.

3. Maintain reduced speed until you clear the construction area. There should be a sign
indicating you are leaving the construction area.

4. Return to the normal driving lane only after checking traffic behind you.

Pass to the Right

Stripes sloping downward to the right means the driver should bear to the right.

Pass to the Left

Stripes sloping downward to the left means the driver should bear to the left.

Passing Traffic

The diagonal stripes on the barricade or vertical panel guide the driver towards the
direction to where the traffic is to pass.

Flashing Arrow Panels

Large flashing or sequencing arrow panels may be used in work zones day and night to
guide drivers into certain traffic lanes and to inform them part of the road or street ahead
is closed.

78
Flag Person

A flag person is often provided in roadway work zones to stop, slow, or guide traffic
safely through the area. A flag person wears an orange vest, shirt, or jacket and uses
stop/ slow paddles ore red flags to direct traffic through work zones.

1. A flag person is used in cases of extreme hazard.

2. A flag person’s instructions must be obeyed.

3. When instructed to stop, do so in your lane, do not veer right or left.

4. Do not attempt to go forward until the flag person instructs you to do so.

5. Proceed with caution, expect the unexpected.

6. Always be on the lookout for oncoming vehicles in your lane of traffic.

Obey Warning Signs and Barricades

It is a violation to disobey the instructions, signals, warnings, or markings of a warning

sign, or to drive around a barricade. The offense is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine
of $1 to $200. Fines double in a construction or maintenance work zone when workers
are present.

The offense is a Class B misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $2,000 and/or up to

180 days in jail when a warning sign or barricade has been placed at a location where
water is over any portion of a road, street, or highway.

1.1.5 – Controlling Traffic Flow

Objectives:

- The student is expected to define traffic flow.

79
- Relate how traffic flow is managed by traffic control devices, law enforcement,
and other persons.

- Explain the appropriate communication to indicate a change in speed or

position.

- State the laws for passing and being passed, basic and special turning
situations, and for stopping, standing, parking, leaving a space backing and
coasting.

- Define and explain how to avoid blind spot driving.

- Know the importance of - and how to establish a safe following interval.

- Relate speed to stopping a vehicle based on roadway conditions.

- Know the importance of adjusting speed, route planning, or not driving during
poor driving conditions including traffic, weather, visibility, roadway, vehicle
and driver.

- State the legal minimum and maximum speed limits for Texas roadways and
beaches.

- State the law and purpose of vehicle lights.

- State the laws and potential dangers for freeway entry, travel, and exit.

- Know the importance of avoiding driving while fatigued including highway

(roadway) hypnosis.

- Describe the procedures for managing vehicle breakdown.

- Describe procedures for controlling a vehicle in a skid, brake failure, running off
pavement, blowout, or driving down a steep hill.

- Explain potential dangers and countermeasures associated with winter driving.

Traffic Flow is the movement of individual drivers and vehicles between two points and
the interactions they make with one another. This flow is determined by the driver, traffic
control devices, law enforcement, and other persons.

80
Traffic delays caused by highway congestion have become a serious problem.
Managing traffic in congested networks requires a clear understanding of traffic flow
operations. It is crucial for a young driver to understand these operations and develop
good habits. Doing so ensures lifelong driving success.

Signaling

With so many vehicles on the road it is crucial to communicate and let other drivers
know your intentions. Failure to do so often results in crashes.

Be alert, watch what you’re doing, and signal to other drivers if you plan to change
lanes, turn, pull away from a parking space parallel to the curb, or stop. Signaling
helps other drivers plan ahead.

You may use either signal lights on your vehicle, or hand and arm signals. If using your
hand and arm, extend them well out of the car window and signal in plenty of time.
Make sure you can be easily seen by others. At night, hand and arm signals are usually
not visible except in well-lighted areas.

Signal continuously for at least 100 feet before you turn or stop. When signaling to stop,
tap your brakes a few times to attract attention. This makes your brake lights flash and
drivers behind you will become more alert to your intentions.

Passing

One of the skills a driver must learn and develop is how to safely overtake and pass
another vehicle on the road. You must be patient, determine when it is safe to pass, and
follow the guidelines below. Head-on crashes resulting from improper passing are often
deadly.

1. Make certain that the way is clear. Check the rearview and side mirrors for traffic
ahead of and behind you. Turn your head and look back because someone may be
passing you.

81
2. Check well ahead for a “No Passing Zone” and for oncoming cars. Be sure you have
enough time and space to overtake the car ahead and return to the right lane before
an approaching car comes within 200 feet of you.

3. Signal left and accelerate to pass. If necessary, tap your horn to avoid surprising the
driver you’re passing.

4. Pass on the left and do not return to the right lane until you have safely cleared the
overtaken vehicle. Wait until you can see the front of the car you have just passed in
your rearview mirror before returning to the right lane.

5. Signal right turn to return to the right lane. Be sure to turn your signal off after you
have completed the lane change.

There are many situations where passing is either forbidden by law, or clearly unsafe
and should not be attempted:

 On hills, curves, or any place where vision is limited.

 Within 100 feet of an intersection or railway crossing.

 When a school bus is stopped to load or unload passengers (unless a physical

barrier or unpaved median separates traffic going in either direction).

 There are two or more traffic lanes in each direction.

 When passing a vehicle driving the legal speed limit as this would cause you to
exceed the legal speed limit.

 When a solid line marks the left side of your lane.

 When passing causes you to drive off the paved portion of the highway.

 Within 100 feet of a bridge, viaduct, or tunnel.

Passing on the Right

A driver may pass on the right if conditions permit such movement safely. The road
should be clear of parked vehicles or other obstacles and should be wide enough with
two or more lanes in each direction. Be cautious whenever you are attempting to pass a
vehicle that is blocking your view or blocking the view of other drivers.

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A driver may pass if on a one-way road, and may pass on a paved shoulder when the
vehicle you are passing has slowed or stopped on the main traveled portion of the
highway, is disabled, or preparing to make a left turn.

When You are Being Passed

Maintain your speed or slow down and stay in your lane. Do not speed up. Make this
process safe and easy for the other driver as well as yourself. When being passed on
the left, and lanes are not marked, move to the right side to allow the other vehicle by.

Blind Spot Driving

A "blind spot" is a zone in which your side mirrors or rear view mirrors do not cover.
Every driver will experience these blind spots. To check these blind spots just simply
look over your shoulder for a second then look back to the road.

When you approach another car while travelling, get through the blind spot as quickly as
you can. Don’t drive or linger in another driver’s blind spot. Either speed up and get by
quickly, or drop back.

Turning

Turning a corner is a simple process. However, if not done correctly, confusion and

83
crashes may occur.

 Know where you’re going and make the decision to turn before you get to the turning
point.

 Check for pavement markings or signs which permit turning right or left from or into
two or more lanes; or give other special turning or lane information.

 Look behind and to both sides to check to see where other vehicles are before you
change lanes.

 Move into the proper lane as soon as possible. The faster the traffic is moving, the
sooner you should move into the proper lane. If you cannot move into the proper
lane a minimum of one-half block before you turn, you should not turn but continue
straight ahead. Turn later when it’s safe.

 Give the proper turn signal at least 100 feet (4 seconds) before you make your turn.
If using a hand signal, hold it until you are close enough to the intersection for others
to know what you intend to do. Do not hold the signal while making the turn
because you need both hands on the wheel.

 Slow down to a reasonable turning speed. Do not brake while turning.

 Make the turn correctly. This will be easier if you are in the proper lane and proceed
slowly enough at the time you begin to turn.

 Finish the turn in the proper lane.

How to Make a Right Turn

1. Signal for a lane change well ahead of the turning point. When it’s safe, move your
vehicle to the far right lane.

2. Use your right turn signal and slow down at least 100 feet from the corner.

3. Look both ways before starting to turn.

4. Keep as close as possible to the right edge of the road.

5. Turn using both hands on the wheel.

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How to Make a Left Turn

1. Well ahead of the turning point, signal for a lane change. When it is safe, move close
to the center lane.

2. Use the left turn signal and slow down at least 100 feet from the corner.

3. Look in all directions before starting to turn. Stay to the right of the center line as you
enter the intersection. Yield the right-of-way to any vehicle approaching from the
opposite direction.

4. To complete a left turn you should be in the left portion of the lane you are turning
into but still to the right of the center line.

5. Once you have completed your left turn, you may signal and change lanes if
necessary.

Turning Tips

 Scan intersection to the left, front, right, and back to the left.

 Yield to oncoming traffic.

 Select a gap in traffic, avoid hesitation, and look through the turn along the path of
travel.

 Use hand-to-hand, push-pull-slide steering and begin the turn.

 Turn into the closest legal travel lane.

 Select a target in the center of the travel path and accelerate gradually.

 Use hand-to-hand, push-pull-slide steering for the recovery.

Parking, Stopping, or Standing

Everywhere you travel, you eventually must find a place to park. An improperly parked
vehicle may cause a crash. Set the parking brake, stop the motor, and remove the key.
When you get ready to leave your vehicle, remember to look back over your shoulder

85
and check for any oncoming traffic before opening your car door.

Do not park, stop, or allow a vehicle to stand idling:

1. In front of a public or private driveway.

2. On the road side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the edge or curb of a street.

3. Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant.

4. Within 50 feet of the nearest rail of a railroad crossing.

5. On any railroad track.

6. On a sidewalk or crosswalk.

7. On a bridge or other elevated structure on a highway or within a highway tunnel.

8. Within 20 feet of a crosswalk at an intersection.

9. Within an intersection.

10. Between a safety zone and adjacent curb or within 30 feet of a place on the curb
immediately opposite the end of a safety zone.

11. Within 30 feet upon the approach to any flashing signal, stop sign, yield sign, or
other traffic control signal located at the side of a road.

12. Within 20 feet of the driveway entrance to any fire station and on the side of a street
opposite the entrance to any fire station within 75 feet of entrance.

13. Alongside or opposite of any street excavation or obstruction when stopping,

standing, or parking would obstruct traffic.

14. At any place where an official sign prohibits stopping.

Hill Parking

When parking on a hill, it’s important to turn the wheels of your vehicle in one of the
following ways to prevent it from rolling into the street.

 Down Hill - Turn wheels to curb.

 Up Hill (with curb) — Turn back of wheels to curb.

 Up Hill (without curb) — Turn wheels to the right.

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Parallel Parking

1. Before making an attempt to park, common sense goes a long way. With the size of
your vehicle in mind, choose a space large enough for your car to fit. Leave plenty of
room for others to get around you and avoid spaces with poorly parked vehicles on
either side.

2. Signal then stop even with the front of the car about two feet out from the space. To
alert drivers who may be behind you be sure to signal before you pass the spot you
want to parallel park in.

3. Make sure you will not interfere with oncoming traffic then turn your front wheels all
the way to the right and back slowly toward the curb.

4. When your front seat is opposite the rear bumper of the car ahead, turn your steering
wheel all the way to the left. Back slowly to the car behind you without touching it.
You should be about six inches from the curb. Don’t park more than 18 inches from
the curb or edge of the road.

5. Straighten your front wheels and pull into the final parking position. Center your car in
space.

Disabled Parking

State law prohibits a person to park, stand, or stop a vehicle in a parking space
designated as disable parking. Illegally parking in such a space is a misdemeanor
punishable by a fine of as much as $750. Repeat offenses result in increased fines –
up to $1,250. More than five offenses of this nature may result in fines and community
service.

Texas law specifically states:

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 You may not park in a disabled parking space unless the vehicle has a disabled
license plate or state issued removable windshield identification card.

 You may not use a disabled parking windshield identification card unless transporting
the disabled person to whom it was issued.

 You may not lend your windshield identification card to someone else.

 You may not block an access or curb ramp.

Certain municipalities prohibit a person from using a disabled parking space unless the
vehicle bears a disabled parking windshield identification card or disabled license plate.

Do not park in striped areas adjacent to handicap parking spaces or in a striped area in
front of an entrance to a business adjacent to a disabled parking space. These areas
are designated for wheelchair lifts.

Leaving a Parking Space

Children often play between parked cars and you should use extreme caution when
backing up. Look back before and while you’re backing up. Remember to use your
signal to notify other drivers you are leaving your current parking spot.

Coasting

It is illegal to coast on a downgrade with the gears or transmission in neutral.

Speed and Speed Limits

Drivers should always be aware of how fast they’re travelling. Drive the legal speed
limit and stay with the main stream of traffic. You must always obey the speed limit but a
good driver:

1. Always keep a safe distance from the car in front. The faster you drive the greater the
distance you should keep from the car ahead of you. A good rule is to stay at least
four seconds if you are a novice or beginning driver and at least two seconds behind
the vehicle ahead of you if you are an experienced driver.

2. Always adjust your speed and following distance according to your physical condition
and the condition of the vehicle. If you are tired or not feeling well, do not drive. Never
force yourself to drive.

3. Knows when to slow down and increase the following distance.

a. Slow down and increase the following distance when the road is wet. Many
drivers find out too late what a small amount of rain can do. Roads become

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 slippery when wet, making the vehicle harder to control. Slow down and ensure
you have complete control of the situation at all times.

b. Slow down and increase the following distance when the road is crowded.

c. Slow down and increase the following distance when vision is limited. Always be
able to stop within the distance you can see ahead of your car. In the dark or in
bad weather, do not over-drive your range of vision.

Reaction Distance

Reaction distance is the distance that the car travels after the driver has seen the
danger and before the brakes are applied. It takes the average person 1 and ½ seconds
to think, react, and apply the brakes.

Braking Distance

Braking distance is the distance that the car travels while braking. With the brakes
applied the car slows down.

Overall Stopping Distance

The Overall Stopping Distance is a combination of reaction distance and braking

distance.

The following chart represents approximations for a driver who is alert and well rested,
in good health and not impaired by alcohol or drugs. Weather and road conditions; as
well as tires, type of vehicle, and weight of load being carried can also affect these
stopping distances:

OVERALL
REACTION BRAKING
SPEED STOPPING
DISTANCE DISTANCE
DISTANCE

20 mph 44 ft. 19 ft. 63 ft.

30 mph 66 ft. 43 ft. 109 ft.

40 mph 88 ft. 76 ft. 164 ft.

50 mph 110 ft. 119 ft. 229 ft.

60 mph 132 ft. 171 ft. 303 ft.

70 mph 154 ft. 233 ft. 387 ft.

Following Distance

Maintaining a safe following distance is an essential low risk driving technique. The

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greater the following distance you have from the vehicle in front the more time and
space you will have to maneuver. Also by sitting further back you gain greater vision of
the road ahead.

When learning to drive it is suggested you use the time-lapse method of checking your
following distance. To use this method, select a stationary object to the side of the road.
Like a tree, or pole as the vehicle in front passes the pole, start counting in your mind,
one-thousand and one, one thousand and two, one thousand and three, one thousand
and four. If your vehicle passes this object before you finish counting to one thousand
and four, you’re too close. Slow down and try the method again.

Two seconds is the minimum following distance for safe driving. Often other drivers will
merge into your safe following space and it takes patience and maturity to fall back and
re-establish the correct distance.

In certain circumstances a 3 or 4 second following distance may be more appropriate,

usually this is when your vision is obscured or driving conditions change. Situations
requiring a greater following distance include:

 beginning drivers;

 driving in wet weather, fog, snow, ice;

 when smoke is across the road;

 when following a large vehicle on dirt or gravel roads; and

 when towing or fully loaded.

If being followed closely by a large vehicle, increase your following distance from traffic
ahead. Although this may be difficult to comprehend, the rationale is if you need to
brake hard, you can do so more gradually and thus avoid being run over by the large
vehicle.

Speed Limits

Drivers are required to obey posted minimum and maximum speed limits. These limits
are designed to provide for the orderly flow of traffic under normal driving conditions.
During periods of heavy traffic, bad weather, low visibility, or other poor driving
conditions, speed and following distance must be adjusted to avoid crashes.

The information provided below shows the maximum speed limits for all vehicles under
different conditions. Cities and counties have the authority to change these limits.
Entities that establish or alter a speed limit must establish the same speed limit for
daytime and nighttime.

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Speed (MPH) Type of Roadway_____________________
30 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Urban District

15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Alley

15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Beaches and County Roads adjacent to a public beach

(if declared by the commissioners court of the county)

70 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Highway numbered by Texas or the U.S. outside an

urban district including Farm to Market and Ranch to
Market roads

70 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Passenger cars, motorcycles, light truck, passenger car

or light truck towing a trailer or semi-trailer, truck or
truck-tractor, truck or truck-tractor towing a trailer or
semi-trailer, buses, school activity bus.

60 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - School Buses which have passed a commercial vehicle

inspection.

60 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Highway not numbered by Texas or the U.S. and outside

an urban district

60 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Passenger cars, motorcycles, light truck, passenger car

or light truck towing a trailer or semi-trailer, truck or
truck-tractor, truck or truck-tractor towing a trailer or
semi-trailer, buses, school activity bus.

50 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - School buses that have not passed a commercial vehicle

inspection or are traveling on a highway not numbered
by Texas or the U.S.

After meeting certain requirements, the Texas Transportation Commission has the
authority to raise the speed limit to 75 mph on parts of the state highway system if the
Commission determines the speed limit is a reasonable and safe speed for that section
of the highway. The Texas Transportation Commission also has the authority, after
meeting certain requirements, to raise the speed limit to not more than 85 mph on a part
of the highway if that part is designed to accommodate travel at that speed and the
Commission determines that speed is reasonable and safe.

The Texas Transportation Commission may also establish a speed limit of 80 mph on a
part of IH-10 or IH-20 in Crockett, Culberson, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kerr, Kimble,
Pecos, Reeves, Sutton, or Ward County if the Commission determines 80 mph is a
reasonable and safe speed for that section of the highway.

Street Racing

Drag racing or street racing is illegal and often results in serious injuries or fatalities.
Because this practice is typically held on public roads, illegal street racers put other
drivers at risk. Because of the high speeds, drivers are unable to react to common road

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hazards or other driving situations, which often results in crashes. This type of racing
also causes unnecessary property damage, including extensive wear on roads (due to
the high-powered engines damaging asphalt), which requires costly repairs at the
expense to the tax-payer.

According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), an average

of 1,000 people are killed in the U.S. every month in a speeding-related traffic accident.

A person may not participate in:

1. A race;

2. A vehicle speed competition or contest;

3. A drag race or acceleration contest;

4. A test of physical endurance of the operator of a vehicle; or

5. Connection with a race, an exhibition of vehicle speed or acceleration, or to make a

speed record.

The criminal penalty for a conviction of Speed Racing ranges from a Class B
misdemeanor to a second degree felony.

Slow Down or Move Over

If an emergency medical vehicle, law enforcement vehicle, fire truck, tow truck, or
TXDOT vehicle is stopped on the road with its lights activated (the lights are on or
flashing), then the driver is required to reduce their speed to 20 mph below the speed
limit; or move out of the lane closest to the emergency medical vehicle, law enforcement
vehicle, fire truck, tow truck, or TXDOT vehicle if the road has multiple lanes traveling in
the same direction.

Special Driving Situations

It is much more dangerous to drive during the night than during the day. We do not see
as well as we do during daylight. When taking a trip, drive during the daylight hours as
much as possible. It’s safer. Also, never drive when you are sleepy.

Headlights

Slow down when driving at night and be sure you can stop within the distance lit by your
headlights. Lower high beam to low beam lights when:

1. Within 500 feet of an approaching vehicle.

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2. Following closely (within 300 feet) behind another vehicle.

3. Driving on lighted roads.

4. Driving in fog, heaving rain, sleet, snow, or dust.

If you must park on an unlighted highway at night, leave your parking lights or lower
beam headlights on.

1. You must use your headlights beginning 30 minutes after sunset and ending 30
minutes before sunrise, or anytime when individuals or vehicles cannot be seen
clearly for at least 1,000 feet.

2. Avoid looking directly into the headlights of approaching vehicles; shift your eyes
down to the lower right side of your traffic lane.

3. Turn signals flashing only on one side should not be used on parked or disabled
vehicles.

Highway Driving

Within the past few years, thousands of miles of super highways have been built. They
are known as freeways, toll roads, throughways, turnpikes, and expressways. These
roads are designed for maximum safety, but you must know how to use them properly.

In Texas, a highway is defined as “a divided arterial highway with full control of access
and with no crossings at grade.”

Before Using a Highway

Plan your trip in advance so you know your entrance, direction, and exit. Make sure you
and your car are in good condition. If you cannot or do not want to drive at or above the
minimum speed limit, do not use the highway.

Entering the Highway

1. You must yield the right-of-way to vehicles already on the highway.

2. Enter the speed change lane, stay to the right, signal left, and when it is clear,
increase your speed to merge with the flow of traffic.

Driving on the Highway

Choose the Proper Lane

1. Use the right lane to drive at the minimum posted speed limit or below the normal
flow of traffic.

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2. Using the middle or left lane:

a. If you are traveling faster than other traffic; or

b. If you plan to leave the freeway soon, change to the exit lane as soon as possible.

Observe Specific Instructions

Observe specific instructions indicating the lane you should drive in.

Once the Lane Has Been Chosen

1. Stay in the middle of your lane.

2. Do not weave in and out of traffic.

3. Maintain a constant speed. Keep pace with the traffic. Don’t unnecessarily speed up
and slow down.

4. Stay at least two seconds behind the vehicle ahead of you. In bad weather, increase
the time to at least four seconds. Watch the cars ahead of you. Be prepared if one of
the cars ahead of you stops suddenly.

5. Adjust your speed to allow others to enter the highway safely.

6. Vehicles in any lane, except the right lane used for slower traffic, should be prepared
to move to another lane to allow faster traffic to pass.

Leaving the Highway

1. Move into the proper lane well in advance of the exit. The greater the amount of
traffic the earlier you should move into the proper lane. Exit signs are usually placed
at least 1,000 yards ahead of the exit.

2. Slow down on the exit ramp so by the time you are off the highway, you are within the
new, slower speed limit. Until you become used to the new, slower speed, watch your
speedometer.

Fight Highway Hypnosis

A condition of drowsiness or unawareness can be brought on by reduced activity and

steady sounds of wind, engine, and tire hum. This is known as highway hypnosis. All
drivers should be aware of its danger and of the methods for fighting it.

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1. Stop often. Even if you are feeling well you should stop at least every two hours or
every 100 miles. Get out of your car and walk around. Allow your muscles to relax.

2. Do not drive more than eight hours per day.

3. Keep shifting your eyes. Look at different objects; near and far, left and right. Read
the road signs as you approach them. Check your rearview mirror.

Highway Safety Tips

1. Keep a window open so there is always fresh air in the car to help keep you alert and
awake.

2. On bright days, wear good sunglasses. Never wear sunglasses at night.

3. Stay out of another driver’s blind spot. Traveling where the driver ahead of you
cannot see your vehicle can be dangerous. Stay behind or go around the other
vehicle. Don’t follow to the side.

4. Avoid using a cell phone while driving; use may cause distraction and driver
inattention. If you must use a cell phone, safely pull off the road or use a hands-free
headset. If you are under 18 years of age and received your driver license on or after
September 1, 2009, it is illegal to use a cell phone while driving even if it is a hands-
free device except in the case of emergency.

Vehicle Breakdown

1. If you can’t get the car off the pavement, get everyone out of the car and off the road.
Portable warning devices should be used to warn oncoming traffic.

2. Move your car off the pavement to the side of the road. A car with a flat or blowout
can be driven slowly off the road.

3. Turn on your emergency warning lights. If you do not have warning lights, use your
taillights. At night, in addition to your taillights, turn the lights on inside of the car.

4. Tie a white cloth to your radio antenna, door handle, or some other place where it
may be easily seen. If you do not have a white cloth, raise your hood.

Controlling a Vehicle in Special Situations

There is one basic rule which applies in all driving situations, think before you act.

Steering Out of a Skid

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An automobile skids when its tires lose their grip on the road surface. If the car starts to
skid follow these safety tips.

1. Don’t jam on the brakes. Take your foot off of the gas pedal (accelerator).

2. Turn your steering wheel in the direction of the skid. As you recover control, gently
straighten the wheels.

3. Avoid a skid by slowing down when the road and weather conditions are poor. Also,
check the tires. Poor tires are dangerous.

Brake Failure

When brakes fail, don’t panic. Remember to use your parking brake and shift to a lower
gear. Apply your parking brake cautiously so you do not lock the brakes and throw your
car into a skid.

Running Off the Pavement

If you run off the pavement:

• Do not hit the brakes suddenly and hard. Grip the steering wheel tightly and take your
foot off of the gas pedal.

• Use your brakes carefully and do not swing back onto the pavement. Wait until your
speed is reduced, check the traffic behind you, then carefully drive back onto the
pavement.

Flat Tire or Blowout

When the tires are cool, check the air pressure frequently. If you have a flat tire or a
blowout:

• Do not slam on the brakes.

• Take your foot off the gas and gently apply the brakes.

• Steer straight ahead to a stop.

Driving Down a Steep Hill

Use a low gear to help slow your vehicle. Never coast in neutral or with your foot on the
clutch.

Floods

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Floods are one of the most common hazards in the U.S. Nearly half of all flood fatalities
are vehicle-related. These are the facts:

 Six inches of water will reach the bottom of most passenger cars, causing loss of
control and possible stalling.

 Twelve inches of water will float many cars.

 Two feet of rushing water will carry away pick-up trucks, SUVs, and most other
vehicles.

 Water across a road may hide a missing segment of roadbed or a missing bridge.

Roads weaken under floodwater and drivers should proceed cautiously after waters
have receded since the road may collapse under the vehicle’s weight. If your vehicle
stalls in floodwater, get out quickly and move to higher ground.

Remember the phrase “Turn Around, Don’t Drown.” Saving your life is as simple as
turning around and choosing an alternate route.

Winter Driving

Most drivers realize winter creates additional hazards, but many drivers don’t know what
to do about it. Here are a few precautions you should following during winter.

 Equip vehicle with chains or snow tires. Chains are the most effective and should be
used where ice and snow remain on the road. One word of caution, neither chains
nor snow tires will permit you to drive on slick pavement at normal speeds so don’t
get a false feeling of security.

 Maintain a safe interval. Increase the distance from the vehicle ahead of you
according to the conditions of the pavement. Many rear-end collisions occur on icy
streets because drivers don’t leave space to stop. Snow tires will slide on ice or
packed snow.

 To keep safe you must keep your distance. Reduce speed to correspond with
conditions.

 There is no such thing as a “safe” speed range at which you may drive on snow or
ice. You must be extremely cautious until you are able to determine how much
traction you can expect from your tires.

 Avoid locking of brakes on glazed ice as it will cause a loss of steering and control.
Every city block and every mile of highway may be different, depending upon sun or
shade and the surface of the road.

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 Keep windows clear. Remove snow and ice before you drive, even if you’re just
going to the corner drugstore. Make certain the windshield wipers and defroster are
working properly.

 Watch for danger spots ahead. There may be ice on bridges when the rest of the
pavement is clear. Snow melts more slowly in shady areas.

 Get a feel for the road and start out very slowly. It is useless to burn the rubber off
your tires by spinning the wheels. Test your brakes gently after the car is in motion
to determine how much traction you have.

 Take precautions when approaching turns. Start slowing down before you come to a
turn.

1.1.6 – Alcohol and Other Drugs

Objectives:

- The student is expected to know the definition of intoxication in Texas.

- Summarize how alcohol and other drugs affect driving ability.

- Know laws, regulations, and penalties applicable to adults, over 21, for improper
use of a driver license, Driving Under the Influence, Public Intoxication, Driving
While Intoxicated, Intoxication Assault, and Intoxication Manslaughter
violations.

- Know laws, regulations, and penalties applicable to minors and under 21 for
improper use of a driver license, Driving Under the Influence by a Minor, Public
Intoxication, Minor in Possession, Driving While Intoxicated, Intoxication
Assault, and Intoxication Manslaughter violations.

- Know laws, regulations, and penalties applicable to minors and adults for Open
Container Law, Open Container Enhancement Law, and Consumption Law
violations.

- Know laws, regulations, and penalties applicable to minors and adults for
Administrative License Revocation and Implied Consent violations.

How Alcohol and Drugs Affect the Ability to Drive

The legal definition of intoxication in Texas is:

 not having the normal use of mental faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol,
a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of
those substances, or any other substances into the body; OR,

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 having a blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or more.

Alcohol, tranquilizers, marijuana, or any other drug can affect the mental and physical
skills needed to operate a vehicle. Even some over-the-counter medications can affect
your driving skills. Millions of people take drugs every day and don’t realize these drugs
can affect their ability to drive.

We are all different and each individual’s driving skills can be affected differently by the
same drug. The driver’s weight and emotional state or the amount of the drug and when
it was taken, all influence the driver’s ability to size up an emergency situation or to
judge speed or distance.

Taking more than one drug at the same time can be dangerous because each drug can
add to the impact of the other. This is especially true when one of the drugs is alcohol.
Based on the Texas Motor Vehicle Crash Statistics, driving under the influence, which
includes both alcohol and drugs, was a contributing factor in over 17,000 fatalities and
serious DUI injuries in Texas in 2012.

1. It is illegal to possess an open container of alcohol in a passenger area of a motor

vehicle located on a public highway, regardless of whether the vehicle is being
operated, stopped, or parked. Conviction of this offense is punishable by a fine not to
exceed $500.

2. Possession of an open container of an alcoholic beverage increases the minimum

term of confinement by six days for a first offense.

Alcohol and Other Types of Drugs

Marijuana - Research has shown even typical social doses of marijuana can affect
concentration, judgment, and sensory and perceptual skills needed for careful driving.
People who are under marijuana influence have impaired sensory and perceptual
abilities.

Stimulants - Heavy amphetamine use may keep drivers awake and active for long
periods of time. It also makes them less coordinated, edgy, and four times more likely
to be involved in a car crash. Research shows typical social amounts of cocaine can
produce lapses in attention concentration. While caffeine can help drowsy drivers stay
alert, it can’t make a drunk driver sober. Studies show ordinary amounts of caffeine
don’t improve a drunk subject’s driving.

Tranquilizers / Sedative-Hypnotics - Sedative-hypnotic drugs including barbiturates, are

powerful depressants which calm people down or help them sleep. Sleepy or over-
sedated drivers are not good drivers.

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Over-the-counter drugs - Many over-the-counter drugs cause drowsiness in some
people which can affect their driving. Read the labels and be careful with
antihistamines, other cold preparations, or any medicine that relaxes or promotes sleep.

Any drug - Any drug might affect your ability as a driver. If you take more than one drug
or if you mix drugs, especially tranquilizers or other sedative-hypnotics, with alcohol,
you could be asking for trouble on the road and off. If you have doubts about a drug or
drug mix, check with a doctor or pharmacist.

Alcohol - Each year alcohol, a depressant drug affecting coordination, judgment,

perception, and emotional state, is responsible for half of all American highway deaths.
Alcohol increases the depressant effects of tranquilizers and barbiturates. Mixing these
drugs, on or off the road, can be hazardous.

Texas Has Tough Alcohol-Related Laws

Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) is a problem affecting all Texans. To make Texas safer,
laws have been enacted to deter people from drinking and driving or to punish those
who choose to drink and drive. In Texas you are considered legally intoxicated if you
have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08 or more.

DWI Penalties for Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs - Minors

1st offense - Class B misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed $2,000,

confinement in jail for 72 hours to 180 days, and suspension of the driver license (or
privilege denied if not licensed) for 90 to 365 days. The court may probate the jail
sentence and waive the license suspension on the first offense only. Possession of an
open container of an alcoholic beverage increases the minimum confinement by three
to six days.

2nd offense - Class A misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed $4,000,

confinement in jail for 30 days to 1 year, and suspension of the driver license (or
privilege denied if not licensed) for 180 days to 2 years.

3rd offense and every offense after - Third degree felony punishable by a fine not to
exceed $10,000, confinement in the penitentiary for 2 to 10 years, and suspension of
the driver license (or privilege denied if not licensed) for 180 days to 2 years.

DWI with passenger under 15 - A state jail felony punishable by a fine not to exceed
$10,000 and confinement in jail for 180 days to 2 years.

Intoxication assault - Third degree felony punishable by a fine not to exceed $10,000,
confinement in the penitentiary for 2 to 10 years, and suspension of the driver license
(or privilege denied if not licensed) for 90 days to 1 year.

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Intoxication manslaughter - Second degree felony punishable by a fine not to exceed
$10,000, confinement in the penitentiary for 2 to 20 years, and a suspension of the
driver license (or privilege denied if not licensed) for 180 days to 2 years.

Zero Tolerance for Minors

In Texas, a minor is any individual who is under 21 years of age. A minor may not
purchase, attempt to purchase, consume, or possess an alcoholic beverage. Since a
minor should not possess alcohol, zero tolerance legislation was passed for minors who
commit an offense under the non-driving alcohol-related laws and for minors who drive
under the influence.

Zero tolerance means just that. Even if a minor is not intoxicated as defined under the
DWI statute, if a minor has any detectable amount of alcohol in his/her system while
operating a motor vehicle in a public place or while operating a watercraft, the minor has
committed the criminal offense of Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol by a Minor.

Penalties for Driving Under the Influence (DUI) of Alcohol - Minors

Any offense - Punishable by a fine of up to $500, community service of 40 to 60 hours,

and license may be suspended (or privilege denied if not licensed).

1st offense - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500, community

service of 20 to 40 hours, and attendance in an alcohol awareness course is required. If
the minor is under 18, the parent may be required to also attend the course. The minor’s
license will be suspended (or privilege denied if not licensed) for 120 days.

2nd offense - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500, community

service of 40 to 60 hours, and minor’s license will be suspended for 120 days (or
privilege denied if not licensed). The alcohol awareness course may be required.

3rd offense (17 to 21 years of age) - Class B misdemeanor punishable by a fine of $500
to $2,000, community service of 40 to 60 hours, and/or confinement in jail not to exceed
180 days, or fine and confinement, an alcohol awareness class may be required, and
the minor’s license will be suspended for 120 days (or privilege denied if not licensed).
The court may not give deferred disposition on the third offense.

3rd offense (under 17 years of age) - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up

to $500, community service of 40 to 60 hours, and the minor’s license will be suspended
for 120 days (or privilege denied if not licensed). The alcohol awareness course may be
required or the case can be transferred to Juvenile Court as delinquent conduct.

Implied Consent Laws for Minors

If you are arrested for an offense arising out of acts allegedly committed while operating
a motor vehicle or watercraft in a public place while intoxicated or if you’re a minor and

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have any detectable amount of alcohol in your system while you are operating a motor
vehicle in a public place, then you are deemed to have consented to taking one or more
breath or blood specimen for analysis to determine the alcohol concentration or the
presence in your body of a controlled substance, drug, or other substance. Refusal to
provide a breath or blood specimen will result in the suspension of your license or
driving privileges if not licensed.

Penalties for Refusal to Provide a Specimen - Minors

1st offense - Driver license suspended or privilege denied if not licensed, for 180 days.

2nd offense and every offense after - Driver license suspended or privilege denied if not
licensed, for 2 years.

A minor who gives a breath or blood specimen that confirms he/she has been operating
a motor vehicle in a public place with any detectable amount of alcohol in his/her
system but the amount is below the 0.08% BAC legal limit of intoxication will have
his/her license suspended or driving privilege denied if not licensed.

Minor Provided Specimen Confirming Detectable Amount of Alcohol

1st offense - Driver license suspended or privilege denied if not licensed, for 60 days.

2nd offense - Driver license suspended or privilege denied if not licensed, for 120 days.

3rd offense and every offense after - Driver license suspended or privilege denied if not
licensed, for 180 days.

The minor may request a hearing in the municipal or justice court in the county of
residence before a hearing officer to contest the suspension.

DWI and DUI Arrests are Costly

DWI and DUI arrests can be a humiliating experience and are costly. It is not worth the
risk. Some fines can be up to $10,000 not including the cost of a bail bondsman,
attorney, or other court-required expenses.

Sanctions for Non-Driving Alcohol-Related Offenses by Minors

Texas’ zero tolerance law provides sanctions for minors who commit offenses under the
non-driving alcohol-related offenses. A minor may not purchase, attempt to purchase,
falsely state he/she is 21 years of age or older, or present any document indicating
he/she is 21 years of age or older to a person engaged in the selling or serving an
alcoholic beverage, consume, or possess an alcoholic beverage.

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A person who purchases, furnishes, or sells alcohol to a minor can be punished by a
fine up to $4,000 and/or confinement in jail for up to one year.

Minors who are convicted of driving while their license is revoked because of a non-
driving alcohol-related offense is subject to the penalties of Driving While License
Invalid (DWLI).

Penalties for Non-Driving Alcohol-Related Offenses - Minors

1st offense - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500, 8 to 12 hours of

community service, mandatory attendance of an alcohol awareness course, and license
will be suspended (or privilege denied if not licensed) for 30 days.

2nd offense - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $500, 20 to 40 hours

of community service, may be required to attend an alcohol awareness course, and
license will be suspended (or privilege denied if not licensed) for 60 days.

3rd offense (Under 17 years of age) - Class C misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up

to $500, 20 to 40 hours of community service, may be required to attend an alcohol
awareness course, and license will be suspended (or privilege denied if not licensed) for
60 days or case can be transferred to Juvenile Court.

3rd offense (17 to 21 years of age) - Class B misdemeanor punishable by a fine of $250
to $2,000, may be required to attend an alcohol awareness course, confinement in jail
not to exceed 180 days, or fine and confinement, and license will be suspended (or
privilege denied if not licensed) for 180 days. Minors are not eligible for deferred
disposition on the third conviction and every conviction after.

The Alcohol Test

If you are arrested for an offense arising from acts allegedly committed while operating
a motor vehicle in a public place, a watercraft while intoxicated, or another alcohol-
related offense, you are deemed to have consent to taking one or more specimens of
breath or blood for analysis to determine the alcohol concentration or the presence in
your body of a controlled substance, drug, or other substance.

If you are arrested for an offense described in this subsection you may consent taking of
any other type specimen to determine your alcohol concentration. Refusal to give a
blood or breath specimen for analysis will result in a driver license suspension of 180
days.

If you submit to a blood or breath specimen and the results show a BAC of 0.08% or
greater, you are subject to a driver license suspension of 90 to 365 days. Anyone with a
BAC of 0.08% or more is intoxicated.

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Penalties for DWI and DUI of Alcohol or Drugs

1st offense – up to $2,000 fine; 72 hours to 180 days in jail; driver license suspension
90 days to 365 days.

2nd offense – up to $4,000 fine; 30 days to 1 year in jail; driver license suspension 180
days to 2 years.

3rd offense and every offense after – up $10,000 fine; 2 to 10 years in the penitentiary;
driver license suspension 180 days to 2 years.

DWI with passenger under 15 – up to $10,000 fine; 180 days to 2 years confinement;
driver license suspension Varies by 1st, 2nd, or 3rd offense.

Intoxication manslaughter – up $10,000 fine and 2 to 20 years in penitentiary; driver

license suspension 180 days to 2 years.

Intoxication assault – up to $10,000 fine and 2 to 20 years in penitentiary; driver license

suspension 90 days to 2 years. (Court may probate jail sentence and waive driver
license suspension on the first offense.)

The Number One Killer

The number one killer of teenagers is driving under the influence. More than 3,500
teens are killed and another 110,000 are seriously injured each year in car crashes
involving alcohol. Not all teens have been drinking. Some are passengers or innocent
targets of people who drink and drive. These statistics mean that from a high school of
475 students, two are likely to be injured or killed in drunk driving crashes. One of those
injured or killed could be your best friend. One could be you.

Why is Drinking and Driving Dangerous?

Drinking alcohol and driving is a major cause of serious crashes. You lose your
judgment when you drink or use drugs which affects how you react to sounds, what you
see, and the speed of other vehicles around you. It’s often the first thing about you that
changes.

Good judgment may be as simple as saying no to a friend who wants to race your car.
However, if you have been drinking or are under the influence of drugs, your judgment
may turn into, “Sure, take may car.” Your ability to reason has all but disappeared.

Myths About Drinking Alcohol

Taking cold showers, drinking black coffee, or exercising will not sober you up. Only
time, body weight, number of drinks, and how much has been eaten, can affect how

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long it takes to sober up. It takes about one hour for the body to get rid of each drink
consumed. Someone who has not been drinking should drive.

Every Driver

People are different. So are drugs. The reasons why people take drugs are different. So
are the effects of taking drugs. But safe driving always requires the same thing: an
observant eye, a steady hand, and a clear head.

Blood Alcohol Percentage Charts (NHTSA)

Approximate Blood Alcohol Percentage In One Hour For A Woman

Drinks Body Weight in Pounds Influenced
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
1 .05 .04 .03 .03 .03 .02 .02 .02
Possibly
2 .09 .08 .07 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04
3 .14 .11 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06
Impaired
4 .18 .15 .13 .11 .10 .09 .08 .08
5 .23 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11 .10 .09
6 .27 .23 .19 .17 .15 .14 .12 .11
7 .32 .27 .23 .20 .18 .16 .14 .13
Legally Intoxicated
8 .36 .30 .26 .23 .20 .18 .17 .15
9 .41 .34 .29 .26 .23 .20 .19 .17
10 .45 .38 .32 .28 .25 .23 .21 .19

Approximate Blood Alcohol Percentage In One Hour For A Man

Drinks Body Weight in Pounds Influenced
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
1 .04 .03 .03 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02
Possibly
2 .08 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04 .03 .03
3 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06 .05 .05
Impaired
4 .15 .12 .11 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06
5 .19 .16 .13 .12 .11 .09 .09 .08
6 .23 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11 .10 .09
7 .26 .22 .19 .16 .15 .13 .12 .11
Legally Intoxicated
8 .30 .25 .21 .19 .17 .15 .14 .13
9 .34 .28 .24 .21 .19 .17 .15 .14
10 .38 .31 .27 .23 .21 .19 .17 .16

Subtract .015 for each hour after drinking.

One drink is based on 1.5 oz. of 80 proof liquor (40%), 12 oz. beer (4.5%), or 5 oz. wine
(12%).

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Know the BAC Legal Limit

The legal limit in Texas is 0.08% BAC or any amount which results in the loss of normal
use of mental or physical faculties.

The information provided in the charts above are guides based on calculated averages.
Alcohol tolerance may vary by individual. Food in your stomach, medications, health,
and psychological condition are also influential factors which affect the rate of alcohol
absorption.

Drivers are encouraged to take drug and alcohol awareness courses to become better
educated about the effects and consequences of drugs and alcohol. Insurance
companies provide liability insurance discounts to drivers who complete drug and
alcohol awareness courses.

Public Intoxication Violations

Intoxicated means not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason
of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a
combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body.

A person commits an offense if the person appears in a public place while intoxicated to
the degree that the person may endanger the person or another.

Any person between the ages of 17-20 years and charged with an alcoholic offense
(purchase, attempt to purchase, possession, consumption, misrepresentation of age,
public intoxication by minor) must appear before a judge and is subject to the following
penalties:

 1st offense: Class C misdemeanor, up to $500 fine, Alcohol Awareness Course, 8-12
hours community service, 30 days driver’s license suspension or denial.

 2nd offense: Class C misdemeanor, up to $500 fine, Possible Alcohol Awareness

Course, 20-40 hours community service, 60 days driver’s license suspension or
denial.

 3rd offense (under 17 years of age): Class C misdemeanor, $250 - $2,000 fine and/or
confinement in jail up to 180 days, 20-40 hours community service, 180 days driver's
license suspension or denial.

 3rd offense (17 to 21 years of age): Class B misdemeanor: $250 - $2,000 fine and/or
confinement in jail up to 180 days, Possible Alcohol Awareness Course, 180 days
driver's license suspension or denial.

Adults 21 and over are subject a Class C misdemeanor, punishable by a fine up to

$500.

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1.1.7 – Cooperating with Other Roadway Users

Objectives:

- The student is expected to summarize and categorize the roadway users in the
HTS including vulnerable roadway users.

- State the Good Samaritan Law and responsibilities at the scene of a traffic crash
including aiding the injured.

- State the laws for pedestrians, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, light rail,
neighborhood electronic vehicles, person on horseback, horse-driven
conveyance, farm equipment and motor assisted scooters.

- List the laws and responsibilities of sharing the road with other roadway users
such as bicyclists, trucks, motorcyclists, slow-moving vehicles, work
zone/construction workers, and pedestrians (including a runner, physically
disabled person, child skater, highway construction and maintenance worker,
utility worker, or other worker with legitimate business in or near the roadway or
right of way, or stranded motorist or passenger).

- Describe the responsibilities of a defensive driver.

- State the laws and responsibilities regarding occupant restraints and open truck
beds.

- Describe the responsibilities if stopped by law enforcement.

- State the law regarding the false identification offense.

- Define aggressive driving and list ways to avoid personal or other roadway
users aggressive driving.

- Know how speed reduces your field of vision.

- Describe the Department of Public Safety’s keys to safe driving.

- Explain the responsibilities for transporting cargo, using safety chains, and
towing.

- List the causes and consequences of carbon monoxide poisoning and state
avoidance procedures.

- Describe the steering wheel lock operation.

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 Share the Road with Trucks

Whether you are sharing the road with a passenger car, motorcycle, truck, bus, or other
vehicle, it is important to obey traffic laws, abide by the rules of the road, and drive
defensively.

Passing

1. When passing a truck, first check to your front and rear, then move into the passing
lane only if it is clear and you are in a legal passing zone. Let the truck driver know
you are passing by blinking your headlights, especially at night. The truck driver will
make it easier for you to pass by staying to the far side of the lane.

2. On a level highway it takes only three to five seconds longer to pass a truck than a
car. On an upgrade, a truck often loses speed so it’s easier to pass than a car. On a
downgrade, the truck’s momentum causes the truck to go faster so you may need to
increase your speed. Complete your pass as quickly as possible and don’t stay
alongside the other vehicle.

3. If the driver blinks the truck’s lights after you pass, it’s a signal that it is clear for you
to pull back in front of the truck. Be sure to move back only when you can see the
front of the truck in your rearview mirror. After you pass a truck, maintain your speed.

4. When a truck passes you, help the truck driver by keeping to the far side of your lane.
You’ll make it easier for the truck driver if you slightly reduce your speed. Don’t speed
up while the truck is passing. After passing, the truck driver should signal to let you
know he is returning to your lane.

5. When you meet a truck coming from the opposite direction, keep as far to the side as
possible to avoid a sideswipe crash and to reduce the wind turbulence between the
two vehicles. Remember, turbulence pushes vehicles apart; it does not pull them
together.

Following a Truck

1. Tractor-trailers take longer to stop than a car traveling at the same speed. The
average passenger car traveling at 55 mph can stop in approximately 240 feet, which
is about 3/4 the length of a football field. A fully loaded tractor-trailer may take more
than 400 feet to completely stop; well over the length of a football field.

2. If you’re following a truck, stay out of its blind spot at the rear. Avoid following too
closely, and position your vehicle so the truck driver can see your vehicle in the
truck’s side view mirror. An excellent rule of thumb for motorists sharing the road with
a tractor-trailer is, “If you can’t see the truck driver in his side mirror, he can’t see
you.” By avoiding the truck driver’s blind spot, you will have a good view of the road

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 ahead, and the truck driver can give you plenty of warning for a stop or a turn. This
will allow you more time to react and make a safe stop.

3. When you follow a truck at night always dim your headlights. Bright lights from a
vehicle behind will blind the truck driver when the lights reflect off of the truck’s large
side mirrors.

4. If you’re stopped behind a truck on an upgrade, leave space in case the truck drifts
back when it starts to move. Also, keep to the left in your lane so the driver can see
you’re stopped behind the truck.

Right Turns

Pay attention to turn signals. Trucks make wide, right turns and sometimes leave an
open space to the right just before the turn. To avoid a crash, don’t pass a truck on the
right if there is a possibility the truck might make a right turn.

Backing Crashes

Never cross behind a truck preparing to back up. When a truck driver is preparing to
back the truck from a road into a loading area, the road is temporarily blocked. Wait for
the truck to complete its maneuver before trying to pass. If you pass too closely behind
the truck the driver or pedestrian enters the truck’s blind spot and a crash may occur.

Maneuverability

Truck are designed to carry products to and from towns and cities; they are not
designed to be as maneuverable as cars. Trucks have longer stopping and accelerating
distances, a wider turning radius, and weigh more. On multi-lane highways, tractor-
trailers stay in the center lane to help the flow of local traffic on and off the highway.
Staying in the middle lane also increases the truck driver’s options if he/she has to
switch lanes to avoid a crash. Be aware of common mistakes drivers should avoid when
driving around trucks and buses.

Cutting Off a Vehicle to Reach Your Exit or Turn

Cutting into the open space in front of a truck or bus removes the driver’s cushion of
safety. Trying to beat a truck to a single-lane construction zone represents a particularly
dangerous situation. Slow down and exit or pull behind the truck.

Never Underestimate the Size and Speed of Approaching Tractor-Trailer

Because of its large size, a tractor-trailer often appears to be traveling at a slower speed
than it is. A substantial number of car-truck collisions take place at intersections
because the driver of the car does not realize how close the truck is or how quickly it is
approaching.

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 Share the Road with Motorcycles

Individuals who operate a motorcycle have the same rights and privileges as any other
vehicle on the road. For various reasons, drivers may not see the motorcyclist.

Approximately one-half of all motorcycle crashes involve another vehicle. A few of the
most common reasons are provided below.

1. Many drivers tend to look for other cars not for motorcyclists.

2. The profile of a motorcycle is much smaller than the profile of a car, making an
approaching motorcyclist harder to see.

3. Estimating the distance and speed of a motorcycle is more difficult than it is for a car.

4. Motorcycle riding requires frequent lane movements to adjust to changing road

conditions.

Look Out for Motorcyclists

Although you may not see any cars, be aware there may be a motorcycle. Be careful at
intersections, and always take a second look for a motorcycle before turning at an
intersection, particularly when making left turns.

Signal Your Intentions

Always signal before changing lanes or merging with traffic. This allows the motorcyclist
to anticipate traffic flow and find a safe lane position. Signal even if you don’t see cars
or motorcycles. Be careful when making left turns across lanes of approaching traffic.
Look carefully in all directions for approaching motorcyclists. Don’t be fooled by a
flashing turn signal. Motorcycle signals usually aren’t canceling and riders sometimes
forget to turn them off. Wait to be sure the motorcycle is going to turn before you
proceed.

Respect a Motorcycle

Allow the motorcyclist a full lane width. Although it may seem as though there is enough
room in the traffic lane for an automobile and a motorcycle, the motorcycle is entitled to
a full lane and may need the room to maneuver safely. Do not attempt to share the lane
with a motorcycle.

Allow Plenty of Space When Following a Motorcycle

The slightest contact can mean a spill or injury for the rider. Allow more following
distance, at least four to six seconds, when following a motorcycle so the motorcyclist

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has enough time to maneuver or stop in an emergency. In dry conditions motorcycles
can stop more quickly than a car.

The Motorcycle Operator Training and Safety Program by DPS was created in 1983 by
the legislature to improve rider skills and reduce the number and severity of motorcycle
crashes in Texas. A portion of each motorcycle license fee is used to support this
program. The program sets up and monitors motorcycle training classes throughout the
state and promotes motorcycle safety and awareness through campaigns, exhibits, and
materials. Contact Motorcycle Safety at [Link]/msb or call (800) 292-
5787 for more information.

Situations When Motorcycles Crashes Are Most Likely to Occur

Left Turns

The most common crash between cars and motorcycles is at an intersection when the
driver of a car is making a left turn in front of a motorcycle. Over 40 percent of all
motorcycle crashes occur at intersections. Nearly 66 percent of those crashes were
caused by the other vehicles turning left in front of the motorcyclist.

A Vehicle’s Blind Spot

Motorcyclists are often hidden in a vehicle’s blind spot or missed in a quick look due to
their smaller size. Always make a visual check for motorcycles by checking mirrors and
blind spots before entering or leaving a lane of traffic and at intersections.

Hazardous Road Conditions

Road conditions that are a minor annoyance to you may pose a major hazard to
motorcyclists. Motorcyclists may suddenly change speed or adjust their position within a
lane in a reaction to the weather or road and traffic conditions such as potholes, gravel,
railroad crossings, and wet or slippery surfaces which impair the motorcyclists’ braking
and handling abilities. Expect and allow room for such actions by the motorcyclist.

Strong Winds

A strong gust of wind can move a motorcycle across an entire lane if the rider isn’t
prepared for it. Wind gusts from large trucks in the other lane can be a hazard.

Large Vehicles

A large vehicle such as a van, bus, or truck can block a motorcycle from a driver’s view
and the motorcyclist may seem to suddenly appear from nowhere.

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 Share the Road with Light Rail

In recent years, light rail has been established in many major cities in Texas. As you
travel these areas, you will notice these trains move along the streets just like other
vehicles. Light rail is very quiet, in fact the trains are quieter than most buses and cars.
So whether you are riding light rail or just walking or driving near the train or tracks, it’s
important to stay alert and observe the safety rules.

Stop
- Don’t walk in front of, between, or behind a train.
- Trains can’t start or stop quickly regardless of traffic flow.
- Do not drive, stop, or park your vehicle on the tracks. It’s dangerous and illegal.
Look
- Cross the tracks only at designated pedestrian crossings and only when it is safe.
- Look both ways before crossing the tracks. Trains travel in both directions.
- Obey all warning signs, flashing lights, signals, and crossing gates. A law enforcement
officer will issue tickets to violators.
Listen
- Stay alert. Light rail is quieter than a bus or most cars. You may not hear a light rail
coming.
- Listen for train horns and signal bells.
- Always follow instructions from a law enforcement officer.
Don’t
- Never race a train, run in front of a train, or put anything on or near the tracks.
- Never try to beat the train to a crossing. Even in a tie you lose.
- Never drive around crossing gate arms.

Share the Road with Pedestrians

The driver should always pay special

attention to the pedestrian (a person on
foot) and the bicyclist. However, there
are certain safety rules pedestrians and
bicyclists should follow.

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Laws and Safety Tips for Pedestrians

1. Obey traffic control signals unless otherwise directed by a pedestrian control signal.

2. Don’t cross the street between two intersections. It’s dangerous to cross in the middle
of a street.

3. Use sidewalks when available, and do not walk in the street.

4. Walk on the left side of the road if there are no sidewalks. Step off the pavement
when a car approaches.

5. If you cross a street at any point other than within a crosswalk at an intersection, you
(the pedestrian) must yield the right-of-way to all vehicles.

6. If you cross a street without using a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian

crossing which has been provided you (the pedestrian) must yield the right-of-way to
all vehicles.

7. When crossing at a crosswalk, keep right if possible.

8. Blind, partially blind, or disabled individuals may carry a white cane while walking.
Others must not display a white cane on any public street or highway.

9. No person may stand in the road for the purpose of soliciting a ride, contributions, or
business. A person may stand in a road to solicit a charitable contribution if
authorized to do so by the local authority having jurisdiction over the road.

10. Do not suddenly walk or run into the street in the path of a vehicle. These sudden
actions may make it impossible for the vehicle operator to yield.

11. Wait on the curb, not in the street, until the traffic signals change to green or reads
“Walk.”

12. Always wear white or light colored clothing and/or carry a light or reflector when
walking at night.

13. Look both ways before crossing the street and before stepping out from behind
parked cars.

14. Be extra careful when getting off a streetcar or bus.

15. Get in and out of cars on the curb side of the road when possible.

16. Do not walk on a road when you are under the influence or consuming an alcoholic
beverage. Alcohol is a contributing factor to pedestrian traffic crashes.

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17. Pedestrians should be aware local authorities may have ordinances which require
pedestrians to comply with the directions of an official traffic control (signals, signs,
etc.) and prohibit pedestrians from crossing a road in a business district or a
designated highway except in a crosswalk.

Laws and Safety Tips for Motorists

1. If you see a pedestrian crossing or attempting to cross the street, slow down, use
your horn if necessary, and be prepared to stop.

2. Be alert to a pedestrian guided by an assistance animal or carrying a white cane. A

driver shall take the necessary precautions to avoid injuring or endangering a
pedestrian crossing or attempting to cross the street. The driver shall bring the
vehicle to a full stop if injury or danger can only be avoided by that action. Remember
the white cane indicates the person may be blind, partially blind, or disabled.

3. Watch for individuals who are blind at bus stops, intersections, business areas, and
near schools for the blind.

Share the Road with Bicycles

A bicycle is a vehicle. Any person riding

a bicycle has all of the rights and
responsibilities as a driver of a vehicle.

Bicycle Rules for Motorists

1. Bicyclists are not restricted to the right lane of traffic. One-way, multi-lane streets are
one example. Another instance is when the bicyclist is changing lanes to make a left
turn. The bicyclists should follow the same path any other vehicle would take
traveling in the same direction.

2. Motorcycles should merge with bicycle traffic when preparing for a right turn. Avoid
turning directly across the path of a bicycle traffic.

3. Bicyclists are required to ride as far to the right in the lane as possible only when the
lane can be safely shared by a car and a bicycle, side-by-side. Even then there are
certain conditions which allow a bicyclist to take the full lane.

a. The person is overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction.

b. The person is preparing for a left turn at an intersection or onto a private road or
driveway.

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 c. There are unsafe conditions in the road such as fixed or moving objects, parked or
moving vehicles, pedestrians, animals, potholes, or debris.

d. The lane is of substandard width making it unsafe for a car and a bicycle to safely
share the lane side by side. When this is the case, it is best for the cyclist to take
the full lane whether riding single file or two abreast.

Car-Bicycle Crashes Caused by Motorists

The most common motorist caused car-bicycle crashes are:

1. A motorist turns left in front of oncoming bicycle traffic. Oncoming bicycle traffic is
often overlooked or its speed misjudged.

2. A motorist turns right across the path of the bicycle. The motorist should slow down
and merge with the bicycle traffic for a safe right turn.

3. A motorist pulls away from a stop sign and fails to yield the right-of-way to bicycle
cross traffic. At intersections, the right-of-way rules apply equally to motor vehicles
and bicycles.

Any person who operates a bicycle is subject to the same penalties for violating a traffic
law as is a person operating a motor vehicle. All traffic convictions will be placed on the
individual’s driver record, regardless if the conviction was for an offense committed on a
bicycle or in a motor vehicle.

Do:

1. A bicyclist should always obey all traffic laws, signs, and signals. Never ride opposite
the flow of traffic. Stop at all stop signs and stop at red lights.

2. A person operating a bicycle on a one-way road with two or more marked traffic lanes
may ride as near as possible to the left curb or edge of the road.

3. Individuals who are riding two abreast shall not impede the normal reasonable flow of
traffic on the road. Individuals riding two abreast on a “laned” road must ride in a
single lane.

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4. Bicyclists may ride on the shoulder of the road.

5. Bicyclists may signal a right turn using either their left arm pointing up or their right
arm pointed horizontally.

6. A person operating a bicycle on a road moving slower than the other traffic shall ride
as near as possible to the right curb or edge of the road unless:

a. The person is overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction;

b. The person is preparing for a left turn at an intersection or onto a private road or
driveway;

c. There are unsafe conditions in the road such as fixed or moving objects, parked or
moving vehicles, pedestrians, animals, potholes, or debris; or

d. The person operating a bicycle in an outside lane that is:

- Less than 14 feet in width and doesn’t have a designated bicycle lane adjacent to
that lane; or

- The lane is too narrow for a bicycle and a motor vehicle to safely travel side by
side.

Don’t:

1. No bicycle shall be used to carry more than the number of individuals it is designated
or equipped for.

2. No person riding a bicycle shall attach the same or himself to a streetcar or vehicle
upon a road.

3. No person operating a bicycle shall carry any package, bundle, or article which
prevents him/her from keeping at least one hand on the handlebars.

4. Only ride upon or astride a permanent and regular seat.

Shared Lane Marking

The shared lane marking may be used to:

1. Assist bicyclists with lateral positioning in a shared lane with on-street parallel parking
in order to reduce the chance of a bicyclist’s impacting the open door of a parked
vehicle;

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2. Assist bicyclists with lateral position in lanes too narrow for a motor vehicle and a
bicycle to travel side by side within the same traffic lane;

3. Alert road users of the lateral location bicyclists are likely to occupy within the
traveled way;

4. Encourage safe passing of bicyclists by motorists; or

5. Reduce the incidence of wrong-way bicycling.

Bicycles Must Be Properly Equipped

1. Every bicycle shall be equipped with a brake which will enable the operator to make
the braked wheels skid on dry, level, clean pavement.

2. Hearing-impaired bicycle riders may display a safety flag.

3. Every bicycle in use at nighttime shall be equipped with:

a. A lamp on the front which emits a white light visible at a distance of at least 500
feet to the front of the bicycle;

b. A red, DPS-approved reflector on the rear must be visible from distances of 50 feet
to 300 feet. (A red light on the rear visible from a distance of 500 feet may be used
in addition to the red reflector.)

Bicycle Safety Guidelines

1. It is highly suggested bicycle riders wear an approved bicycle helmet.

2. When riding on pedestrian facilities, reduce speed and exercise caution.

3. Do not weave in and out of parked cars.

4. Move off of the street to stop, park, or make repairs to your bicycle.

5. A bicyclist should select a route according to the person’s own bicycling skill and
experience.

6. It is not required by law but bicycles should be equipped with a mirror.

Riding in Wet Weather

Water makes certain surfaces slick. Be aware of manhole covers and painted stripes on
the road. Water also obscures some hazards. Watch for potholes filled with water. In

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addition, the visibility of motorists is greatly decreased in wet weather. Wear highly
visible clothing when riding a bicycle.

Share the Road with

Neighborhood Electronic Vehicles and
Motor Assisted Scooters

A neighborhood electronic vehicle is defined as a vehicle subject to Federal Motor

Safety Standard 500 with a top speed of 35 mph.

A motor assisted scooter is defined as a self-propelled device with:

1. At least two wheels in contact with the ground;

2. A braking system capable of stopping device under normal operating conditions;

3. A gas or electric motor not exceeding 40 cc;

4. A deck designed to allow a person to stand or sit while operating the device; and

5. The ability to be propelled by human power alone.

Both vehicles may only be operated on a street or highway when the posted speed limit
is 45 mph or less.

Electronic Personal Assistive Mobility Devices (EPAMD)

EPAMD, also known as segways, are defined as a two, non-tandem wheeled device
designed for transporting one person that is self-balancing and propelled by an electric
propulsion system with an average power of 750 watts or one horsepower.

An EPAMD can be operated on a residential street, road, public highway, or sidewalk

with a maximum speed limit of 30 mph only:

1. While making a direct crossing of a highway in a marked or unmarked crosswalk;

2. Where no sidewalk is available; or

3. When so directed by a traffic control device or by a law enforcement officer.

Share the Road with Vulnerable Roadway Users

Vulnerable Roadway Users are those that do not have the protection of being inside an
automobile and leaves them open or vulnerable to injury or death. These users include
bicyclists, motorcyclists, work zone/construction workers, animals and pedestrians
(including runners, skaters, physically disabled persons, maintenance workers, utility

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workers, law enforcement officers, or any others in or near the roadway).

Work Zones (Video length 7:13) - [Link]

Work Zones in Spanish (Video length 9:15) - [Link]

Special care should be taken when drivers approach a person on horseback and horse-
driven conveyance. Control your actions and the vehicle in such a manner as to
exercise every reasonable precaution to prevent frightening the horse and to insure the
safety and protection of any person riding or driving a horse.

When driving near farm equipment, keep in mind this equipment is not going far. Be
courteous and patient. Here are some rural road safety tips:

 Slow down.

 Watch for hand signals.

 Watch for triangular Slow-Moving-Vehicle (SMV) signs.

 Watch for flashing amber lights.

 Do not pull out in front of a slow moving vehicle and then slow suddenly. A tractor
pulling a grain cart does not have the maneuverability of a car.

 Make sure you have ample space to pass. As with any passing operation, check the
rear-view mirror before returning to your travel lane.

Motor Vehicle Crashes

Procedures if Involved in a Crash

When you give your name, address, vehicle registration number, and insurance
information to anyone involved in the crash, if requested and available, you must also
show your driver license to the other driver(s) involved. Get the same information from
the other driver(s). Write the insurance company name and policy number exactly as it
is shown on the driver’s proof-of-insurance card. If you have the name of the driver’s
company, call the Texas Department of Insurance at (800) 252-3439 to get the
company address and telephone number.

If you are involved in a crash and it is not investigated by a law enforcement officer and
the crash resulted in death or damage to property of $1,000 or more, you must make a
written report of the crash and file it with the Texas Department of Transportation no
later than the 10th day after the date of the crash. The written report must be on the
required form.

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Crash Resulting in Injury, Death, or Damage to a Vehicle

If you are operating a motor vehicle involved in a crash resulting in an injury, death, or
damage to a vehicle, stop at the scene or as close as possible, without obstructing
traffic more than necessary.

If your vehicle is not stopped at the scene you must immediately return to the scene of
the crash and remain there (or if the crash occurs on a main lane, ramp, shoulder,
median, or adjacent area and each vehicle involved can be normally and safely driven,
drivers must move their vehicle as soon as possible to a designated crash investigation
site, if available, a location on the frontage road, the nearest suitable cross street, or
other suitable location) until you have:

1. Given your name and address, the registration number of the vehicle you were
driving, and the name of your motor vehicle liability insurer to any person injured or to
the operator or occupant of or person attending a vehicle involved in the collision;

2. Shown your diver license (if requested) to any person injured or to the operator or
occupant of or person attending a vehicle involved in the collision; and,

3. Provided any person injured in the crash reasonable assistance including

transporting or making arrangements for transporting the person to a physician or
hospital for medical treatment if it is apparent treatment is necessary, or if the injured
person requests the transportation.

Penalties for Failure to Stop

1. An offense involving an accident resulting in death of a person is a 2nd degree felony;

2. An offense involving serious bodily injury is a 3rd degree felony; and
3. An offense involving an injury to which the above two do not apply is punishable by
imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for not more than five
years or confinement in the county jail for not more than one year; a fine not to
exceed $5,000; or both the fine and the imprisonment or confinement.

Crash Involving an Unattended Vehicle

If you are operating a motor vehicle that collides with and damages an unattended
vehicle, you must immediately stop and:

1. Locate the operator or owner of the unattended vehicle and provide the name and
address of the operator and owner of the vehicle struck in the unattended vehicle; or

2. Leave or securely attach in a visible way, to the unattended vehicle a written notice
giving the name and address of the operator and the owner of the vehicle that struck
the unattended vehicle and a statement of the circumstances of the collision.

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Crash Resulting in Damages to a Fixture, Landscaping, or Structure

If you are driving a motor vehicle involved in a crash resulting ONLY in damage to a
fixture, landscaping, or structure legally on or adjacent to a highway, you must:

1. Take reasonable steps to locate the owner (or person in charge) of the property and
notify him/her of the crash; provide your name, address, and registration number of
the vehicle you were driving;

2. If requested and available, you must show your driver license to the owner or person
in charge of the property; and

3. If the crash is not investigated by a law enforcement officer and the crash resulted in
injury to or the death of a person or damage to the property of any one person to an
apparent extend of $1,000 or more you must make a written report of the crash and
file it with the Texas Department of Transportation no later than the 10th day after the
crash.

Failure to comply with the requirements is an offense.

Penalties for Failure to Comply with Damages

1st offense (Less than $200 in damages) - Class C misdemeanor if the damage to all
vehicles is less than $200 and is punishable by a fine not to exceed $500.

1st offense (More than $200 in damages) - Class B misdemeanor if the damage to all
vehicles is $200 or more and is punishable by a fine not to exceed $2,000, confinement
in jail for up to 180 days, or both.

2nd offense and every offense after - Penalties are enhanced.

Crash Resulting in Injury or Death of a Person or Damage to a Vehicle

If you are driving a vehicle involved in a crash that results in the injury or death of a
person or damage to a vehicle that cannot be normally safely driven, you must
immediately give notice of the crash to the local police if the crash occurred in a
municipality; local police department or the sheriff’s office if the crash occurred not more
than 100 feet outside the limits of a municipality; or the sheriff’s office or the nearest
DPS office if the crash occurred elsewhere.

Hit-And-Run Crashes

If you are involved in a hit-and-run crash, report it to law enforcement for investigation.
The Texas Department of Insurance advises uninsured motorist coverage pay for
damage in hit-and-run crashes reported to a law enforcement agency.

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Good Samaritan Law

Good Samaritan laws offer legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to
those who are injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated. In some cases, Good
Samaritan laws encourage people to offer assistance. The protection is intended to
reduce bystanders' hesitation to assist, for fear of being sued or prosecuted for
unintentional injury or wrongful death.

In Texas, the Good Samaritan Law is found in Article 6701d, Vernon’s Civil Statutes,
Chapter 74, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, Section 74.001:

LIABILITY FOR EMERGENCY CARE - A person who in good faith administers

emergency care at the scene of an emergency or in a hospital is not liable in civil
damages for an act performed during the emergency unless the act is willfully or
wantonly negligent.

Aiding the Injured

1. When calling a doctor or ambulance, state the place of the crash clearly and
correctly.

2. Do not assume people are not injured simply because they say they are not. Send for
skilled help as quickly as possible. Unskilled handling can do more harm than good.

3. Do not move or lift the victim(s) unless it is absolutely necessary. If a victim must be
moved, get help and try not to change the position in which the victim was found.

4. Stop serious bleeding with thick cloth pads, as clean as possible, apply with pressure
by hand or by bandaging.

5. Keep the victim(s) comfortable. If it is hot, cool the victim(s) and provide shade as
much as possible. If it is cool, cover the victim with blankets or coats if the necessary
and if available.

Additional Safety Tips

Defensive Driving

To avoid crashes, the defensive driver should:

1. Stay alert and keep eyes moving to keep track of what is happening at all times.

2. Look for trouble spots developing all around.

3. Have a plan of action.

4. Know the law requires drivers to protect each other from their own mistakes.

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Safety Belts

The driver and all adult passengers (i.e. passengers who are at least 17 years of age) in
a passenger vehicle are required to use safety belts if occupying a seat in a vehicle
equipped with a safety belt. Children who are under 8 years of age and less than 4’9” in
height (regardless of age) are required by law to be secured in an appropriate child
passenger safety seat if occupying a seat in a vehicle equipped with a safety belt.

Children who are at least 8 years of age but under 17, or who are under 8 years of age
but taller than 4’9” in height, must be secured in a safety belt if occupying a seat in a
vehicle so equipped.

Safety belt requirements include pickups, SUVs, and trucks. Safety belts are life belts
and help to keep you:

1. From being thrown from your car. (Your chances of being killed are five times greater
if you are thrown from your car.)

2. From hitting the dashboard too hard.

3. Stable and have better control of your car.

Whatever your reason for not wearing safety belts, it is not reasonable and may violate
state law.

Penalties for Driving Without a Safety Belt

A driver can receive a citation for not wearing his/her safety belt and for not having each
child under the age of 17 in a safety seat or safety belt. Anyone who is at least 15 years
of age can receive a citation for not being buckled up. There are no exemptions to the
safety belt laws although there are some defenses to prosecution for medical reasons
with a physician note, postal workers, individuals who deliver the newspaper, utility
workers, solid waste truck workers, or certain commercial farm vehicle operators.

Vehicles with Open Beds

It is an offense to drive an open bed truck or an open flatbed truck or to draw an open
flatbed trailer when a child who is younger than 18 years of age is occupying the bed of
the truck or trailer.

It is a defense to prosecution that the driver was operating a vehicle:

1. Or towing the vehicle in a parade or in an emergency.

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2. To transport farm-workers from one field to another field on a farm-to-market road,
ranch-to-market road, or county road outside a municipality.

3. On a beach.

4. That is the only vehicle owned or operated by members of a household.

5. In a hayride permitted by the governing body of or a law enforcement agency of each

county or municipality in which the hayride will occur.

Vehicles with Open Beds Towing a Boat or Watercraft

It is an offense for a person to operate a motor vehicle that is towing a boat or personal
watercraft in or on which a person who is younger than 18 years of age is riding.

It is a defense to prosecution that the driver was operating the motor vehicle:

1. In a parade;

2. In an emergency; or,

3. On a beach.

Open Bed Passenger Restrictions

It is a Class B misdemeanor to operate a truck, road tractor, or truck tractor when

another person occupies a trailer or semi-trailer being drawn by the truck, road tractor,
or truck tractor.

It is a defense to prosecution that the person:

1. Towing vehicle operator did not know another person occupied the trailer or semi-
trailer.

2. Occupying the trailer or semi-trailer was in a part of the vehicle designed for human
habitation.

3. Operating or towing the vehicle was:

a. In a parade or in an emergency;

b. Transporting farm-workers from one field to another field on a farm-to-market road,

ranch-to-market road, or county road outside a municipality; or

c. In a hayride permitted by the governing body of or a law enforcement agency of

each county or municipality in which the hayride will occur.

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When Stopped by Law Enforcement

If you are stopped by law enforcement it is suggested you:

1. Move the vehicle safely to the right of the road as soon as possible and stop;

2. Place the vehicle in a parking position, set the emergency brake, turn the engine off,
and activate the hazard warning lights:

3. Remain in the car, lower the driver’s window, and wait for the law enforcement officer
to give instructions;

4. Follow the instructions of the law enforcement officer;

5. Require passengers to remain in the car unless other instructions are given by the
law enforcement officer; and

6. Give the appropriate signals and safely return to the proper lane of traffic when
released by the law enforcement officer.

False Identification Offense

A person commits an offense if he/she gives a false or fictitious name to a law

enforcement officer who has lawfully arrested or detained the person.

The Texas Transportation Code says a person may not:

 display, cause or permit to be displayed, or have in the person's possession a driver's

license or certificate that the person knows is fictitious or has been altered;
 lend the person's driver's license or certificate to another person or knowingly permit
another person to use the person's driver's license or certificate;
 display or represent as the person's own a driver's license or certificate not issued to
the person;
 possess more than one currently valid driver's license or more than one currently
valid certificate; or
 in an application for an original, renewal, or duplicate driver's license or certificate:
- provide a false name, false address, or a counterfeit document; or
- knowingly make a false statement, conceal a material fact, or otherwise commit
fraud.

Penalty = Class A misdemeanor.

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Additionally, a person under the age of 21 years commits an offense if the person
possesses, with the intent to represent that the person is 21 years of age or older, a
document that is deceptively similar to a driver's license or a personal identification
certificate unless the document displays the statement "NOT A GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENT" diagonally printed clearly and indelibly on both the front and back of the
document in solid red capital letters at least one-fourth inch in height.

Penalty = Class C misdemeanor.

Road Rage

Each year road rage, also referred to as aggressive driving, causes hundreds of injuries
and deaths. Aggressive driving occurs when a driver becomes angry or irritated and as
a result, fails to follow the rules of the road. An aggressive driver will intentionally
aggravate or attempt to aggravate other drivers and in some cases cause bodily injury,
property damage, or death to others.

Tips to Avoid Road Rage

1. Plan your trip or schedule in advance. Allow extra time in case your vehicle breaks
down or you encounter traffic congestion due to a crash, road construction, or rush-
hour traffic.

2. When caught in traffic do not get angry. Try to relax and listen to music you enjoy.
Remember, traffic congestion is usually temporary and you will soon be on your way.

3. Should you need to use the horn, tap the horn, do not blow the horn. Do not confront
other drivers or make obscene gestures.

4. Do not cut into another driver’s lane of traffic. Properly signal your intentions to
change lanes and change lanes when it is safe to do so. Turn your turn signal off
after you complete your lane change.

5. Do not intentionally slow down or slam on your brakes or speed up to keep someone
from passing or from entering your lane of travel.

6. Do not tailgate; follow at a safe distance.

7. Always remember to drive friendly and report aggressive driving to the local
authorities.

Speed Reduces Your Field of Vision

When driving, remember that your field of vision is reduced by concentration and speed.
When you concentrate on one single object, the field of vision narrows considerably -

126
which is generally what happens with new drivers, because they tend to stare at what
they believe to be important.

When stopped, a person's field of vision may be as high as 190 degrees, but for the
same person, the angle will be narrowed to 40 degrees when driving at 60 miles per
hour. For this reason, many highway signs are positioned above the roadway.

Texas Department of Public Safety Keys to Safe Driving

• Good Vision – Look with your eyes but see with your mind.

• Obey traffic laws.

• Proper care of vehicle – Don’t depend on yearly inspections; perform regular

maintenance as needed.

• Courtesy – Safety comes before the right-of-way.

• Proper Signaling – Failure to signal is dangerous and inconsiderate.

• Physical Fitness – Let someone else drive if you are not physically or mentally alert.

Transporting Cargo and Materials

To prevent cargo or loose materials from falling or spilling from a car, truck, trailer, etc.
onto the road and causing a crash or damage to the roads, drivers must comply with
certain state requirements.

Texas law mandates a vehicle shall be equipped and maintained to prevent loose
material from escaping by blowing or spilling. A vehicle bed carrying a load may not
have a hole, crack, or other opening through which loose material can escape. The bed
shall be enclosed by side panels and on the front by a panel or the vehicle cab. The
rear shall be enclosed by a tailgate or panel. The load shall be covered and the
covering firmly secured at the front and back, unless the load is completely enclosed by
the load-carrying compartment or does not blow or spill over the top of the load-carrying
compartment. The tailgate of the vehicle shall be securely closed to prevent spillage
during transportation.

127
Texas law also mandates that no person shall load or transport any loose material on or
over the public highways, such as dirt, sand, gravel, wood chips, or other material
(except agricultural products in their natural state), capable of blowing or spilling from a
vehicle unless:

1. The bed carrying the load must be completely enclosed on both sides and on the
front and rear by a tailgate, board or panel; and all must be so constructed as to
prevent the escape of any part of the load by blowing or spilling; and

2. The top of the load must be covered with a canvas, tarpaulin, or other covering firmly
secured to the front and back to prevent the escape of the load because of blowing or
spilling. This requirement does not apply to:

a. Any load-carrying compartment that completely encloses the load; or

b. The transporting of any load of loose materials not blowing or spilling over the top
of the load-carrying compartment.

Safety Chains

Safety chains are required when certain types of vehicles are towing trailers in order to
prevent the trailer from breaking loose and causing a serious crash. A person may not
drive a passenger car or light truck while towing a trailer, semi-trailer, or house trailer on
a public highway in Texas unless safety chains (approved by DPS) are attached (in a
manner approved by DPS) from a trailer, semi-trailer, or house trailer to the towing
vehicle. The requirements of this law do not apply to a passenger car or light truck
towing a trailer or semitrailer used for agricultural purposes or to any trailer or semi-
trailer or house trailer operated in compliance with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Regulations.

Towing

When one vehicle is towing another, the drawbar, chain, rope, cable, or other
connection must not be longer than 15 feet from one vehicle to another. (This limit does
not apply to pole trailers.) When a chain, rope, or cable is used as a connection a white
flag not less than 12 inches square must be attached to it.

Carbon Monoxide

Beware of carbon monoxide poisoning. Cars produce carbon monoxide which is deadly
gas. Make sure you are getting plenty of fresh air.

Don’t:
1. Leave the motor running in a garage.
2. Leave vents open when following closely behind another car.
3. Leave the motor running and the windows closed while the car is parked.

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4. Drive with a defective muffler or exhaust system.
5. Use the heater or air conditioner in a parked car with the windows closed.

Do:

1. Move a victim of carbon monoxide poisoning to fresh air.

2. Give artificial respiration.

Steering Lock Operation

Vehicles have various systems used to remove the key from the ignition. Some ignitions
automatically lock the steering wheel if the key is removed while moving. Here are some
common steering wheel lock systems with a description on how to remove the key.

Steering Wheel Lock Parking Systems

Transmission park system - Shift the transmission into the park position. Turn the key to
lock then remove the key.

Two hand button system - This system requires two hands. Depress the button below
the steering column. Turn the key to lock then remove the key.

Lever system - Depress the lever located near the ignition. Turn the key to lock then
remove the key.

One hand button system - Depress the button located near the ignition. Turn the key to
lock then remove the key.

Push in system - Turn the key to off and push in. Turn the key to lock then remove the
key.

Turn and remove system - Turn the key to lock then remove the key.

Supplemental Information

The Allstate Foundation has developed a Graduated Driver Licensing video to match
current Texas law. It is recommended that the instructor and student view this video
which is approximately five minutes in length:
[Link]

Printable versions of the English-Spanish TxDOT GDL Informational Flier is available

online at [Link]

The Texas Drivers Handbook (July 2012 version) may be viewed on the following DPS
website: [Link]

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 Module 1 - Traffic Laws
Quiz
(Value 3 points each)

MULTIPLE CHOICE

____ 1. In order to obtain a learner license (instruction permit) in Texas, you

must be at least _______.
a. 15 years old
b. 15 and ½ years old
c. 16 years old
d. 18 years old

____ 2. The minimum age for a licensed driver who must accompany a driver
with a learner license is _________________.
a. 16
b. 18 (if immediate family member)
c. 21
d. Both b & c

____ 3. An applicant must score ______ on the rules and signs test when
applying for a learner’s license.
a. 60%
b. 70%
c. 90%
d. 100%

____ 4. The type of license that will allow a person to drive a large truck or a van
designed for 16 or more passengers is a _________________.
a. Hardship license
b. Graduated driver license
c. CDL
d. Texas operator’s license

____ 5. While operating under the Graduated Driver License program,

individuals are restricted from using a wireless communication device,
including a hands-free device, until they reach age ___.
a. 16
b. 17
c. 18
d. 21

____ 6. A driver license can be suspended for ___________________.

a. a serious crash
b. possessing a false driver license
c. habitual reckless driving

130
 d. all of the above

____ 7. When an emergency vehicle approaches using a siren, you should

___________.
a. yield to the emergency vehicle
b. slow down until the emergency vehicle passes
c. continue at the posted speed
d. speed up to get out of the way

____ 8. If red lights are flashing at a railroad crossing and a train is

approaching, the driver must _______ until the train passes by and the
lights stop flashing.
a. get out and walk around
b. yield
c. slow
d. stop

____ 9. A Railroad Crossbuck sign is considered the same as a _________ sign.

a. stop
b. speed limit
c. warning
d. yield

____ 10. Red signs indicate _______________________________.

a. caution
b. construction
c. prohibitive or stop
d. recreation and scenic guidance

____ 11. The color of general warning traffic signs is

________________________.
a. blue
b. yellow
c. green
d. white

____ 12. An octagon shaped traffic sign indicates _______________.

a. school crossing
b. warning
c. yield
d. stop

131
____ 13. A round shaped traffic sign indicates ______________.
a. stop
b. no passing
c. railroad crossing
d. yield

____ 14. A vertical rectangle shaped traffic sign indicates _______________.

a. warning
b. regulatory
c. yield
d. directions

____ 15. A _______ person wears an orange vest and is often provided on
roadway work zones to stop, slow, or guide traffic safety through the
area.
a. highway
b. guidance
c. flag
d. highway

____ 16. Always signal when you are going to:

a. change lanes
b. make a turn
c. pull away from a parking space parallel to the curb
d. all of the above

____ 17. A yellow line (solid or broken) in the center of a roadway indicates ____.
a. multi-lane roadway
b. two-way traffic
c. one-way traffic
d. single lane roadway

____ 18. A solid yellow line on your side of the roadway indicates ____________.
a. no passing
b. two way traffic
c. one way traffic
d. pass with caution

____ 19. This roadway marking

indicates ____________.
a. High Occupancy Vehicle
(HOV) lane
b. truck restricted lane
c. both a & b
d. neither a nor b

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____ 20. This sign indicates two lanes of traffic are permitted to turn left. The
traffic in the left lane must turn left, traffic in the other lane
____________________.
a. may go straight
b. may turn left
c. both a & b
d. must yield

____ 21. The standard color for construction traffic signs is

__________________.
a. white
b. orange
c. green
d. brown

____ 22. You should signal at least _____________ before you turn or change
lane position.
a. 2 seconds
b. 100 feet or 4 seconds
c. 400 ft.
d. 500 ft.

____ 23. This hand signal indicates ______.

a. right turn
b. left turn
c. stop
d. slow

____ 24. The standard color of a recreational or scenic traffic sign is

_______________.
a. green
b. brown
c. blue
d. black

133
____ 25. When parking downhill with a curb,
__________________________________.
a. turn the wheels toward the curb
b. turn the wheels away from the curb
c. leave the wheels straight
d. none of the above

____ 26. You must park at least __________________ feet from a fire hydrant.
a. 10
b. 15
c. 25
d. 50

____ 27. The speed limit in urban districts is ___________________________

miles per hour.
a. 55
b. 45
c. 35
d. 30

____ 28. You should dim your headlights when you are within ________ feet of
an approaching vehicle.
a. 100
b. 200
c. 400
d. 500

TRUE/FALSE

____ 29. In Texas, it is illegal to pass on the right under any circumstances.

____ 30. If the foot brake fails, the parking brake may be used to help stop the
vehicle.

____ 31. When two facing vehicles approach a four-way stop at approximately
the same time, the driver who wants to turn left has the right-of-way.

____ 32. When two or more vehicles approach a four-way stop approximately the
same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left should yield the right-of-
way to the vehicle on the right.

____ 33. Basic safety rules when passing include give the proper signal and tap
your horn when necessary to avoid surprising the driver ahead.

134
 Answer Key – for Instructor Use
(Value 3 points each)

Module 1 - Traffic Laws

Quiz

MULTIPLE CHOICE

____ 1. In order to obtain a learner license (instruction permit) in Texas, you

must be at least _______.
a. 15 years old
b. 15 and ½ years old
c. 16 years old
d. 18 years old

____ 2. The minimum age for a licensed driver who must accompany a driver
with a learner license is _________________.
a. 16
b. 18 (if immediate family member)
c. 21
d. Both b & c

____ 3. An applicant must score ______ on the rules and signs test when
applying for a learner’s license.
a. 60%
b. 70%
c. 90%
d. 100%

____ 4. The type of license that will allow a person to drive a large truck or a van
designed for 16 or more passengers is a _________________.
a. Hardship license
b. Graduated driver license
c. CDL
d. Texas operator’s license

____ 5. While operating under the Graduated Driver License program,

individuals are restricted from using a wireless communication device,
including a hands-free device, until they reach age ___.
a. 16
b. 17
c. 18
d. 21

135
____ 6. A driver license can be suspended for ___________________.
a. a serious crash
b. possessing a false driver license
c. habitual reckless driving
d. all of the above

____ 7. When an emergency vehicle approaches using a siren, you should

___________.
a. yield to the emergency vehicle
b. slow down until the emergency vehicle passes
c. continue at the posted speed
d. speed up to get out of the way

____ 8. If red lights are flashing at a railroad crossing and a train is

approaching, the driver must _______ until the train passes by and the
lights stop flashing.
a. get out and walk around
b. yield
c. slow
d. stop

____ 9. A Railroad Crossbuck sign is considered the same as a __________

sign.
a. stop
b. speed limit
c. warning
d. yield

____ 10. Red signs indicate _______________________________.

a. caution
b. construction
c. prohibitive or stop
d. recreation and scenic guidance

____ 11. The color of general warning traffic signs is ______________.

a. blue
b. yellow
c. green
d. white

____ 12. An octagon shaped traffic sign indicates _______________.

a. school crossing
b. warning
c. yield
d. stop

136
____ 13. A round shaped traffic sign indicates ______________.
a. stop
b. no passing
c. railroad crossing
d. yield

____ 14. A vertical rectangle shaped traffic sign indicates _______________.

a. warning
b. regulatory
c. yield
d. directions

____ 15. A _____ person wears an orange vest and is often provided on roadway
work zones to stop, slow, or guide traffic safety through the area.
a. highway
b. guidance
c. flag
d. highway

____ 16. Always signal when you are going to:

a. change lanes
b. make a turn
c. pull away from a parking space parallel to the curb
d. all of the above

____ 17. A yellow line (solid or broken) in the center of a roadway indicates ____.
a. multi-lane roadway
b. two-way traffic
c. one-way traffic
d. single lane roadway

____ 18. A solid yellow line on your side of the roadway indicates ____________.
a. no passing
b. two way traffic
c. one way traffic
d. pass with caution

____ 19. This roadway marking

indicates _______________.
a. high occupancy vehicle
lane
b. truck restricted lane
c. both a & b
d. neither a nor b

137
____ 20. This sign indicates two lanes of traffic are permitted to turn left. The
traffic in the left lane must turn left, traffic in the other lane __________.
a. may go straight
b. may turn left
c. both a & b
d. must yield

____ 21. The standard color for construction traffic signs is _________________.
a. white
b. orange
c. green
d. brown

____ 22. You should signal at least _____________ before you turn or change
lane position.
a. 2 seconds
b. 100 feet or 4 seconds
c. 400 ft.
d. 500 ft.

____ 23. This hand signal indicates _____________________.

a. right turn
b. left turn
c. stop
d. slow

____ 24. The standard color of a recreational or scenic traffic sign is

_______________.
a. green
b. brown
c. blue
d. black

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____ 25. When parking downhill with a curb, _____________________________.
a. turn the wheels away from the curb
b. turn the wheels toward the curb
c. leave the wheels straight
d. none of the above

____ 26. You must park at least __________________ from a fire hydrant.
a. 10 feet
b. 15 feet
c. 25 feet
d. 50 feet

____ 27. The speed limit in urban districts is ______ miles per hour.
a. 55
b. 45
c. 35
d. 30

____ 28. You should dim your headlights when you are within ________ feet of an
approaching vehicle.
a. 100
b. 200
c. 400
d. 500

TRUE/FALSE

__F__ 29. In Texas, it is illegal to pass on the right under any circumstances.

__T__ 30. If the foot brake fails, the parking brake may be used to help stop the
vehicle.

__F__ 31. When two facing vehicles approach a four-way stop at approximately
the same time, the driver who wants to turn left has the right-of-way.

__T__ 32. When two or more vehicles approach a four-way stop approximately
the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left should yield the right-
of-way to the vehicle on the right.

__T__ 33. Basic safety rules when passing include give the proper signal and tap
your horn when necessary to avoid surprising the driver ahead.

The student must master each module with a score of 70% or better in order to
progress to the next module. If the student scores lower than 70%, they must repeat
the module until mastery is obtained.

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If enrolled in the concurrent program, the student is eligible to apply for a Learner
License with the Texas Department of Public Safety after successful completion of six
clock hours and mastery (70% or better) of Module 1.

Driver License Offices

Forms to take to the Driver License Office upon completion of the required classroom
hours and to obtain a Learner’s License:

 Application for Texas Driver License, DL-14A

 DE-964 Completion Certificate
 Proof of Liability Insurance (if student owns the vehicle)
 Original or Certified Copy of Student’s Birth Certificate
 Proof of Social Security Number
 Verification of Enrollment and Attendance Form and student’s school transcript or
report card
 Fee for Learner License Issuance
 Proof of Texas Residency Affidavit (DL-5)
 DL-90A Classroom Instruction Affidavit

Most driver license offices are open from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., Monday through
Friday. For information on any driver license office, including specific hours of operation,
visit [Link]/[Link].

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