Identifying the | PTT Rec At the end of thi design write a Stating the Problem Inquiry and y} 5 is chapter, the learner should be able to: a research useful in daily life; research title; describe background of research; state research questions; cite benefits and beneficiaries of the study; and * * ° indicate scope and delimitation of the study; * + present written stafement of the problem. Fo ee ‘Capt 2: Kenting the Ingay and Siang the PB ie CHAPTER= Designing A Research Useful In Daily Life } Lesson 1 * Introduction Lesson 2 Background of the Study + Introduction ° Examples of Background of the Study The Research Topic or Research Title + Introduction ° Broad Topics : © Specific Topics ° Techniques for Narrowing a Topic Into a Research Question + Other Topics of Interest { ° Choosing a Topic for a Research Study “Lesson 4 Stating Research Questions ; * Introduction ° Research Questions © Types of Research Questions ° Six Key Problem Questions ° Research Questions and Research Design ; _Lesson5 — Scope and Delimitation of Research . ' + Introduction ° Scope and Delimitation ‘Lesson6 Benefits and Beneficiaries of Research * Introduction ° Examples of Benefits and Beneficiaries Section from Actual Studies Lesson7 — The Written Statement of the Problem * Introduction ° Actual Quantitative Studies Done that Showcase all the Parts of the Problem Statement i % = Practica. RESEARCH 2oo ee eee Designing a Research Useful in Daily Life Ee Sere TE ts Bn BRON Te ees Bo Yo ae iru have deduced from your readings, exercises done, further studies ene te a ecsearch 1 (Qualitative Research) that research is as good as its seeking aan questions or even solutions to problems of daily living. etter yet, research i it i ee arch is as good as its finding answers or solves the real-world The word” research” typi i | pically calls to mind mathematical formulas that describe a = expanding natural phenomena, complex theorems, liquids in test tubes, endless experiments to explain phenomena, human behavior, and the like. But these isesveries and technical procedures have positive effects and consequences for many aspects of our lives that are far more numerous and important than what we imagine. Research affects society and the lives of each one of us each day of our lives. The way we perceive the world, the way we experience relationships with others, the way society is organized and governed, and a lot more are influenced by the ever expanding frontiers of knowledge. For us to make sense of our world and even of our own lives, we need research. For different branches of knowledge or disciplines, as well as corporations, government organizations, or NGO's in search for answers to phenomena, people do research. Possible Research Topics Related to Daily Life Age-old problems on poverty alleviation, unemployment, homelessness, gender equality, population aging, child care, development of the youth, all forms of violence, online or cybercrimes, the traffic situation, preservation and protection of the environment, livelihood projects, entrepreneurial ventures, health care, social security, and a lot more have been investigated from several angles, But seemingly, authorities have come up with mere “band aid” solutions, like the government's Pantawid Pamilya program, for example. To alleviate the growing menace Metro Manila's traffic has caused on the people's sanity, the economy, the industry, and the like, experiments and more experiments are done each day in search for the best solutions to these problems. The VAW (Violence Against Women) desk is a product of extensive research. And so is the final stamp of approval on the senior citizens’ increase in SSS pension. Approaching problems knowledge gathered in differ from the interdisciplinary point of view and sharing rent areas has remained a big challenge to researchers. The most innovative research is the kind that operates on the areas between different disciplines. This gives rise to a new interactive model whereby practical research raises new theoretical questions which give rise to further research. Se |Suffice it to say that one of the keys to a better life, health, well-being, individual, national and global prosperity and well-being is research. No organization, big or small, will approve or implement any program or action without a well-done research backed up by valid and reliable findings. For example, where clinical trials are concerned, research is a legal requirement for pharmaceutical companies to obtain marketing authorization (i.e. permission to sell new drugs, until they have proved to the relevant authorities that the drug is safe and effective). Moreover, carefully organized research enables researchers to consider ‘external factors which might influence research results. For example, before concluding that green tea is good for x.y, or z, it is important to ensure that the tea drinkers studied do not have something else (i.e. other than drinking tea) in common such as being more physically active than non-tea drinkers or being vegetarians, which might equally affect findings. Dedicating our lives to research means making study and experiment our profession; needless to say, these activities lead to the acquisition of knowledge. Deciding on a Research Topic Now, let us move on to the Senior High School track you are enrolled in. Before you make a final decision on your topic, reflect on these questions, as you did when you went through your qualitative study: 1, What area/s not covered in classroom lessons/discussions do | still want to know/investigate in my specific track? 2. If | do this research project, how useful will it be to me as a senior high school graduate and to the community where | belong, and even to the larger community, the Philippines, ASEAN, and the world? It cannot be overemphasized that your research project will be worth all the planning, execution of plans, resources in time, manpower and budget if it will reflect or concretize your knowledge and skills, as well as attitudes, as a successful senior high school graduate in your specific track, and if it will contribute to the well-being or progress of the beneficiaries of your study: © ABM-Accounting, Business, Mathematics o STEM-Science, Technology, Engineering, Management o HUMSS- Humanities and the Social Sciences © Sports © Technical / Vocational © Information and Communication Technology © Arts and Design © Technology/Livelihood/Entrepreneurship 28 | Practica Research 2ee Writing a Research Title south Ss nai Pegs HE OSE OTM ote, th CROTON) “ As pointed out in Book 1, the research topic or research title is not like manna that will fall from heaven, and Presto! You have a title! __A research title, or research project, is a product of real world observations, dilemmas, wide reading, selective viewing (television programs, films, documentaries, videos, etc.) meaningful interactions with significant others, and deep reflection. The title of the research is the research problem or inquiry in capsule form. Great care must be taken in the formulation of the research title. It must clearly reflect the topic of investigation. And it must be original, clear, concise or specific. When you finally decide on a research topic, make sure that your research topic and research questions match. Too broad topics will lead you nowhere. In order to narrow. down broad topics to specific ones, the purpose or intent of the study must be clear. . Broad Topics Broad topics should always be narrowed down. The following are examples of broad topi * Blended Learning in English Classes * Presidential Election Results * Agri-business * Social Networking * Vegetarianism Specific Topics Specific topics are researchable. The following are examples of specific research topics: A Correlation Study on the Use of Blended Learning in Freshman English Classes and Student Achievement © The Impact of Agribusiness on the Philippine Economy 4 Campaign Events and Materials and their Impact on Presidential Election Results 7 The Cause-Effect Relationships of Social Networking and Online Selling Effects of Vegetarianism on Physical Health ‘Chapter 2: Lesson 3 ~ The Research Topic or Research TileTechniques in Narrowing Down a Topic Into a Research Question As seen in Book 1 (Qualitative Research), Neuman (2007) suggests the following techniques in narrowing down broad topics: 1. Examine the literature. Published articles are an excellent source of ideas for research questions. They are usually at an appropriate level of specificity and suggest research questions that focus on the following: Replicate a previous research project exactly or with slight variations. Explore unexpected findings discovered in previous research. Follow suggestions an author gives for future research at the end of an article. . Extend an existing explanation or theory to a new topic or setting. Challenge findings or attempt to refute a relationship. ‘Specify the intervening process and consider linking relations. mp aogce 2. Talk over ideas with others. a. Ask people who are knowledgeable about the topic for questions about it that they have thought of. b. Seek out those who hold opinions that differ from yours on the topic and discuss possible research questions with them. 3. Apply to a specific context. a. Focus the topic on a specific historical period or time period. b. Narrow the topic to a specific society or geographic unit. c. Consider which subgroups or categories of people/units are involved and whether there are differences among them. 4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study. a. Will the research question be for an exploratory, explanatory, or descriptive study? b. Will the study involve applied or basic research? Other Topics of Interest There are other topics of interest that you can use for a meaningful and useful quantitative research: 1. Body, Health and Lifestyle Issues 2. Traffic and the Economy 3. Mobile Hospitals 4. Popular Culture and Popular Music BO | Practica Research 2Credit Unions 5. 6. Corporate Social Responsibility 7. Flood Control 8. 9. Endangered Species Success Indicators of Entrepreneurial Ventures Friendship and Its Impact on a Person's well-being Neighbourliness as a Prime Factor in a Community's Peace and Order Situation Choosing a Topic for a Research Study Layder (2013) stresses that in choosing a research topic, it is important to select a topic that interests and motivates you. It should be “doable” with the resources at your disposal and within the required time frame. Needless to say, the research topic should be focused and well-defined. Deciding on a topic also entails being clear about which ones to avoid, especially if you have little experience as a researcher. Although topics close to your own personal experiences may be appropriate for small-scale projects, you must not allow personal views, ideas, opinions and prejudices cloud your thinking. Research projects must be as objective as possible, that is, freed from your personal biases or preferences as a researcher. Lastly, you should avoid research topics that involve your making moral judgments about certain kinds of behavior. aati naeen tieneee Describing Background of the Study ae Se The background of the study is basically an overview of the research study and explains why you, as researcher, are doing the study. It provides information that is important or essential to understand the main body of the research investigation, which could be an offshoot of any one of the following: 1, historical developments 2. cultural developments 3, academic developments 4, scientific findings 5, debates or arguments and a host of others. These developments could give rise to your research questions. The background of the study locates or situates your study in the context of your specific field (Accounting, Business, Management, Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, Sports, Arts and Design, Technical Vocational) and other related fields. Your linking up of your research study to recent developments, as well as your mentioning whether certain issues relevant to your field of investigation had been addressed in any form, followed by the research questions you intend to seek answers for, can make your reader deduce the originality of your study ([Link]), Examples of Background of the Study Some excerpts: Example 1 With diminishing finances, it is rarely possible for a library or information center to have enough resources to fulfil the needs of its clients... Collaboration is widely recognized as the best way for libraries to cope with the ever increasing challenges: volume of information resources, nature and quality of information, user needs and expectations, information and communication technology competencies and infrastructure, inflated cost of information resources and staffing needs. However, although these challenges have continued to prevail, libraries working under collaborative initiatives like the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARL) have registered tremendous success. This research study reports the findings of a thorough study to establish the factors that have led to the success of CARLI and how such success factors can be applied in libraries of developing countries like Uganda. Emphasis is placed on the establishment of CARLI leadership, the sharing of responsibility and decision making process, as well as sources of funding for the consortium... Also central to the research study is exploration of the role and responsibility of participating member libraries and their contributions to and expectations from the consortium. erThis present research study has incorporated interviews with CARLI staff and a questionnaire survey to all the participating CARLI membership. ([Link] [Link]/bitstreamyhandle/2142/thesis-ch. 1-3) Example 2. Cockroaches are common pests in the tropics. They have been known to cause allergic reactions to most people and chew holes on clothes. According to Bato Balani for Science and Technology, vol. 14, no.2, the real danger of cockroach lies in their ability to transmit sometimes lethal diseases and organisms such as staphylococcus spp, streptococcus spp, Hepititis viruses and coliform bacteria. They have been known to contaminate food, at the same time infect it with bacteria they carry. The bacteria they spread in food can cause food poisoning. People have used various instruments to control the cockroach problem. The most popular is the insecticide spray but according to website [Link] its active ingredients like petroleum distillates can cause severe chest pains and coughs when inhaled. The second is the cockroach coil which can kill roaches but the active ingredients like allethri... can cause harm to humans when inhaled. It also has an ozone depleting ingredient. The third most popular is the flypaper; when roaches are stuck into it, they die and carcass can spread more bacteria. The question on everyone's mind is: “What can be an effective and natural insecticide?” Tubang Bakod (Jatropha carcass) is a common plant in the Philippines. According to the website [Link], its seeds contain a certain toxic substance known as toxalbumin carcen. Along with other ingredients like sap, onions and weeping willow leaves, are Tubang Bakod seeds feasible to be used as cockroach killer? (https:// [Link]/doc/60715657/Background-of-the-Study-Sample) ‘Chapter 2: Lesson 3 ~ Deserbing Background of the Study [aA ad oe es Se a Stating Research Questions Comoe Whenever you do research-qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods-your goal is to help people, groups or organizations understand better phenomena, human behavior, human interactions and other events in daily life. With this in mind, the researcher's formulation of research questions is of primary importance. Throughout the research process, you, as researcher, make crucial decisions, particularly in the choice of methods of data collection, and in data analysis procedures. The research questions you formulate give focus to the research, as well as guide the appropriacy of the decisions you make. If the research questions are not clearly formulated, or have no direction, you will find yourself with too much data, and yet, not knowing what to do with them. Suffice it to say that the research questions express clearly the specific direction or focus of your research problem or inquiry. Needless to say, the research questions comprise the core of the study. Research Questions Layder (2013) says that social research is literally a search for the best explanation of the problem around which evidence or data is focused. Itis good to emphasize at this point that social research problems are not the same thing as “topics” or “areas of interests”. They are not the equivalent of so-called social problems like poverty, unemployment, social inequality, and so on. Research problems address issues about social organizations, social processes and social behavior. ‘Types of Research Questions There are two types of research questions: 1, Problem Questions- are general and explanatory and have a crucial influence ‘on the form and content of topic questions. 2. Topic Questions- are specific and descriptive. Six key problem questions Layder illustrates six key problem questions: 1. How are a person's self-identity, feelings, ideas and attitudes related to his or her social environment? Aresearch project tackling this question might focus on the individual's attitudes towards emotions and intimacy in friendship or romantic partnerships, and how they are influenced by TV programmes, films and magazines. Another project might concentrate on whether or not certain individuals, such as those with low self-esteem, are more susceptible than others to drug addiction. Pracrica. RESEAnch 22, How do people influence each other's behaviour in social interaction-eith a or mectater through texts, emails, mobiles, and so ce oe ider the following scenario. Two ‘friends’ meet up and one (or both) rev tee te et time that they find the other attractive. A routine post onthe chook Mictereneecomes. 8 fullblown, passionate ites, thus, changing forever thelr feralonship and thelr feelings towards one another. The way in which face-to- Gee interaction can transform people's understandings may thus be the focus Iscale research. For example, a project could focus on the question of whether mixing with more likely 1g with other drug users makes experimenting with different drugs 3 How presen settings (such as schools, universities, families, factories, companies, hospitals, and so on) influence the behavior of those operating This question might give rise to a proper examination of how and why people express emotion and feeling in school, work, family and friendship. Alternatively, a research project revolving around drug use might focus on the question ‘is the use of certain types of drugs associated with different work setting?’ A significant focus for small-scale research projects would be to help map the differences between settings and their effects on social behavior by concentrating on a particular example-say a school, a university, a religious group, friendship, family or romantic relationships. 4. How is social behavior influenced by: (a) social class, ethnicity, gender, age, neighborhood, region, or politics; (b) cultural values, expectations and institutions (including the media)? Such problem might give rise to research on possible links between drug use and social class, gender or ethnicity. A research project on intimacy might explore the extent fo which media images of ‘romantic love’ seep into people's everyday attitudes and experiences. 5. How does power influence human behaviour and social activity? Power is everywhere in social life (although it comes in different ‘shapes and sizes’, so to speak) and is an especially fruitful theme for small-scale research. Thus, a research on intimacy might center on the way the balance of control in close relationships determines whether or not they survive in the longer term. A research on drug use could investigate the extent to which users are ‘disempowered' by their addiction. 6. How does the passage of time influence social behaviour? A research project might investigate changes in intimate relationships over time. Why does the excitement of a new romance begin to fade? Can intimacy deteriorate to the point where the partners are simply ‘coexisting’ with each other? Research can also be conducted to investigate whether or not an employee's length of stay on his/her job affects his/her efficiency and or effectiveness. Caw tonne cuigrowccain [38Research Questions and Research Design ich are general in nature, topic-questions involve Unike problem-questions, which or ae of research interest. So, topic-questions ‘specific issues about the topic or : | out the family, for instance, might include such things as how particular individuals, Getne their roles, or how family members relate to one another, and so on. Topic- questions about romantic relationships might center on ‘emotional disclosure’ and / or the ‘commitment’ and ‘involvement’ of partner. Viewing topic-questions through the perspective of problem-questions acts as sort of fitering process that gives final shape and focus to topic-questions. For example, you may be interested on the topic of friendship or romantic relationships which may lead you to pose questions such as, ‘how are friendships formed?’, or ‘why do couples become romantically attached?’ In order to give these questions more research relevance and refinement, you need to also ask what problem- questions are pertinent to your concerns? Are you more interested in the way individuals experience friendship or romantic attachment (problem-question 1)? Or in the way friendships or romantic relationships develop through interaction (problem-question 2)? You may, in fact, want to know more about how families, neighborhoods or schools affect the friendship and romantic choices that people make (problem-question 3). You might prefer to focus on the way the media-magazines, books, films, internet, music and so on- influence the way people perceive persons and relationships. Questions of power and control may be more compelling, such as ‘how are romantic relationships influenced by the power balance between partners’? You may wish to explore how ideas about romantic relationships have changed in particular periods of history. As you begin to decide on your focus, and the problem-questions most relevant to your concems, you can then refine your topic-questions. As they become more refined and focused, certain tentative answers or explanations may suggest themselves. Because the design of a research project hinges on the development and honing of research questions (both problem and topic varieties) a good amount of time and effort should give over to deciding what they are before doing any actual research. After this essential first step in research design, you will be in a position to decide what kind of data sample you need (how many and what kinds of people, events or documents), The third step, choosing the methods and strategies of data collections, will follow from this, as well as the fourth step, choosing the best way of analysing the data. Developing a research design at the very start provides a framework or template in advance of thé research itself, so that it has some planned structure to it. This will help minimize any uncertainties you might have about how to proceed or in dealing with unforeseen or disruptive problems. Of course, deciding on key problem-and topic-questions in advance does not mean that you can't change things or be flexible in your thinking and ideas about the project. Thus, it is best to regard these things as preparatory and preliminary in nature. Once underway, your plans and focus may shift, change or readjust, but having a preliminary focus and design in place will ensure that any changes will be ordered and controlled, rather than being ‘forced’ or ill-thought-out. 36 | PracricaL RESEARCH 2LESSON 5 Indicating Scope and Delimitation As mentioned in Lesson 2, too broad topics will lead the research nowhere. as ite seoha and delimitation of the study as you were taught in Book 1 (Qualitative cee the soot, Poundaries and parameters of the problem inquiry and narrows the domain ope Of the inquiry. The scope is the domain of your research-what is in 1e domain, and what is not. You need to make as clear as possible what you will be studying and what factors are within the accepted range of your study. For example, if you are studying the impact of a particular program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), i i f |, you have to specify the program and specific local government unit in which it is being implemented. Examples of Scope and Delimitation From Actual Studies: A. Title of the Study: Consumers’ Response to PETA's advocacy advertisements on vegetarianism (Del Mundo, 2009). The study was conducted to find out the consumers’ responses toward vegetarianism in advocacy advertisements. The researcher chose vegetarianism among many advocacy issues; the reason for this is that vegetarianism is a growing consumer market. The aspects studied were the respondents’ feedback to selected most popular advertisements of PETA toward vegetarianism, how the advertisements catch attention and interest, how they affect lifestyles, and how they generate action. B. Title of the Study: Milo Marathon: A Sports Event as a Corporate Social Responsibility (Bernardo, 2013). This research is focused mainly on the application of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Milo® Marathon. The Milo® Marathon is the search context of this study as it allows individuals to participate in a sports event, on which portion of the event proceeds benefits a charitable advocacy. A sample population from 42-km and 21-km distances of the marathon is used as respondents to the survey questionnaires of this research. The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is used as the theoretical foundation for this thesis (Funk and James, 2001 & 2006). PCM has four levels namely, awareness, attraction, attachment and allegiance. The current research eadimre uiaivamaivem” Bllspecifically focuses on the awareness, attraction, and attachment stages as these are the most crucial stages of the model. Funk and James (2006) argued that attachment process requires additional development and this study will respond to this suggestion through examination of factors that may contribute to sports event awareness, attraction and attachment. Formulating research questions delimits the research topic to a specific area. Doing so reduces variety and thus, structures the field under study. Important aspects are brought to the fore; others are regarded as less important and left in the background or excluded. ‘| Practica, RESEARCH 2C Lesson 6 > Citing Benefits and Beneficiaries of the Research Study CE-INTRODUCTION)) ‘be sas Barter discussed in Book 1 (Qualitative Research), essentially this part informs ler on how the study will contribute to the well-being of a person or progress of a group or society in general. For example, in addressing social problems like epidemics, e.g. the Zika virus, in a research study, the findings can benefit, first and foremost, the victims themselves and their respective families, policy makers like the Department of Health, Department of Social Welfare and Development, practitioners (Health and Nutrition), leaders, both local and national government, as well as NGO's. ___ When you mull over who/what benefit from your study, focus on your problem which will guide you in identifying the specific contribution of your study. The challenge of this section of the Problem Statement is to situate the study as addressing a particular, important, or even pressing problem. Defining the problem shapes the research study's significance (Marshall and Rossman, 1995). For example, a research study can focus on Philhealth Plans for PWD's. Framing said research as a policy study requires that the problem be situated in national health policies. Your challenge as a researcher is to describe how the results of your study will contribute to the well-being of both the PWD's and the establishments they are connected with, or are helping them. Quantitative studies investigating impact of certain projects, activities or programs can best showcase benefits and beneficiaries of the study. Examples of Benefits and Beneficiaries Section From Actual Studies Title of the Study: Task-Based Language Teaching and Its Effect on Second Language Acquisition on College Freshman Students (Go, 2010). Significance of the Study Choosing an appropriate language teaching methodology for a group of learners is a responsibility of language educators. With the teachers’ explicit and implicit knowledge of language acquisition and language learning processes, they can select theoretically sound and more effective pedagogy appropriate for their learners. However, implementing a chosen methodology necessitates understanding its principles, as well as its strengths and weaknesses. This study may be significant to the language teachers, the language learners, and the concerned educators: Chapter 2: Lesson 6 — Benefits and Beneficiaries of ResearchTeachers. Language teachers will become more aware of Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) and they would realize that tasks could be used as pedagogica tools, as well as methodological procedure. Aware of the main goal of TBLT, they could provide more opportunities for student interaction in the classroom to enhance their language learning. They should be encouraged to provide the learners with tasks that could develop their communicative skills, an important skill for Filipino learners of English as a second language. Furthermore, Language teachers will have better understanding of TBLT and how this is implemented; they will appreciate the strong concept of this method and will be aware of its limitations. Language Learners. Students, the Language leamers, would be made aware of the usefulness of the English language as a tool for communication and a tool for understanding course content, or for academic purposes. Aware of the usefulness of the language, they will be highly motivated to acquire/learn the English language as their second language. It is not for integrative purposes but for instrumental reasons, Realizing this, they will be strongly motivated to develop their language proficiency in English. Providing them with the opportunity to use the target language in meaningful and highly motivating context will enhance academic learning. Administration. The administration may be encouraged to include in the long-term Development Plan, a Faculty Development Program where faculty could develop their teaching competence and enhance the use of effective language teaching methods, Further, they could implement policies to encourage faculty to develop instructional materials for the offering of English courses based in the learners’ language needs, academically and professionally. Textbook Writers. Aware of the TBLT as a language teaching methodology, textbook writers would approach the preparation of leaming materials based on this pedagogical framework, Inclusion in their textbooks suggested communicative tasks to be performed by the learners in the classroom would provide the students with the opportunities to use the language for communication. These learning strategies relating the grammatical structure to the communicative function in real situations and real time could possibly enhance the leaners’ communicative proficiency. Curriculum Writers. Knowing the communicative proficiency learners need, curriculum writers have to design language courses which would enhance learners’ communicative skill preparing them for their career work. The course description should include not only the subject content but also the communicative skills, both macro and micro to be acquired/developed and how to teach’ these in the best possible manner. Language teaching methodologies may be suggested to advance learners’ proficiency levels Part of the contribution of this study would be the developed instructional material, a portfolio of TBLT lessons prepared for the first year tertiary level students. The lesson outlines, patterned after Willis’ (1986) model, are intended to be used for one semester. Included in this teaching material are the printed texts from newspapers and journals. Teachers may select from these reading materials the appropriate text they can use in their class. With the findings of this study, language teachers would be encouraged to assess the effectiveness of other language teaching pedagogies which can be adopted to the language needs of the learners.—_——__E ad Presenting Written Statement of the Problem EAU Aa ga ate Saag ATEN Seranaeaee In Book 4 statement has the following parts: a title, the research questions, the scope and delimitation ofthe study and its beneficiaries and ‘Qualitative Research in Daily Life", you learned that the problem the background of research or introduction, Just like in qualitative research and in mo: i : st research d problem includes the following parts: . Se erate fae Hghearseraey States briefly the background of the study and identifies the ral a le of the research problem. It begins with a general statement of the problem, then focuses on a specific problem or issue, framing said problem within the existing erature, Pointing out deficiencies in the literature and targeting the study for evidence or proof. The statement of the problem states clearly the purpose or interest of the study. It poses specific questions about the research problem. The scope and delimitation sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, narrows the scope of the inquiry and clarifies or defines terms used. The significance of the study shows the benefits of the study in addressing special problems, in improving economic and health conditions, or even finding solutions to problems encountered in daily life, in shedding light on problems of human behavior, in refining existing knowledge for specific audiences, such as researchers, leaders, practitioners, policy makers, among others. The problem statement of quantitative research has basically the same parts, explanations, requirements and/ or restrictions. ‘Actual Quantitative Studies Done that Showcase all the Parts of the Problem Statement . In this chapter, the different parts of the problem statement are illustrated by actual studies done: 1. Cabbab, Julita. (2010). “The development and validation of a tri-modular instructional program in speech and oral communication for the collegiate level.” 2. Salcedo, Reynaldo. (2013). “Conditional cash transfer. An assessment of pantawid pamilyang Pilipino program's human capital investment toward alleviating poverty.” 3. Quintos, Reyna Carolyn. (2011). “An assessment on the impact of farmto- market road projects in Pola, Oriental Mindoro.” Goles, Alain Marc. (2016). ‘Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines: A causal model.” cet eeenannaen ilA. Illustration of the different parts of the problems statement in Cabbab’s Quantitative Research: Title of the study: “The development and validation of a tri-modular instructional program in speech and oral communication for the collegiate level’. The Introduction: “The standard for professional competence has not changed despite the advancement in information technology. While professional practice emphasizes computer literacy, or an extensive background in technological knowledge, communicative competence is not only an addendum for possible employment, but is now a must for global competitiveness. Never has the need for the fluent, proficient communicator been more in demand. Thus, educational institutions seek to arm their graduates with necessary skills in communication to enable them to survive in the industrial jungle. Because of the deteriorating state of language proficiency of college students, schools should re-examine their curricular programs, particularly in communication, as well as their admission requirements, for tertiary education graduates to meet industry expectations and demands. Statement of the Problem: This paper sought to develop and validate a tri-modular instructional program for Speech and Oral Communication on the collegiate level. It attempted to answer the following questions: + What is the profile of the subjects in terms of © age, © gender and o year level? + What are the results of the needs assessments based on diagnostic tests? + Based on the results of the diagnostic tests, what innovative program may be proposed? + How was the tri-modular program validated using the experimental design? © pre-test of the control and experimental group © pre-test and post- test of the control group © pre-test and post- test of the experimental group © post-test of the control and experimental group + How did the subject matter experts assess the revised tri-modular material in terms of: adherence to course objectives, comprehensiveness of content, manner of presentation , usefulness of the material and relevance of the material? e0000 Practica. Researen 2Assumptions of the Study The studs hests‘wore . pera on the basic assumption that the results of the diagnostic needs. The re: @ subjects’ competency level and their communication search likewise relie : accomplished the questionnaire of na, ae assumption that the subject matter experts Hypothesis of the Study The research intended to ; : test the null hypothesis that the tri-m it " program is beneficial to collegiate students. reeiuags acer Gana The following hypotheses were tested for significance and rejection: Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the pre-test results of the control and experimental groups. Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in the pre-test and post- test of thecontrol group. Hypothesis 3: There is no significant difference in the pre-test and post -test of the experimental group. Hypothesis 4: There is no significant difference in the post- test results of the control and experimental groups. Significance of the Study The primary beneficiaries of the study are the participants who will benefit positively from the program. The program is the answer to the need for more preparation for student advancement in response to the demands of Speech and Oral Communication and consequent enhancement of subject learning. Results of the study will provide the Department of Languages and Literature ofa private college institution the basis for official implementation of the Tri-modular Program for Speech and Oral Communication on the collegiate level. The research will serve as resource data for curriculum makers of the school for relevant programs for effective communication. The study is significant to the private college institution in its being a testimonial to the school's thrust of developing a culture of research. ‘A salient contribution of the study is its impact on the teacher-facilitator’s responsibility and accountability to its students, to the school, and to the teaching profession. This is yet most significant to the researcher from the perspective of academic fulfillment. Scope and Delimitation of the Study A major delimitation of the validation aspect of the paper was its confinement to data gathered in the first semester of school year 2009-2010 with second year college students as subjects. (Chapter 2: Lesson 7 ~ The Written Statement ofthe ProblemB. Illustration of the different parts of the problem statement in Salcedo’s Quantitative Research: Title: Conditional cash transfer: An assessment of pantawid pamilyang Pilipino program's human capital investment toward alleviating poverty by Reynaldo Salcedo (2013). : Introduction: Poverty has been considered a major problem of society since time immemorial. Poverty exists when a person lacks the basic necessities for living such as food, shelter, and other survival needs. Traditional social protection programs have been implemented for years and each government is still searching for a better approach of eradicating poverty. Part of this continuing search, a poverty reduction strategy similar to that of Latin America, which aims at breaking intergenerational transmission through human capital investment, was tested in the Philippine setting, through the 4P’s or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development or DSWD. The main objective of this study is to assess the outcome of the conditional cash transfer program, “Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program” being administered by the government under the DSWD, through human capital investment, towards the greater aim of poverty alleviation that reduces intergenerational transmission of poverty. Statement of the Problem: This study seeks answers to the following questions: 1. What is the demographic profile and awareness level of the respondents’ family beneficiaries? 2. What are the effects of the Conditional Cash Transfer socio-economic program on employment, cash support, entrepreneurial activities, livelihood training, and development of skills to the family beneficiaries’ standard of living? 3. What are the respondents’ perceptions on CCT 4P’s Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program human capital investment on community mothers in terms of human capital accumulation, women empowerment, livelihood, and leadership skills? 4, What are the effects of CCT 4P's human capital investment on child beneficiaries in terms of their education, health and nutrition? Scope and Delimitation This study covers only those families that have benefited from the 4P’s in Jala-Jala, Rizal. rerSignificance of the Study This st ae aceon Mi benefit government policy makers who may use the findings to guide lustifying the feasibility of this program and expanding its coverage 20 that transgenes the findings of this study to strengthen instructional programs, deserving Filipinos. nal poverty will be reduced through Education of the poor but Educators can us Health and Nutrition and nutrition of formes varkers can use the findings of the study to improve the health included in the 4P’s, C. Illustration of the different ; Quantitative Research: rere eee ee Title: aa assessment on the impact of farm-to-market road projects in Pola, riental Mindoro by Reyna Carolyn Quintos(2011). __ Lack of farm-to-market roads has been the major obstacle why people in rural areas fail to engage in income generating activities. Roads connecting local networks are often missing or are in poor condition (Olsoon, 2008), Despite the government's realization of the need to develop this sector, poverty, underdevelopment, and lack of social services continue to be some of the long-standing rural problems the Philippines is facing up to the present (UNESCASP, 2007). As a result, the socio-economic conditions of those people who live in rural areas continue to worsen. As in most of Asia's developing countries and despite rapid urbanization in the past 20 years, poverty in the Philippines is still largely a rural phenomenon. As Balisacan (2008) noted, compared with other countries in Southeast and East Asia, poverty in the Philippines is higher but the reduction is slower, leaving the country behind other neighboring countries. Metro Manila’s poverty being the lowest in the country at only 4%, the scenario’ of what the public sees in media as poor does not depict the total picture of the poor population in the country. In truth, these problems are mostly widespread among those dependent on the agricultural industry which can be seen in most rural areas in the country. The four regions which have the highest incidence are Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Wester Mindanao, Eastern Visayas, and Bicol. These poorest. regions account for about one-third of the country's total number of the poor and their poverty incidence figures in 2006 is estimated four times that of Metro Manila. * Statement of the Problem: This study seeks answers to the following questions: 1 How is infrastructure investment linked to the emerging rural growth of Pola, Oriental Mindoro? : 2. What is the before and the after conditions of the beneficiary respondents of the INFRES Farm-to-Market Road Project in terms of: Chapter 2: Lesson 7 - The Witen Statement ofthe Problemdemographic profile of respondents, income and employment, improved access and perceived benefits of respondents Were the objectives of the INFRES project attained in terms of: increased average monthly income of farmers from P2, 776.00 to P5, 000 by 2010. reduced transportation cost of agriculture produce by 50% and reduced travel time to market centers and improved access conditions to basic government facilities and services. peaoo® s Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study was conducted in six Barangays of Pola, Oriental Mindoro, namely: Barangay Calubasanhon, Barangay Malibago, Barangay Maluanluan, Barangay Pahilahan, Barangay Panikihan, and Barangay Pula. The population considered was limited to those households who were directly affected by the constructed INFRES farm- to-market Road Project The study was concerned with (1) the impact of the constructed INFRES Farm-to- Market Road Project on the respondents; and (2) the relationship between construction of roads and its impact, only in terms of the answered Household Survey Questionnaire and perception of respondents and key officials. The condition of the respondents was to be described also in terms of their demographic profile and other indicators included in the Impact Assessment Household Survey Questionnaire. The study included an evaluation of the economic and social aspect of the beneficiaries before and after the INFRES farm-to-market road project, as well as of the respondents’ demographic profile, income and employment, improved access, and perceived benefits after the INFRES road was constructed. Key Informant Interview was also used to gather data, especially unanswered items in the survey. Significance of the Study The role of multi-ateral development agencies to the development of rural infrastructure is highly recognized by the Philippine government. These organizations have the resources and capability to improve the lives of the rural poor. The findings of the study will provide relevant information to government, decision makers, and program planners for future courses of action. The findings of this study will assure international and local financial donors that their contribution would reach its intended beneficiaries. The findings of this study will likewise be useful for the continuity of the said project and improvement of the quailty of life of its beneficiaries, through better policies, programs, and support for the rural people of Pola, Oriental Mindoro. 46 | Practical Research 2D. Illustration of the different ; : CaETDUaTTS eesret carer Paria of] te paobleme, statement in Gover Title: Perpetuity of family-owned busin u \ess in the Philippines: by Alain Marc Golez (2015) Drastic Introduction Family businesses, whether modest micro-enterprise or giant conglomerates, are complex organizations, given that those involved assume dual roles as family members and as superior, colleagues or subordinates in the organization. The delineation of functions and overlapping of emotions contribute to the management challenge. To address complications in business operations, the family enterprise must be operating based on sound business principles and practices, while at the same time, allowing the family members to meet their needs for employment, identity, and income. Considering the challenges facing family-owned business, worth noting is the contribution of these organizations to the economy. Statement of the Problem: This study seeks answers to the following questions: 1. What extemal factors in the enabling environment influence the family business perpetuity in terms of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal? 2. What internal factors in the enabling environment influence family business perpetuity in terms of succession planning, family stability, stewardship, family constitution, innovation, flexibility, philosophy of commitment, productivity-based management, governance power, and professional education? 3. What causal model best explains the perpetuity of family-owned business using the interplay of the internal and external factors? Scope and Delimitations of the Study The study was limited to family-owned business in the major cities of the Philippines and their respective neighboring areas, namely Davao City, Butuan City, Cagayan de Oro City, lligan City, Malaybalay City, Cebu City, Bacolod City, lloilo City, Makati City, and Quezon City. Republic Act 9501, otherwise known as the Magna Carta for MSME, was used as the reference point for identifying family-owned business owner! member respondents. These respondents were limited only to those whose businesses appeared in the master lists of the Department of Trade and Industry (DT!) as well as of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Family business owners means either of the parents or a son or a daughter has direct say on the business operations. Family members, on the other hand, refer to the respondents who are either sons or daughters or relatives of the family business owners and who are directly part of the business operations: Chapter 2: Lesson 7 ~The Wien Staten ofthe Prien | 47This study further limited its respondents to companies with manpower complement of a’minimum of ten to a maximum of 200. Significance of the Study The following will be benefited by this study: 48 The Government. As micro-enterprises comprise 91.1% of all enterprises operating in the Philippines, generating about six million jobs (NSO, 2000), the economy stands to benefit as these micro-enterprises achieve growth and eventually graduate from small or even medium enterprise and create more jobs and a potentially stronger middle class. Students of Entrepreneurship. This paper attempts to provide students of entrepreneurship a formula, exacted from proven, successful examples of entrepreneurship, wherein one can learn from mistakes of entrepreneurs before them or benchmark with their best practices. The Academicians. This research work can likewise provide meaningful information for professors as they share their knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship. Future Entrepreneurs. This paper can benefit any individual from any demographic profile (age, class, educational background, etc.) who has been inspired to pursue an entrepreneurial venture as he/she seeks a scientific method in dealing with family business concerns. Practica, Research 2