Fibonacci Numbers

Project Report

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 DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-
110042

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I students of B. Tech. (Electronics and Communication) hereby declare

that the project report titled “Fibonacci Numbers” which is submitted
by me to the Department of Mathematics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is
original and not copied from any source without proper citation.

Place: Delhi

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 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road,
Delhi-110042

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the project report titled ‘Fibonacci Numbers” which is
submitted by Delhi Technological University, Delhi in complete fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of the
Bachelor of Technology, is a record of the project work carried out by the students under
my supervision. To the best of my knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or
full for any Degree or Diploma to this University or elsewhere.

Place: Delhi

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 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering) Bawana Road, Delhi-
110042

ABSTRACT

Fibonacci sequence of numbers and the associated "Golden Ratio" are manifested in nature
and in certain works of art. We observe that many of the natural things follow the Fibonacci
sequence. It appears in biological settings such as branching in trees, phyllotaxis (the
arrangement of leaves on a stem), the fruit sprouts of a pineapple, the flowering of an
artichoke, an uncurling fern and the arrangement of a pine cone's bracts etc. At present
Fibonacci numbers plays very important role in coding theory. Fibonacci numbers in different
forms are widely applied in constructing security coding.

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INTRODUCTION
The Fibonacci numbers were first discovered by a man named Leonardo
Pisano. He was known by his nickname, Fibonacci.

Fibonacci Series

The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence in which each term is the sum of the
2 numbers preceding it. The Fibonacci Numbers are defined by the
recursive relation defined by the equations Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2 for all n ≥ 3
where F1 = 1; F2 = 1 where Fn represents the nth Fibonacci number (n is
called an index). The Fibonacci sequence can be written as
{1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233…….}.

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LEONARDO FIBONACCI – ITALIAN MATHEMATICIAN
The 13th Century Italian Leonardo of Pisa, better known by his nickname
Fibonacci, was perhaps the most talented Western mathematician of the
Middle Ages. Little is known of his life except that he was the son of a
customs official and, as a child, he travelled around North Africa with his
father, where he learned about Arabic mathematics. On his return to
Italy, he helped to disseminate this knowledge throughout Europe, thus
setting in motion a rejuvenation in European mathematics, which had
lain largely dormant for centuries during the Dark Ages.

Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) (c.1170-1250)

In particular, in 1202, he wrote a hugely influential book called “Liber

Abaci” (“Book of Calculation”), in which he promoted the use of the
Hindu-Arabic numeral system, describing its many benefits for
merchants and mathematicians alike over the clumsy system
of Roman numerals then in use in Europe. Despite its obvious
advantages, uptake of the system in Europe was slow (this was after all
during the time of the Crusades against Islam, a time in which anything
Arabic was viewed with great suspicion), and Arabic numerals were even
banned in the city of Florence in 1299 on the pretext that they were
easier to falsify than Roman numerals. However, common sense
eventually prevailed and the new system was adopted throughout
Europe by the 15th century, making the Roman system obsolete. The
horizontal bar notation for fractions was also first used in this work
(although following the Arabic practice of placing the fraction to the left
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(although following the Arabic practice of placing the fraction to the left
of the integer).

Fibonacci is best known, though, for his introduction into Europe of

a particular number sequence, which has since become known as
Fibonacci Numbers or the Fibonacci Sequence. He discovered the
sequence – the first recursive number sequence known in Europe – while
considering a practical problem in the “Liber Abaci” involving the growth
of a hypothetical population of rabbits based on idealized assumptions.
He noted that, after each monthly generation, the number of pairs of
rabbits increased from 1 to 2 to 3 to 5 to 8 to 13, etc, and identified how
the sequence progressed by adding the previous two terms (in
mathematical terms, Fn = Fn-1 + Fn-2), a sequence which could in
theory extend indefinitely.

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 The sequence, which had actually been known to Indian mathematicians
since the 6th Century, has many interesting mathematical properties,
and many of the implications and relationships of the sequence were not
discovered until several centuries after Fibonacci’s death. For instance,
the sequence regenerates itself in some surprising ways: every third F-
number is divisible by 2 (F3 = 2), every fourth F-number is divisible by 3
(F4 = 3), every fifth F-number is divisible by 5 (F5 = 5), every sixth F-
number is divisible by 8 (F6 = 8), every seventh F-number is divisible by
13 (F7 = 13), etc. The numbers of the sequence have also been found to
be ubiquitous in nature: among other things, many species of flowering
plants have numbers of petals in the Fibonacci Sequence; the spiral
arrangements of pineapples occur in 5s and 8s, those of pinecones in 8s
and 13s, and the seeds of sunflower heads in 21s, 34s, 55s or even
higher terms in the sequence; etc.

Fibonacci Sequence In Nature

Fibonacci can be found in nature not only in the famous rabbit
experiment, but also in beautiful flowers. On the head of a sunflower and
the seeds are packed in a certain way so that they follow the pattern of
the Fibonacci sequence. This spiral prevents the seed of the sunflower
from crowding themselves out, thus helping them with survival. The
petals of flowers and other plants may also be related to the Fibonacci
sequence in the way that they create new petals.

 Petals on flowers

Probably most of us have never taken the time to examine very carefully
the number or arrangement of petals on a flower. If we were to do so,
we would find that the number of petals on a flower that still has all of its
petals intact and has not lost any for many flowers is a Fibonacci number

• 1 petal: white cally lily

• 3 petals: lily, iris
• 5 petals: buttercup, wild rose, larkspur,
columbine (aquilegia)
• 8 petals: delphiniums 8
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 Pl
ants show the Fibonacci numbers in the arrangements of their leaves.
Three clockwise rotations, passing five leaves two counter clockwise
 Fibonacci spiral

Fibonacci spiral can be found in cauliflower. The Fibonacci numbers can

also be found in Pineapples and Bananas.

Nature isn’t trying to use the Fibonacci

numbers: they are appearing as a by-
product of a deeper physical
The Fibonacci numbers are found in the arrangement of seeds on flower
heads. There are 55 spirals spiraling outwards and 34 spirals spiraling
inwards in most daisy or sunflower Pinecones clearly show the Fibonacci
spirals process.

 Organs of human body

Humans exhibit Fibonacci characteristics. Every human has two hands,

each one of these has five fingers and each finger has three parts
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 Fibonacci in Music
The Fibonacci sequence of numbers and the golden ratio are manifested
in music widely. The numbers are present in the octave, the foundational
unit of melody and harmony. Stradivarius used the golden ratio to make
the greatest string instruments ever created. Howat’s (1983) research on
Debussy’s works shows that the composer used the golden ratio and
Fibonacci numbers to structure his music. The Fibonacci Composition
reveals the inherent aesthetic appeal of this mathematical phenomenon.
Fibonacci numbers harmonize naturally and the exponential growth
which the Fibonacci sequence typically defines in nature is made present
in music by using Fibonacci notes. The intervals between the keys on a
piano of the same scales are Fibonacci numbers

Fibonacci numbers in Pascal’s Triangle

The Fibonacci Numbers are also applied in Pascal’s Triangle. Entry is sum
of the two numbers either side of it, but in the row above. Diagonal sums
in Pascal’s Triangle are the Fibonacci numbers. Fibonacci numbers can
also be found using a formula

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 Applications of Golden ratio

Let’s look at the ratio of each number in The Fibonacci sequence to the
one before it:

Leonardo da Vinci showed that in a

‘perfect man’ there were lots of
measurements that followed the Golden
 The Golden Section

Represented by the Greek letter Phi (∅ ) =1.6180339887.



Let’s look at the ratio of each number in The Fibonacci sequence to the
one before it:

Howat’s( 1983) research on Debussy’s works shows that the composer

used the golden ratio and

Howat’s(
1/1 = 1 1983) research 13/8 on Debussy’s
= 1.625 works shows 144/89
that the =
composer
1.61798
used
2/1 = 2the golden ratio and21/13 = 1.61538 233/144 = 1.61806
3/2 = 1.5 34/21 = 1.61905
The Golden
5/3 = 1.666 ratio is widely used=in 1.61764
55/34 Geometry (Garg et al, 2014). It is the
ratio =
8/5 of 1.6
the side of a regular89/55pentagon to its diagonal. The diagonals cut
= 1.61861
each other with the golden ratio (Stakov1989). Pentagram describes a
star
If wewhich
keep forms
going, parts
we getof an
many flags. This
interesting five-point
number whichsymmetry with
mathematicians
Golden
call “phi”proportions
(Golden Ratiois found in starfish
or Golden which
Ratio). It ishas five arms
denoted by ∅ and the value
of =1.6180339887

lim ¿ F n +1
n→∞ Fn
= 1.618


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 Howat’s( 1983) research on Debussy’s works shows that the composer
used the golden ratio a

Golden section (Gend, 2014) appears in many of the proportions of the

Parthenon in Greece. Front elevation is built on the golden section
(0.618 times as wide as it is tall).

A beautiful example
Take any two consecutive numbers from this series as example 13 and
21 or 34 and 55.
Now smaller number is in miles = the other one in Kilometer or bigger
number is in Kilometers = the smaller
one in Miles (The other way around).
34 Miles = round (54.72) Kilometers = 55 Kilometers
21 Kilometers = round (13.05) Miles = 13 Miles
For distances which are not exact Fibonacci values you can always
proceed by splitting the distance into two or
more Fibonacci values.

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 Howat’s( 1983) research on Debussy’s works shows that the composer
used the golden ratio a
As example, for converting 15 km into miles we can proceed as
following:
15 km = 13 km + 2 km
13 km -> 8 mile
2 km -> 1 mile
15 km -> 8+1 = 9 mile
Another example, for converting 170km into miles we can proceed as:
170 km = 10*17 km
17 km = 13 km + 2 km + 2 km = 8 + 1 + 1 miles = 10 miles
(approximately)
Now, 170 km = 10*10 miles = 100 miles (approximately)
So, either way we can proceed. For bigger numbers we can proceed as
above.

Fibonacci in Coding

Recently Fibonacci sequence and golden ratio are of great interest to the
researchers in many fields of science including high energy physics,
quantum mechanics, Cryptography and Coding. Raghu and Ravishankar
(2015) developed a paper of application classical encryption techniques
for securing data. (Raphael and Sundaram,2012) showed that
communication may be secured by the use of Fibonacci numbers. Similar
application of Fibonacci in Cryptography is described here by a Simple
Illustration.
Suppose that Original Message ”CODE” to be Encrypted. It is sent
through an unsecured channel. Security key
is chosen based on the Fibonacci number. Any one character may be
chosen as a first security key to generate
cipher text and then Fibonacci sequence can be used. Agarwal et al
(2015) used Fibonacci sequence for encryption data.

Howat’s( 1983) research on Debussy’s works shows that the composer

used the golden ratio a
(a) For instance, let the first security key chosen be ‘k’.
Plain Text: C O D E

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 Cipher Text: k l m o
Cipher Text is converted into Unicode symbols and saved in a text file.
The text file is transmitted over the
transmission medium. It is the first level of security.

(b) Cipher text to Unicode

In the second level of security, the ASCII code of each character
obtained from the cipher text plus the ASCII
code of its previous character, and next character is added to the ASCII
code of the equivalent character in the
original message. Here, ASCII codes of four characters are used as a
security key to further encode the
characters available in the cipher text to Unicode symbols.

For instance,

By looking at the symbols in a text file no unknown persons can identify

what it is and the message cannot be retrieved unless the re-trivial
procedure is known. Mukherjee and Samanta (2014) developed a paper
where they used Fibonacci numbers in hiding image cryptography.

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 Decryption method

The Decryption process follows a reverse process of Encryption.

Recipient extracted each symbol from the received text file and mapped
to find its hexadecimal value. Obtained value is converted into a decimal
value to find out the plain text using the key. Without knowledge of the
key an unknown person cannot understand the existence of any secret
message.

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 References

 [Link]
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 Conclusion
The Fibonacci Numbers are nature’s numbering system.
They appear everywhere in Nature, from the leaf
arrangement in plants, to the pattern of the florets of a
flower, the bracts of a pinecone, or the scales of
pineapple. The Fibonacci numbers are thereof applicable to
the growth of every living thing, including a single cell, a
grain of wheat a hive of astonishingly. But very little we
observe the beauty of nature. The Great poet
Rabindranath Tagore also noted this. If we study the
pattern of various natural things minutely we observe that
many of the natural things around us follow the Fibonacci
numbers in real life which creates strange among us. The
study of the nature is very important for learners.

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