Indigenous science, as compared to modern scientific practices, is rooted in the traditions and cultural practices of a community. It involves indigenous knowledge systems that were developed before modern science became established. This form of science is deeply intertwined with community values and practiced through activities like ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, and folk astronomy . Unlike modern science, which often emphasizes empirical evidence and standardized experimentation, indigenous science incorporates context-specific practices, using science process skills such as observing, classifying, and inferring to interact with the natural environment. It is characterized by a holistic view, recognizing the interconnectedness of all living and nonliving things .

Indigenous knowledge systems employ observations of animal behaviors and celestial bodies as methodologies to predict weather conditions and seasons. For instance, the appearance of the Tres Marias, also known as Orion’s belt, is used as an indicator of the start of the cold season. This practice is built upon generations of accumulated knowledge, showcasing a deep understanding of natural patterns without reliance on modern meteorological tools .

The preservation and transmission of indigenous knowledge are primarily oral and practical, relying on the processes of imitation, demonstration, and word of mouth, unlike formal education systems which utilize structured curricula and written documentation. Indigenous knowledge is often conveyed through storytelling, folk poems, and songs, allowing for the cultural context and values to be embedded within the teachings. This method allows the knowledge to adapt to changing environments while maintaining its core tenets, whereas formal education systems focus on standardized, often decontextualized, information that is disseminated through institutional frameworks .

Indigenous science and technology have significantly contributed to the development of science and technology in the Philippines by providing a foundation of local knowledge and practices that integrate with modern scientific developments. Indigenous practices such as rice terracing in Ifugao illustrate advanced agricultural techniques that are an integral part of cultural heritage. Additionally, the use of herbal medicines and traditional healing methods forms a part of ethno-medicine, contributing to the healthcare practices in the region. These traditional forms of knowledge have shaped local decision-making and resource management strategies, thereby influencing modern practices .

In indigenous science, humans are regarded as stewards or trustees of the land and natural resources. This perspective is embodied in their practices and beliefs, which emphasize the interconnectedness and interdependence of all living and nonliving things. The Earth is revered as "Mother Earth," and there is a cultural responsibility to preserve and maintain the balance of nature. Such a stewardship role is evident in their practices of resource conservation and sustainable agriculture, as well as their customary laws and values that guide the interaction with the environment .

Indigenous science practices reflect science process skills such as observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, inferring, and problem solving. These skills guide human interactions with the natural environment by fostering an understanding of ecological relationships and practical problem-solving within a specific cultural context. For example, in traditional farming methods, these skills help in classifying soil types, measuring rainfall for crop schedules, and observing plant and animal behavior for ecological balance. The traditional knowledge developed through these skills is closely linked to cultural values and serves as a foundation for making informed local-level decisions .

Cultural beliefs significantly impact the development and application of indigenous technologies as they frame the understanding of natural phenomena and dictate the methods and purposes for which technologies are developed. For instance, indigenous agricultural practices are often aligned with cultural beliefs regarding the sacredness of land and the rhythm of natural cycles. This alignment not only ensures the sustainability of these practices but also reflects a respectful interaction with the environment. Consequently, technologies are tailored to be harmonious with cultural values, ensuring their acceptance and integration within the community. This contrasts with modern technologies that might not consider these cultural nuances .

Pambabatok, the tattooing technique practiced by Whang-od Oggay, is significant as it represents an ancient indigenous knowledge system. This technique involves hand-tapping and is a form of body art that goes back generations within the Butbut tribe of Kalinga. Its significance lies in being a living tradition that exemplifies skills, beliefs, and cultural heritage specific to a society's interaction with their natural surroundings . It is also a demonstration of how indigenous practices are preserved and transmitted across generations, thereby maintaining a cultural identity and historical continuity .

Community values play an integral role in guiding the practice of indigenous science by establishing a framework within which knowledge is applied and interpreted. These values prioritize the collective well-being, sustainability, and ethical use of resources, aligning scientific practices with the moral and spiritual beliefs of the community. Indigenous science practices, such as resource management and health treatments, are deeply embedded in communal identity, ensuring that their application respects traditional norms and contributes to long-term ecological and social stability. This creates a cohesive system where science is not just about understanding and exploiting nature, but about maintaining harmony within it .

Rituals and traditions play a crucial role in sustaining indigenous knowledge systems as they are instrumental in the transmission of cultural values, beliefs, and practices across generations. Such rituals often encapsulate knowledge about agriculture, health, environmental stewardship, and spiritual beliefs, ensuring that important cultural and practical lessons are preserved and communicated. By incorporating these elements in community events and daily life, indigenous knowledge systems remain relevant and are continuously reinforced, allowing them to evolve while maintaining core cultural significances. This continuous transmission is crucial for cultural identity and community cohesion .