Instruments Points
Pitot and Static systems
• Static pressure error varies with greatly with mach number
Air Speed Indicator
• Calibrated for ISA
• IAS -> CAS (corrected for position error and instrucment error) -> EAS(Coorected for
compressibility) -> TAS ( corrected for dencity )
• White arc :Vs0(stalling speed with flap and gear extended) – Vfe(flap extended)
• Green arc : Vs1(stall with flap and grear retracted)-Vno (normal operating)
• Yellow arc: Vno(normal operating) – Vne ( never exeed)
• Blue line (optimum climb speed with one engine inoperative)
• St-venant’s formula used to calibrate anemomoeters
Altimeter
• Tolarence of servo
servo altimeter at sea level ±60ft
•
Colder – over read, Warmer – underread
• Capsule (vaccume or very low pressure) , casing (static pressure)
• CTM below tropopause, CMT in inversion
Mach Meter
• = 38.94
• K® = C® + 273
• Principle (Pt-Ps) to Ps
• 2 diaphrams
Vertical Speed Indicator
•
ROD for 3 degree slope = TAS *10/2
ADC
•
= . × ×
, all temperatures ab
absolute
solute
GyroScopic Instrumetns
• Properties inertia and gyroscopic precision
• Rotation speed 9000 – 12000 rpm
• Gyro drift : wandering in horizontal plain
• Gyro topple : wandering in vertical plane
• Real wander : when the sin axis moves from a fixed point in space
•
Apparent drift : due to rotation of earth = 15sin(latitude)
• Apparent topple : due to rotation of earth = 15cos(latitude)
15cos( latitude)
Directional Gyro
• 2 degrees of freedom horizontal spin axis
• Spin axis tied to the yawing plain of the aircraft with the help of air jets
• Transport wander due to change in position on the earth
• Drift due to rotation of earth : 15 sin (latitude) degrees/hour In northern hemisphere –ve
southern hemisphere +ve ie northern hemispthere gyro N moves
m oves right
• Drift due to latitude nut : 15 sin latitude degrees/hour in northern hemisphere +ve southern
hemisphere –ve acting agains drift due to rotation of earth
×
• Transport wander= , eastwards –ve in
northern hemisphere westewards +ve in northern hemisphere
Slaved DG
• Gets directional signals from the flux valve and sends to error detector
• Error detector generates singlas amplified for correcting
• Signals turn the torquw motor to precess the gyro
•
Sensor part of flux valves contain 3 pickup coils
Artificial Horizon
• Uses earth gyro
• Spin axis maintained earth vertical
• Roll 360 degree and pitch ±75 or 80 degrees freedom
• Erection in air operated with the help of vanes and in electrical merury level switches
• Angle for rate 1 turn = tas/10 +7
Turning error
• Very complex
• 90 degrees pitch up and bank less
• 180 degrees pitch up and bank more
• 270 degrees pitchup and bank more
• 360 degrees correct attitude
• On rolling out after a steep turn nose up opp bank shown momentarily
Acceleration
• Acceleration in constant heading will show pitchup with right bank
Turn and bank indicator
Rate gyro
• One gymbal 2 axis of movenet
• Freedom of movement about longitudinal
• No movement in yaw.
• Kept horizontal with springs
• While yawing the force is precessed 90 degrees to make the gyro topple
• Radius of turn =
Magnetic Compass
Terrestrial Magnetism
•
Blue pole north, Red Pole south
Magnetic Compass
• Quadrangle deviation caused by induced magnetisation of soft iron corrected using soft iron
• Compass swinging to find magnetic deviation
• Magnetic variation ( difference between TN and MN) got from isogonals on chart
Properties
• Horizontality : ability to align north
• Sensitivity : point accurately to the north
• Aperiodicity : come back to north after being disturbed
Acceleration errors
•
Acceleration errors show apparent turn to the closer pole
• Error minimum in the north south direction
• Maximum in east west direction
Turning Errors
• Turning through the nearer pole compass sluggish
• Turning through the further pole compass lively
• Clockwise turn under read
• Anti clockwise over read
Radio Altimeter
•
Gives height of aircraft from ground directly below
Principle
• Fm wave beamed below at 20 – 40 degress width
• Reflected wave pickedup by second antenna
• Difference btw when signal is sent and signal is received gives height
• Frequency used 4200mhz and 4400 mhz
• Frequency sweep 500 times a second
• Maximum height 2500ft
•
