Green's Functions Practice Problems
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Bishnu LamichhaneGreen's Functions Practice Problems
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Bishnu Lamichhane- Practice Questions on Green's Functions
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Powered by AIUsing a change of variables in integrals of the form \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2/2s^2} f(x) \, dx \), substituting \( x = ys \) leads to \( s \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-y^2/2} f(ys) \, dy \). As \( s \to 0 \), \( f(ys) \to f(0) \), leading to \( f(0) \times \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-y^2/2} \, dy = f(0) \sqrt{2\pi} \). Similarly, for \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \frac{s}{s^2 + x^2} f(x) dx \), use \( x = su \), \( dx = s \, du \), leading to \( f(0) \pi \) due to the integral of \( \frac{1}{1+u^2} \) over the real line .
The Dirac delta function under scaling transformations \( \delta(ax) = \delta(x)/|a| \) can be shown using the integral \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\delta(ax) dx \). By substituting \( u = ax \), \( du = a \, dx \), we get \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(u/a) \delta(u) |du|/|a| \), which equals \( f(0)/|a| \). Thus, the scaling property \( \delta(ax) = \delta(x)/|a| \) is verified as it does not change the value of the integral when the function \( f \) is sampled at zero .
To show that \( \delta(-x) = \delta(x) \), consider the integral \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\delta(-x) \, dx \). By applying a substitution \( u = -x \), \( du = -dx \), the integral becomes \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(-u)\delta(u) \, (-du) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\delta(x) \, dx \). Since \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x)\delta(x) \, dx = f(0) \), this implies \( \delta(-x) = \delta(x) \).
The method of images applies to solve the Dirichlet problem in the quadrant \( D = \{(x, y) | x > 0, y > 0\} \), effectively by placing imaginary charges outside the region of interest symmetrically to satisfy boundary conditions. It extends the solution through symmetry such that the Green's function reflects properties of the boundary \( G(x, x_0) = G(x, -x_0) = G(-x, x_0) \). This helps create a potential function meeting the zero boundary condition through constructive interference of image sources.
The method of Green's functions involves finding \( G(x, x_0) \) such that \( \Delta G(x, x_0) = \delta(x-x_0) \) inside \( \Omega \), and \( G(x, x_0) = 0 \) on \( \partial \Omega \). For \( \Omega = \{(r, \theta) | r > R, 0 \le \theta < 2\pi\} \), \( G \) can satisfy the exterior domain problem by addressing boundary conditions and exploiting symmetry, reducing the boundary integral form of the solution: \( u(x) = \int_{\Omega} G(x, x') f(x') \, dx' \).
The fundamental solution for the Laplace equation in one dimension is \( u(x) = |x|/2 \). For \( x \neq 0 \), the second derivative \( u''(x) = 0 \). However, evaluating \( \int_{-\epsilon}^{\epsilon} u''(x) \ dx \) using integration by parts, gives \( [u'(x)]_{-\epsilon}^{\epsilon} = u'(-\epsilon) + u'(\epsilon) = 1 \), suggesting a singularity at \( x = 0 \) despite \( u''(x) \) vanishing for non-zero \( x \).
Given \( \Delta \psi = \omega \), where \( \omega = 1 \) for \( \|x\| < a \) and zero otherwise, Green's function method provides \( \psi(x) \) by integrating the effect of \( \omega \) over the region \( \|x\| < a \). Specifically, for the origin, symmetric domain properties simplify the integral representation of \( \psi \), emphasizing the effect within \( \|x\| = a \) due to the rotational symmetry and boundary constraints .
To solve the Dirichlet problem \( \Delta u = 0 \) in the disk \( \Omega = \{(r, \theta)| r < a, 0 \le \theta < 2\pi\} \) with boundary condition \( u(a, \theta) = f(\theta) \), the Green’s function solution is given by \( u(r, \theta) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \frac{a^2 - r^2}{a^2 - 2ar\cos(\theta - \phi) + r^2} f(\phi) d\phi \). This uses the symmetry and boundary constraints of the Green's function to express \( u \) as an integral over the boundary values .