SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS

[Link] M.L.T. (Pathology)

MASTER OF Medical Lab Technology

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 MASTER OF Medical Lab Technology

CONTENTS

Master in Medical Lab Technology (Pathology) M Sc. M.L.T. 1st YEAR

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology

2. Clinical Biochemistry
3. Clinical Pathology
4. Clinical Microbiology

Practical
1. Human Anatomy & Physiology 2. Clinical Biochemistry 3. Clinical Pathology 4. Clinical Microbiology

Master in Medical Lab Technology (Pathology) M Sc. M.L.T.1ST YEAR

1. Physiology & Nutrition
2. Biostatistics & Hospital Management
3. Clinical Hematology
4. Advance Instrumentation &Maintenance

Practical
1. Physiology & Nutrition 2. Clinical Hematology 3. Advance instrumentation & Maintenance

Master in Medical Lab Technology (Pathology) M Sc. M.L.T. 2ND YEAR

1. Lab Management
2. Blood Transfusion & immune hematology
3. His to Pathology
4. Diagnostic Microbiology

Practical

1. Blood Transfusion & Immunohematology [Link] 3. Diagnostic Microbiology

Master in Medical Lab Technology (Pathology) M Sc. M.L.T. 2ND YEAR

1. Basic Cellular Pathology & Allied Technology

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 2. Hematology & Clinical Pathology
3. Anatomy & His to Technology
4. Pathology & cytology Technology

Dissertation (Pathology) & Viva

Practical

1. Hematology & Clinical Pathology 2 Anatomy & His to Technology 3. Pathology &Cytology Technology

[Link]. (MLT) Pathology- scheme and syllabus

Scope and Objective
Post Graduate programme in Medical Laboratory Technology – Pathology gives
Opportunity for specialized study in the field of Laboratory Technology for [Link]. (MLT)
Graduates .Candidates who successfully complete [Link]. (MLT) course may obtain jobs as
Specialized technologist in Pathology or supervisors of clinical laboratories in
Hospitals.
Laboratory scientists in Biomedical and research institutes.
Teachers in training institutes of Medical Laboratory Technology.
Utilize or apply the concepts, theories and principles of laboratory science.
Demonstrate the ability to plan an effect the change in laboratory practice and
Health care delivery system.
Establish collaborative relationship with members of other disciplines.
Demonstrate interest in continued learning and research for personal and
Professional advancement.
Eligibility for admission
(a) Candidates who have passed the [Link].(MLT) degree of any of the Universities
Duration of the programme
Course of study including thesis work shall be for a period of two years.

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• Job Prospects: The Medical Laboratory Technologists/ technician may be assigned to a specialized area
of work in a large medical lab. In small labs, they may perform a variety of tests or all areas of lab work.
They can also work as laboratory manager/ consultant/ supervisor, health care administrator, hospital
outreach coordinator, laboratory information system analyst/ consultant, educational consultant/
coordinator/ director, health and safety officer etc.

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 M Sc. M.L.T (PATHOLOGY)

1st YEAR

PAPER:- 1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Paramedical Course - Masters

Anatomy

Syllabus:

UNIT-1 Introduction: Overview of the structure organization of the human body; anatomical
terminology of positions & locations, planes.

Cell: Cell morphology and diversity; introduction to ultra structure and function of cell
organelles.

Skeletal Muscles: Major skeletal muscles of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen and upper
and lower limbs.

General Osteology: General morphology of bones; structural classification of bones,

development and growth of skeletal tissue and bones.

General Astrology: Structural and functional classification of joints; general morphology of

a synovial joint and associated structures; movements made available by synovial joints.

Detailed Osteology and Astrology Practical: Naming and identification of osteological

features of individual human bones; Bones of Upper limbs – Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus,
Radius, Ulna; Lower limbs – Femur, Hip bones, Sacrum, Tibia, Fibula, Ribs, Sternum
Vertebral Column. Naming, identification and application of classification to the major joints
of the human body; examples of variability in the human skeleton.

UNIT-2 Cardiovascular System: Macroscopic features, function and location of the adult and the
location of major arteries and veins; macroscopic feathers of blood vessels including arteries,
veins and capillaries; morphological features of the cellular components of blood.

Lymphatic System: Macroscopic features, major function and location of the lymphatic
vascular structures, lymph nodes, tonsils and other mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue,
spleen and thymus; microscopic anatomy of lymph nodes.

Nervous System: Macroscopic features and major functions of the brain brief structure,
location & function of cerebrum, cerebellum & brain stem and spinal cord; morphological
features and major function of the contents of the peripheral nervous system and autonomic
nervous system.

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 Respiratory System: Macroscopic features and major functions of the nasal cavity,
paranasal sinuses, pharyns, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and thoracic wall including the
thoracoabdominal diaphragm.

Digestive System: Macroscopic features and major functions of the mouth, salivary glands,
pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver pancreas, biliary system and
peritoneal cavity.

UNIT-3 Urinary System: Macroscopic features, major functions and location of the kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra.

Endocrine System: Macroscopic features, location and basic function of the hypothesis
cerebri, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal glands, pineal gland and organs with a
minor endocrine function.

Male Reproductive System: Macroscopic features, Major functions and location of the
scrotum, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, inguinal canal, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethraj gland and penis.

Female Reproductive System: Macroscopic features, major functions and location of the
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and external genitalia.

Special Senses: Macroscopic features and major functions of the contents of the orbital
cavity, the eyeball, lacrimal apparatus, and ext ernal, middle and internal ear.

UNIT-4 Upper Limb: Relevant osteology; detailed plain radiographic anatomy of skeletally mature
individuals.

Head and Neck: Relevant osteology of the skull and cervical vertebrae; surface anatomy,
lymphatics major blood vessels and nerves of the head and neck; regional anatomy of the
brain and its meninges.

UNIT-5 Histology: macroscopic and microscopic studies of epithelial tissue, general connective
tissue, cartilaginous tissue, bone tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue and the integument;
major functional advantages of each tissue type.

Anatomy Practical:

• Demonstration of bones identification and side determination upper limb-clavicle, scapula,

humerus, radius, ulna, lower limb-femur, Hip bone, Tibia, Fibula, Vertebral Column, Ribs,
Sternum, Sacrum
• Demonstration of heart.
• Demonstration of different parts of respiratory system and normal X-rays- lungs.
• Demonstration of the part of digestive system and normal X-rays- stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, liver.
• Embalming of human cadavers for teaching purposes & social/ funeral embalming.
• Surface anatomy on cadaver.

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 • Demonstration of major vessels of the body-Aorta, subclavian, carotid, brachial, radial, ulnar,
femoral, renal.
• Demonstration of bones & joints of the limb in normal X-ray.
• Demonstration of major muscles of the body-limbs, head & neck.
• Demonstration of other organs—spleen, testis, uterus.
• Histology-General epithelium, connective tissue, gland, bone, cartilage lymphoid tissue
Systemic-Lung, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Pancreas, Liver, Kidney, Pitutary Gland,
Thyroid, Testis, Ovary.

PARAMEDICAL SYLLABUS – PHYSIOLOGY ([Link].)

General Physiology: Cell: Structure and function of a cell, Transport across the cell membrane, Passive Transport:
Diffusion (Simple and Facilitated), Osmosis (Osmotic pressure, Tonicity), Active transport: Primary (Na+K+ ATPase),
Secondary, Carrier type (Uniporters, Symporters, Antiporters), Vesicular (Endocytosis and Exocytosis), Tissues:
Definition and classification (Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous), Body water and body fluids: Distribution
of total body water, Ionic composition of body fluids, Concept of pH and H+ concentration. The Membrane
Potentials: Resting membrane potentials (Genesis & function), Action Potential

Blood: Composition and functions of blood, Hemoglobin (Normal values and time), Blood Cells: RBCs, WBCs,
Platelets (Development, structure and functions), Coagulation of blood and bleeding disorders, Haemophilia,
Purpura, Blood groups (ABO, Rh) Uses, Lymphoid tissues (types) and immunity, Immune system (Natural and
Acquired), Applied: Anaemia (Types), Jaundice, Hemophilia

Gastrointestinal Tract: Organization of structure of GIT, Functions of digestive system, Innervation of GIT (Enteric
Nervous System). Mouth (Oral Cavity): Boundaries, Tongue, Teeth, Composition and functions of saliva,
Mastication (chewing), Swallowing (Deglutition) Stages. Stomach: Structure, Functions of stomach and innervation,
Composition and functions of gastric juice, Regulation of secretion of gastric juice, Gastric motility and emptying.
Pancreas: Structure, Nerve supply, , Composition, functions and regulation of secretion of pancreatic juice. Liver:
Structure, Functions and Liver function tests Bile: Composition, functions and control of secretion. Gall Bladder:
Functions of gall bladder. Small Intestine: Intestine juice, Digestion and movements. Large Intestine: Structure,
movements, absorption and secretion, dietary fibers. Digestion and absorption in GIT: Digestion and absorption of
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Food and nutrition: constituents of a normal diet, Balanced diet, Applied
aspect (Deficiency diseases, Kwashiorkar, Marasmus)

Respiratory System: Structure and functions of respiratory system, Air Passages: Nose and nasal cavity, pharynx,
larynx, tracheobronchial tree, lungs, respiratory membrane, pleura, Properties of gases: Partial Pressure,
composition of dry air, Functions of respiratory system: Lung defense mechanism and pulmonary circulation.
Mechanics of respiration: Mechanism of breathing (Inspiration and Expiration), Alveolar Surface Tension (Actions
of surfactant), Alveolar Ventilation: Dead space (Anatomical and Physiological), Diffusion capacity of lungs (Clinical
Significance), Lung volumes and capacities (Static: Tidal Volume, Residual Volume, Vital Capacity, Total Lung
capacity; Dynamic: FEV1, FEV2, FEV3, Minute/Pulmonary Ventilation, Maximum Voluntary Ventilation). Transport of
gases: Oxygen transport [Carriage of oxygen in blood; Dissolved form & combined with hemoglobin, Carriage of
oxygen in the body; In tissues (At rest and during exercise), In lungs]. Carbon-di-oxide transport [Carriage of
Carbon-di-oxide in blood; In dissolved form, carbamino form (In plasma and RBCs), as bicarbonate, Carriage of

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Carbon-dioxide in lungs], Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve (Shift to right & Shift to left).Regulation of
respiration: Nervous Regulation of respiration [Automatic control via Medullary and Pontine Respiratory centers,
Voluntary control of respiration], Genesis of respiration (Inspiration and Expiration), Factors affecting respiration
[Chemical and non-chemical stimuli],Chemical Regulation of respiration [Peripheral chemoreceptors (Carotid
bodies and Aortic bodies) and Central (Medullary) chemoreceptors ]. Physio clinical aspects: Dyspnea, Apnea,
Hypoxia

Cardiovascular System: General Cardiac chambers (Valves in the heart, Heart sounds, Pacemaker tissue of the
heart), Properties of Cardiac Muscle, Cardiac Cycle, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Circulation: Functions, Pressure
changes in vascular system, Organization and functions of vascular system, Distribution of major vessels in the
body, Lymphatic system, Regulation of cardiovascular system:, Local (Basic Myogenic tone), Systemic: Chemical,
Neural (Autonomic and medullary; Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors) Heart Rate: Definition, Factors affecting
HR and it’s control, Cardiac Output: Definition, Distribution and control, Arterial Blood Pressure: Definition, factors
affecting and regulation

Excretory System: Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary System, Kidney: Structure, Organization and functions of
Glomerulus, Glomerular membrane, Blood supply Functions of kidney: Formation of urine, Regulation of water
balance, Regulation of electrolyte balance, Regulation of acid-base balance, Endocrine functions of kidney, Urinary
Passages: Ureters, Urinary Bladder (Structure and function, Higher control of micturation )

Endocrine System: Definitions, Control (Neural and endocrine), Characteristics of hormones, Pituitary Gland:
Physiological anatomy (Anterior, intermediate and posterior lobe), Anterior Pituitary – Six Hormones (GH, PRL,
TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, Growth Hormone (GH): Control and actions, Applied (Gigantism, Acromegaly, Dwarfism),
Prolactin (PRL): Control and actions of PRL, Posterior Pituitary, ADH (Anti diuretic hormone): Control of ADH
secretion, Actions of ADH, Applied, Oxytocin: Actions and Control of oxytocin secretion, Intermediate lobe of
Pituitary , MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone), Thyroid Gland: Physiological anatomy, Types of hormones (T3
and T4), Regulation of thyroid secretion, Actions of thyroid hormone: Calorigenic , On carbohydrate metabolism,
On lipid metabolism, On growth and development, Effect on nervous system, Applied (Goiter, Hypothyroidism,
Hyperthyroidism), Parathyroid, Calcitonin and Vitamin-D: Role of calcium in metabolic processes, Distribution,
Absorption and fate of calcium in the body, Hormones regulating calcium metabolism (Vitamin-D, PTH, Calcitonin),
Applied (Rickets, Osteomalacia & Adult Rickets, Hyperparathyroidism), Adrenal Cortex: Physiological Anatomy of
adrenal gland, Regulation of glucocorticoid secretion, Actions of glucocorticoids, Cushing’s Syndrome, Mineral
corticoids (Aldosterone, Actions of aldosterone, Regulation of aldosterone secretion, Addison’s Disease), Sex
Hormones, Adrenal Medulla: Physiological Anatomy, Actions of catecholamine’s, Actions (CVS, carbohydrate
metabolism, lipid metabolism, BMR, CNS, Eyes, Urinary bladder, skin), Pancreas: Physiological Anatomy, Glucagon,
Insulin (Actions), Applied (Diabetes Mellitus; Causes, Signs and symptoms), Thymus and Pineal Gland: Thymus:
Functions, immunological role of thymus, Pineal gland: General features, Functions, control

Reproductive System: Physiology of reproduction: Sex determination and sex differentiation, Puberty: Control of
onset and stages, reproductive hormones; Gonadotropin (FSH & LH), Male Reproductive System: Testis: Structure
and functions, Spermatogenesis, Structure of the sperm, Seminal tract and related glands, supporting structure,
seminal fluid (semen), Endocrine functions of testis (Testosterone, Control of testicular activity) Female
Reproductive System, Female reproductive tract: Uterus and related structures, ovaries, ovarian hormones
(Estrogen, Progesterone and Relax in) , Female Sexual Cycle: Changes in the ovaries and uterus (Menstrual cycle),
Vagina and gonadotropin secretion Contraceptive measures

Central Nervous System: Organization and functions of nervous system Brain: Cerebral Hemisphere (Cerebrum),
Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, Hypothalamus Brain stem: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla, Reticular formation, Cerebellum
Spinal Cord: Structure and functions, Ascending (Sensory) tracts, Motor (Descending) tracts Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Peripheral Nervous system, Somatic Nervous System: Spinal nerves, Reflexes, Mono and Polysynaptic reflexes,
Cranial nerves, Autonomic Nervous system (ANS): Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Special Senses: The Smell: Olfactory receptors, Olfactory pathway, Physiology of olfaction, The Taste: Taste
Receptors (Taste buds), Taste Pathway, Physiology of taste The Ear: Physiological Anatomy (External ear, Middle
Ear, Inner ear, Cochlea), Physical Properties of sound, Mechanism of hearing, The Eye: Physiological Anatomy
(Sclera, Choroid, Retina, Crystalline lens, photoreceptors), Visual Pathway, Image forming mechanism of eye, Visual
Acuity, Visual reflexes, Accommodation, Defects of image forming mechanisms, Lacrimal Apparatus (Lacrimal
gland, Lacrimal canaliculi, nasolacrimal duct, tears or Lacrimal fluid)

Skin and Temperature: Structure and function of skin, Temperature Regulation

Practical

Haemoglobinometry

• White Blood Cell count

• Red Blood Cell count
• Determination of Blood Groups
• Leishman’s staining and Differential WBC count
• Determination of packed cell Volume
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]
• Calculation of Blood indices
• Determination of Clotting Time, Bleeding Time

PAPER:- 2 CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Syllabus

1ST YEAR:

1) Cell and Membrane: Basic structure and function of the cell. Structure of the cell membrane.
Functions of the cell membrane Transport through the cell membrane: active, passive,
facilitated. Membrane proteins and functions.

2) Chemistry of Carbohydrates: definition, classification. Isomerism, optical isomerism,

Structural presentation of monosaccharide’s, The various chemical reactions of carbohydrates
and their derivatives. Disaccharides and polysaccharides.

3) Chemistry of Lipids: definition, Classifications, properties , classifications. Fatty acids types

and uses, Glycerides, Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Ecosanides, Steroids, Cholestrol, Lipoproteins,
Amphipathic lipids and lipid bi layer.

4) Chemistry of Amino acids and proteins: definition of amino acids, Classification based on
structure, requirement, metabolic fate, solubility, Physical properties of Amino acids, Chemical
properties of amino acids. iso electric pH. Non standard amino acids.

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Proteins: Definition, Structure, structural classification, Functional classification. Peptide bonds
an structural Motifs in protein such as A helix, B pleated sheets etc, Reactions of proteins such
as denaturation, heat coagulation, salting out, reaction with acids, reactions with alkali,
precipitations by heavy metals, precipitations by organic solvents, precipitation by alkaloid
reagents.

5) Nucleotides and nucleic acids: Nucleotides, Purines and Pyrimidines. Sugars in nucleotides,
DNA structure, Coiling and packaging of DNA, Histones, Genes and chromosomes. RNA types
and structure of RNA.

6)Vitamins: Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins, Uses of Vitamins, Deficiency disorders.

7) Nutrition: Diet, calculation of balanced diet, disorders of protein energy malnutrition.

8) Water and electrolytes, Acid Base balance: ECF, ICF, Intra cellular and extra cellular
electrolytes. Dehydration.
Acidosis, alkalosis, Buffers, Means of maintaining pH.

Practical-Clinical Biochemistry

• Laboratory safety : Fire, chemical, radiation ,handling of biological specimens, waste

• Disposal regulations, workplace hazardous.
• Specimen collection, identification, transport, delivery and preservation.
• Patient preparation for tests.
• Anticoagulants’ and preservatives
• Regulations and precautions regarding transport of biological specimens
• Preparation of high quality water
• pH determination
• Preparation of buffers and determination of pH
• Measurement of radioactivity
• Practical’s related to solvent extraction, Partition coefficient, Dialysis, Concentration,
• Desalting and Ultracentrifugation.
• Calibration of equipments and laboratory wares.
• Familiarization and usage of Colorimetry, specterophotometry, fluorimetry,
• flame photometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy, nephelometry, osmometry,
• Chemiluminesence, ion selective electrodes, flowcytometry.
• Chromatography : - Paper, Thin layer, Gel filteration, Ion exchange, HPLC, GLC,
• Separation of various sugars, amino acids, lipids, drugs toxins etc. Urine amino gram.
• Electrophoresis: - Paper, Agarose gel, Cellulose acetate, PAGE, SDS-PAGE. Separation
• of serum proteins, lipoproteins, haemoglobin, globin chain and isoenzymes
• Tissue homogenization and cell disruption

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 • Cell fractionation methods
• Extraction of glycogen and its estimation
• Extraction of protein and its estimation
• Extraction of lipids and estimation of total lipids, glycolipid, phospholipids and cholesterol.
• Determination of saponification number and iodine number from oils
• Estimation of lacticacid and pyruvic acid
• Qualitative analysis of carbohydrate
• Detection of unknown sugars
• Qualitative analysis of proteins
• Isolation of DNA and RNA
• Estimation of DNA and RNA
• Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA

PAPER:- 3 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Examination of Urine - Routine and Special tests

Examination of Stool - Routine and Special tests
Examination of Sputum - Routine and Special tests
Semen examination - Routine and Special tests
Examination of CSF - Routine and Special tests
Examination of various body fluids-Pleural Fluid, Pericardial Fluid, Synovial
Fluid, Ascetic Fluid
Various methods of detecting HCG levels
Structure and molecular organization of Chromosomes
Identification of human chromosomes
Karyotyping
- Direct chromosome preparation of Bone Marrow cells
- Culture techniques
Banding techniques
Sex Chromatin bodies
Autoradiography of human chromosomes
Chromosome Identification by image analysis and Quantitative cytochemistry
Clinical Manifestations of chromosome disorders

Anemia and other disorders of Erythropoiesis

Disorders of Leucopoiesis
Homeostasis & its investigations
Investigations of Thrombotic tendency
Laboratory control of Anticoagulant , Thrombotic and platelet therapy

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 Collection and handling of Blood
All Routine and special Hematological Investigations
Blood and Bone Marrow preparations
Leucoproliferative disorders with special references to Leukemia
Automation in Hematology
Cytochemistry of Leukemic cells
Amniocentesis
Bone marrow transplantation
Application of different Microscopes
Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Hematology
Immunophenotyping
Flowcytometry
Molecular techniques in Hematology

Practical Clinical Pathology

• Examination of Urine - Routine and Special tests

• Examination of Stool - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of Sputum - Routine and Special tests
• Semen examination - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of CSF - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of various body fluids-Pleural Fluid, Pericardial Fluid, Synovial
• Fluid, Ascetic Fluid
• Various methods of detecting HCG levels
• Structure and molecular organization of Chromosomes
• Identification of human chromosomes
• Karyotyping
• Direct chromosome preparation of Bone Marrow cells
• Culture techniques
• Banding techniques
• Sex Chromatin bodies
• Autoradiography of human chromosomes
• Chromosome Identification by image analysis and Quantitative cytochemistry
• Clinical Manifestations of chromosome disorders
• Organization of Histology Laboratory

PAPER:- 4 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

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CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

THEORY

UNIT I

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. History and Pioneers in microbiology

2. Microscopy
3. Morphology of bacteria and other microorganism
4. Nomenclature and classification of microbes
5. Growth and nutrition of bacteria
6. Sterilization and disinfection
7. Bacterial toxins
8. Bacterial genetics
9. Antibacterial substances used in the treatment of infection and drug resistance in bacteria
10. Bacterial ecology-Normal flora of human body, Hospital environment, Air, Water and Milk
UNIT II

IMMUNOLOGY

1. Normal immune system

2. Innate immunity and acquired immunity
3. Antigens
4. Immunoglobulin
5. Complement
6. Antigen-Antibody reactions
7. Cell mediated immunity & humoral immunity
8. Hypersensitivity
9. Immunodeficiency
10. Auto-immunity

UNIT III

SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY

1. Isolation, description and identification of bacteria

2. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus
3. Streptococcus
4. Neisseria
5. Corynebacterium
6. Bacillus:The Aerobic spore bearing bacilli
7. Clostridium: The anaerobic spore bearing bacilli
8. Enterobacteriaceae

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 9. Vibrios and Campylobacter
10. Haemophilus and Bordetella
11. Brucella
12. Mycobacteria
13. Actinomyces and Nocardia
14. Pseudomonas
15. Spirochaetes
16. Chlamydiae
17. Rickettsiae
18. Mycoplasma & Ureaplasma

UNIT IV
VIROLOGY
1. Classifiacation of viruses
2. Morphology, Virus structure
3. Viral replication
4. Pathogenicity of viruses
5. Bacteriophages
6. Pox viruses
7. Herpes viruses
8. Arboviruses
9. Orthomyxxovirus
10. paramyxoviruses
11. Enteroviruses: Polio &other enteric viruses
12. Hepatitis viruses
13. Rabies viruses
14. Human immunodeficiency viruses

UNIT V
PARASITOLOGY
1. Protozoan parasites of medical importance
Entamoeba, Giardia, Trichomonas, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma,
Pneumocystis Carinii

[Link]: All those medically important helminths belonging to Cestodes, Trematodes and
Nematodes

Cestodes: Diphyllobothrium, Taenia, Echinnococcus, Hymenolepis,

Nematodes: Trichuris, Trichinella, Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Ascaris, Enterobius, Filarial worms,

Dracunculus medinensis, etc.

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UNIT VI

MYCOLOGY

1. The morphology and reproduction in fungi

2. Classification of fungi
3. Opportinistic fungi
4. Superficial mycotic infections
5. Fungi causing subcutaneous mycoses
6. Fungi causing systemic infections
7. Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections
UNIT VII
CLINICAL MICRO BIOLOGY
1. Laboratory diagnosis of Meningitis, Lower respiratory tract infection, Upper respiratory
infection, Genital tract infection.
2. Gastroenteritis
3. Blood stream infection
4. Hospital acquired infection and Biomedical waste management

Practical

SKILLS TO ACQUIRE
BACTERIOLOGY
1. Aseptic practice in Lab and safety precautions
2. Washing and Sterilization of glasswares
3. Care and operation of microscopes viz. Dark ground, Phase contrast and Fluorescent
microscope,(Electron microscope.
4. Operation and maintenance of Autoclave, Hot air oven, Distillation plants, Filters like Sietz
and Membrane and sterility test and Testing of disinfectant-Phenol coefficient test and its
uses.
5. Care and maintenance of common laboratory equipments
6. Collection of specimens for Microbiological investigations
7. Preparations of stains viz. Grams, Alberts, Capsules, Spores, Ziehl Neelsons,etc and
performing of staining
8. Preparation and pouring of media- Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Mac Conkey agar, Sugars,
Kligler iron agar, Robertson’s cooked meat, Lowenstein Jensen, Sabouraud’s
9. Preparation of reagents-Oxidase, Kovac, etc
10. Identification of bacteria of medical importance upto species level(except Anaerobes which
could beupto generic level)
11. Preparation of antibiotics discs: performance of Kirby Bauer, Stokes, etc
12. Disposal of contaminated materials
13. Quality control of media, reagents, etc.
14. Techniques for Anaerobiosis

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 IMMUNOLOGY
1. Collection and preservation of serum.
2. Performance of common serological test
3. Immuno electrophoresis
4. ELISA
5. CD4
6. Skin test - Montoux test

MYCOLOGY
1. Collection and processing of clinical specimens for fungi.
2. Special techniques like Wood lamp examination, hair baiting techniques, slide cultures.
3. Stoke cultures maintenance

PARASITOLOGY
1. Examination of faeces for ova and cysts: Direct and Concentration method.
2. Egg counting techniques.
3. Examination of peripheral blood, Urine, CSF, and other fluids for parasites.
4. Permanent staining technique for parasites.

VIROLOGY
1. Preparation and identification of CPE in various tissue cultures.
2. Serological test for viral infections
3. Handling of experiment animals and collection of various samples for evidence of viral
infections in animals.
1. Laboratory diagnosis of AIDS
2. Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis
3. Laboratory diagnosis of Dengue
4. Safety measures

1ST. YEAR
PAPER:-5 PHYSIOLOGY & NUTRITION

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Unit-I
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and nucleic acids. Physiology and biochemistry
of respiration. Detoxification mechanisms generally taking place in human body. Body fluids.

Unit-II
Blood clotting, extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Anticoagulants. Clot refracts. Acid base balance. Muscle
contraction and relaxation sliding filament theory. Biochemical changes taking place after death of the
animal.

Unit-III
Sources, functions and importance of macro and micro minerals. Balanced diets. Nutritional disorder
namely obesity, ketosis, starvations, malnutrition and deficiency diseases.

Unit-IV
Specific dynamic effect, BMR, BMI and energy intake. Major in born errors of protein, fat and
carbohydrate metabolism. Intrinsic disorders of red cells hemoglobin and porphyrins.

Unit-V
Gout and genetic defects in urate metabolism. Methods employed usually in protein quality evaluation.
Nutritional experiments commonly done on laboratory animals. Recent advance techniques used in
human nutrition studies.

Practical Physiology & Nutrition

• Bleeding disorders – PT, APTT, TT, Fibrinogen

• Estimation of Calcium , Phosphorus, Magnesium, Manganese, Sodium , Potassium,
• Chloride, Iron , Copper, Iodine, Zinc, Protein hbound iodine
• Agglutination reaction, Precipitation reaction, Immunodiffusion, Double diffusion
• technique, Immuno electrophoresis, Immunofixation, Migration inhibition factor, ELISA,
• Nephelometric immunoassays, Chemiluminesence immunoassays, Immunofluorescence,
• Western blotting and identification of blot by ELISA technique.
• Preparation of antisera and its standardization.

PAPER :- 6 BIOSTATISTICS & HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT

Unit-I

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Bio-statistics

Introduction and some basic concepts, Sample and Population, Collection, classification and
presentation of data, Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode), Measures of Dispersion—
Average Deviation, Standard deviation, Binomial, poison and Normal Distribution, skewness and kurtosis
, Tests of significance, Correlation , Regression , test , t and p test

Statistical definitions. Random sampling. Testing of hypothesis. Statistical tools for collection,
presentation and analysis of data relating to causes and incidence o diseases. Measures of variation.
Frequency distribution.

Unit-II

Concept of probability. Laws of probability. Probability distribution. Binomial, normal and chi-square
distribution commonly used procedures of test of significance and estimation. Correlation and
regression. Test of significance namely Z test, T test, Chi square test, F test. Analysis of variance.

Unit-III
Research statistics pertaining to medical laboratory technology and testing the efficacy of
manufacturing drugs medicines and injections or curbing and controlling specific diseases. Statistical
analysis of instrumental data and comparison of various biological techniques used in hospitals.

1 Types of Research:

• Basic or fundamental
• Applied
• Clinical Experimental

2 Qualification in Research Methodology

• Open trials – Bias and safeguards against it.

• Double blind, Triple blind studies

Cross over methods

3 Objectivity in Research Methodology

• Instrumental quantification, rationales and fallacies

• Reproducibility
• Scoring methods – Safeguards against subjective bias.

Records, Protocols and analysis

17
4 Special areas of research

• Clinical
• Experimental
• Histological & morphological
• Histochemical
• Genetic
• Epidemiologic studies
Unit-IV
Health care – an overview. Functions of hospital administration, Modern techniques in hospital
management. Challenges and strategies of hospital management. Administrative functions – planning,
organizing, staffing, leading and controlling organizational structure, motivation and leadership.
Designing health care organization.

Unit-V
Medical record. House-keeping services. Laboratory performance. Management of biomedical waste.
Total patient care – indoor and outdoor. Nursing and ambulance resources. Evaluation of hospital.
services Quality assurance. Record reviews and medical audit.

Recommended Books :
Methods in Bio-Statistics for medical students, Mahajan, B.K., Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New
Delhi.

PAPER:- 7 CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY

1. Red Blood Cells :

a. Normal morphology count
b. Isolation from whole blood & count
c. Effect on count & morphology of physiochemical parameters & the diseased state
d. Red cell anomalies & their relevance w.r.t. normal & diseased state

2. Blood Transfusion :
a. Pre-requisitement & the complication of mis-matched transfusion.
b. Methods of blood matching

3. White blood cells & platelets;-

a. Morphology count & methods of isolation
b. Effect on count & morphology of cell by the physiochemical parameters, diseased. State &
the relevance of condition of the diseases

18
1. Anaemia’s :

a. Definition (in general) & courses

b. Types of anemia & their classification
c. Physiochemical, characteristic features & eterology of a plastic anemia, hemolytic,
megaloblastic
d. Clinical features & diagnosis

5. Leukaemia
a. Definition (in general) & heir etrology
b. Classification of leukaemia
c. FAB classification
d. Etiologies, physiochemical features of different type o leukaeia,s with reference to clinical
states
e. Diagnosis of different types of leukaemias

6. Coagulation studies;
a. General pathway (intrinsic & extrinsic)
b. Properties (physiochemical) mode of action of coagulation factors
c. Platelet studies, platelet function tests (for different Coagulation factors) > Effect of
promoters & inhibitors at diff steps in coagulation, their solution & mode of action.
d. Diseases associated with coagulation disorders, their etrology & characteristics features.

7. Red Cell mass studies’

a. Chemical method & radioactive methods
b. Red Cell function studies

Anaemia and other disorders of Erythropoiesis

Disorders of Leucopoiesis
Haemostasis & its investigations
Investigations of Thrombotic tendency
Laboratory control of Anticoagulant , Thrombotic and platelet therapy
Collection and handling of Blood
All Routine and special Haematological Investigations
Blood and Bone Marrow preparations
Leucoproliferative disorders with special references to Leukaemias
Automation in Haemtology
Cytochemistry of Leukaemic cells
Amniocentesis
Bone marrow transplantation
Application of different Microscopes
Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Haematology
Immunophenotyping
19
 Flowcytometry
Molecular techniques in Haematology

Practical- Clinical Hematology

• Haemopoiesis
• Anaemia and other disorders of Erythropoiesis
• Disorders of Leucopoiesis
• Haemostasis & its investigations
• Investigations of Thrombotic tendency
• Laboratory control of Anticoagulant , Thrombotic and platelet therapy
• Collection and handling of Blood
• All Routine and special Haematological Investigations
• Blood and Bone Marrow preparations
• Leucoproliferative disorders with special references to Leukaemias
• Automation in Haemtology
• Cytochemistry of Leukaemic cells
• Amniocentesis
• Bone marrow transplantation
• Application of different Microscopes
• Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Haematology
• Immunophenotyping
• Flowcytometry
• Molecular techniques in Haematology

Paper:- 8 ADVANCE INSTRUMENTATION & MAINTENANCE

Unit-I
Spectroscopy: Interaction of radiation wit matter, emission of radiation. Bear-Lambert relationship,
components of a spectrophotometer. UV and vis spectrophotometer. Fluor metric methods, atomic
absorption spectroscopy. Application of different spectroscopic techniques.

Unit-II
Principles of adsorption and partition chromatography. Absorption chromatography, liquid
chromatography, Gas liquid chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography, Affinity chromatography
and high pressure liquid chromatography. Application of chromatographic techniques in biology.

Unit-III
Dialysis, electrophoresis, immune electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, capillary
electrophoresis. Application of electrophoresis in biology. Blot techniques – southern and northern
techniques.

20
Unit-IV
Centrifugation Preparative and analytical centrifuge, sedimentation analysis. Zonal and equilibrium
density gradient. Ultracentrifuge. Light, phase contract, fluorescene and electron microscopy. Flame
photometry. Analyzers.

Unit-V
Radioisotopes, nature of radioactivity, type of radioactivity, radioactive decay. Units of radioactivity.
Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Knowledge of proportional scintillation and gamma
counters. Autoradiography. Biochemical uses of radio isotopes.

Unit VI INSTRUMENTATION
1. Separation of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
2. Separation of isoenzymes, lipoproteins by PAGE
3. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
4. Separation of amino acids & or carbohydrates by TLC
5. Determination of effect of inhibitor on Km & Vmax values
6. Estimation of proteins by Bradford`s method
7. estimation of proteins by Folin-Lowry's method
8. Scanning of absorpti on spectra of color formed in biochemical assay on single beam spectrophotometer.

Practical
• Estimation of biochemistry parameter using Autoanilizer, Semiautoanalyzer
• Scanning of absorption spectra of any amino acid on double beam spectrophotometer
• determination of Na+ & K+ in blood serum using flame photometer
• Determination of pH of blood and arterial blood gas analysis.
• Estimation of various minerals using Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).
• Estimation of various hormones, tumor markers by using Chemiluminescence (CLIA)
AND ELISA method.

Recommended Books:

1. Biologist, S Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry, K. Wilson and K.H.
Goulding, ELBS edition.
2. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, K. Wilson and J. Walker,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Sawhney, S.K. Singh, R. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

21
 2ND YEAR
PAPER :- 1 LAB MANAGEMENT

Unit 1 Pathological clinics

Ethics of the pathological clinics

Unit II Pathology laboratory,

Organization to a pathology laboratory under board of quality control.

22
Unit III Development

Personality development and patient relationship.

Unit IV Reports writing

Pathology reports writing

Unit V: Computer application

Computer application in pathological clinics.

Unit VI : Accountancy

Accountancy in clinical pathology

Unit VIII Operation ethics

Introduction Operation ethics

Unit IX : Social ethics

Introduction techniques Social ethics of pathology

Unit X: Instruments

Proper handling to instruments

Unit XI: Administration of Laborites

Unit XII: Operation Hazardous compound

Chemical solvent poisons isotopes, explosives and Biological strains

Pathological clinics

E Ethics of the pathological clinics

Organization of a pathology laboratory under board of quality control

Personality development and patient relationship
Pathology reports writing
Computer application in pathological clinics
Accountancy in clinical pathology
Hospital Management
Operation ethics

23
Social ethics of pathology
Proper handling of instruments

Laboratory management and use of computer in laboratory.

Laboratory safety, Personal management, Record keeping, Data analysis. Applications of

computer in laboratory. Workload analysis
Finance: Budgeting, operational expenses, cost accounting, justification of budget.
Principles, Application and maintenance of Auto analyzers, Blood gas analyzers, Electrolyte
analyzer, Chemiluminescence.
Reference Book
1. Clinical Lab Management by Williams & Wilkins

PAPER :-2 Blood Transfusions & IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

Unit I Reception, labeling and recording of laboratory investigations

Cleaning of glassware, pipettes, E.S.R. tubes and counting chambers
Preparation of capillary pipette, distilled water, reagents, buffers
Unit II Collection of blood, preparation of blood smear, staining of blood and bone marrow smears.
Unit III Measurement of hemoglobin, counting of leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets and reticulocytes.
Recognition of blood cells in peripheral blood smears
Unit IV Determination of haematocrite and E.S.R., preparation of haemolysate and determination of alkali resistant
hemoglobin, paper electrophoresis of hemoglobin.
Test for sickle celling, bleeding time, coagulation time, prothrombin time, and kaolin cephalin clotting time.
Unit V Abo blood grouping and Rh typing
Performance of direct and indirect coombs test, red cell agglutination test (screening Paul bunnel test).
Unit VI Preparation for the demonstration of L.E. Cell phenomenon.
Unit VII Blood donor selection & screening
Blood collection and preservation, principal of clearing and preparing transfusion bottle and tubing sets – preparation and
composition of anticoagulant – preservative solutions.
Unit VIII Transfusion reaction and their investigations

Immunohematology

1 Blood & blood group antigens: General characteristics of ABO, Lewis, Rh, Mn & Xg antigens.
Leucocyte & platelet & is antigens. Blood ransfusion, Erythroblast sis fetails.

24
 2 Molecular structure of hemoglobin. Genetic significance of Hemoglobin, structural variation
, chemical & biochemical characteristics of Hemoglobin biosynthesis.
1. Blood Grouping
• Introduction
• Human Blood Group system
• ABO Subgroups
• Red Cell Antigen
• Natural Antibodies
• Rh. System
• Rh. Antigens & Rh Antibodies
• Hemolytic Diseases of New born & Prevention
• Principal of Blood grouping, antigen-antibody reaction.
• Agglutination, Haemag glutination, Condition required for antigen antibody reaction
• Blood grouping techniques-Cell grouping, Serum grouping
• Method for ABO grouping Slid & Tube Method Cell grouping Serum grouping Rh grouping by
slide & tube method
• Difficulties in ABO grouping
• Rouleaux formation how it interfere with Blood grouping
• Auto agglutinins.
• Antiserum used in ABO test procedures, Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-AB Antiserum
• Inheritance of the Blood groups;
• Control A & B Cells preparation Auto Control
• Medical applications of Blood groups
2. Blood Transfusion
• Principal & Practice of blood Transfusion
• Blood Transfusion service at District Level
• Guide lines for the use of Blood Appropriate use of Blood Quality Assurance
• Antilogous Blood Transfusion practices.
• Objectives of Quality Assurance in Blood Transfusion services, Standard operating procedures for
usage, donation & storage of blood screening of donor compatibility testing, safety procurement of
supplies.
3. Blood Donation
• Introduction
• Blood donor requirements
• Criteria for selection & rejection
• Medical history & personal details
• Self-exclusion
• Health checks before donating blood
• Screening for TTI
4. Blood Collection
• Blood collections packs
• Anticoagulants

25
 • Taking & giving sets in Blood transfusion
• Techniques of collecting blood from a doctor
• Instructions given to the donor after blood donation
• Adverse donor reaction
5. Testing Donor Blood
• Screening donor’s blood for infectious agents –HIV, HCV, HBV, Trepanoma palladium,
Plasmodium HTLV.
• Bacterially contaminated Blood
6. Blood Donor Records
• Blood donation record book
• Recording results.
• Blood donor card
7. Storage & Transport
• Storage of blood
• Changes in blood after storage
• Gas refrigerator
• Lay out of a blood bank ref refrigerator
• Transportation
8. Maintenance of Blood Bank Records
• Blood bank temperature sheet
• Blood bank stock sheet
• Blood transfusion request form.
9. Compatibility Testing
• Purpose
• Single tube compatibility techniques using AHG reagent
• Emergency compatibility testing
• Difficulties in cross matching
• Labeling & Issuing cross-matched blood

10. Blood Components

• Collection of blood components of fractional transfusion
• Platelets packed Red Cell Platelet rich Plasma, Platelets concentrate
• Preparation of concentrated (packed) Red Cells
• Techniques of preparation.
11. Blood Transfusion Reaction
• Investigation of a Transfusion reaction
• Hemolytic transfusion reaction
• Actions to take when transfusion reaction occurs.

Practical Blood Transfusion

• Blood Bank Administration

a) Record Keeping

26
 b) Computerization in blood transfusion services.
c) Blood grouping ABO
d) PH typing various techniques.
• Cross Matching
a) Tube test
b) Slide Test
c) DU Test
d) Sub Grouping Test
• Coomb’s Test
a) Direct comb’s test
b) Indirect comb’s test
• Compatibility testing for blood transfusion cross matching test.
a) 5% cell suspension and 10% cell suspensions.
b) HIV and AIDS demonstration
• Haemopoiesis
• Anaemia and other disorders of Erythropoiesis
• Disorders of Leucopoiesis
• Haemostasis & its investigations
• Investigations of Thrombotic tendency
• Laboratory control of Anticoagulant , Thrombotic and platelet therapy
• Collection and handling of Blood
• All Routine and special Haematological Investigations
• Blood and Bone Marrow preparations
• Leucoproliferative disorders with special references to Leukaemias
• Automation in Haemtology
• Cytochemistry of Leukaemic cells
• Amniocentesis
• Bone marrow transplantation
• Application of different Microscopes
• Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Haematology
• Immunophenotyping
• Flowcytometry
• Molecular techniques in Haematology

PRACTICAL

1. Basic Hematological Techniques, Characteristic of good technician, Preparation of specimen

collection material, Lab. Request from, Basic steps for drawing a blood specimen by vein puncture.
Complication of vein puncture, Patient after care, Specimen rejectin criteria for blood specimen,
Hemolytic of blood, Blood collection by skin puncture (Capillary Blood), Arterial puncture,
Deciding specimen types and selection of , Anticoagulant-EDTA, Citrate, Oxalate, Heparin,
sodium fluoride., Separation of serum, Separation of plasma, Changes in blood on keeping,
Maintenance of specimen identification, Transport of the specimen, Effect of storage on Blood
Cell Morphology, Universal precautions.

27
 2. 24 Basic requirements for hematology laboratory
3. Glassware’s for Hematology
4. Equipments for Hematology
5. Anticoagulant vial preparation
6. Complete Blood Counts
7. Determination of Hemoglobin
8. TRBC Count by Hemocytometers
9. TLC by Hemocytometer
10. Differential Leukocyte count
11. Determination of Platelet Count.
12. Determination of ESR by win robes
13. Determination of ESR by Wintergreen’s Method
14. Determination of PCV by Wintrobes
15. Erythrocyte Indices-MCV, MCH MCHC
16. Reticulocyte Count
17. Absolute Eosinophil Count
18. Morphology of Red Blood Cells
19. Blood grouping & Cross Matching
20. Reserves grouping
21. Antigloubintest
22. Rh. Typing
23. Donor Blood Connection Techniques

24 .Laboratory in Good Criteria for Save Blood Collection, Quality control in Blood Banks. Risk
assessment for AIDS and Serum hepatitis.

24. Basic knowledge of disease transmissible disease example HIV, Sera rum hepatitis B and C,
VDRL, and Malariya

Paper:- 3. Histopathology
Introduction to Histology, the cell, cell Organelles, nucleus, cell division, tissues, fresh & fixed tissues.
Different types of Embedding Viz. Wax, Resin, and Cryostat etc. Basic Cytology

Theory of Histopathology Reception of specimens, Histopathology of Tumor cell,

Histopathology of Liver Kidney Adrenal Ovary Testis.

28
Fixation of tissue, different kind of fixatives, sample fixative, compound fixative, formaldehyde,
mercuric chloride, osmium, Picric acid, alcohols, other acids, formalin, buffered formalin, osmic acid,
zenleer soln, he; ly’s soln, cytological fixatives, nuclear fixatives, fixation of smear etc., decalcification,
method of decalcification, assessment of decalcification, soln for decalcification.

Processing of tissue, dehydration, impregnation in the wax, manual and automatic tissue processor,
gelatin embedding, celloidin embedding, double embedding, cytological fixatives, preparation of
different smears, vaginal, sputum, membrane.

Microtome, instrument, principle, use in section cutting, parts and working of commonly used
microtome, different kinds of microtome, rotary, base sledge, sliding, law temperature microtome,
cryostat, microtome knives, homing and stropping knives.

Section cutting o paraffin sections, section preparation from frozen sections, fixing of tissue to slide,
preparation of celloidin section and fixation. Staining techniques, natural dyes, synthetic dyes, basic and
acidic dyes, haematoxylin staining, Pap, flicker & Conn, methanamine silver nitrate, ziehl neelsen’s stain,
propylene glycol sudan technique, papanicolaou, harn’s alum, Haematoxylin, acridine orange technique.

Unit I: Handling of fresh histological specimen (tissues)cryo/frozen sections of fresh and fixed tissues freeze drying
Lipids identification and demonstration
Micro organisms in tissues various staining technique for their demonstration and identification
Nucleic acids DNA and RNA special stains and procedures
Cytoplasm constituents and their demonstration
Cervical cytology basis of detection of malignant and premalignant lesions
Hermoral assessment with cytologic techniques and sex chroatis and pregnancy tests
Cells and organs of immune system
Immunoglobulin’s antibodies and humoral immune response
Allergy
Rheumatological diseases and investigations.

Unit II Method of preparing stains

Method of preparing stains & Fixatives. Theory of Tissue processing and embedding, Theory of H & E staining.

Unit III Use Microtome Tissues section

Introduction, cutting Embedding and preparation of blocks Fixation of Tissue with DPX mount Theory of frozen
section preparation.
Unit IV Preparation of smear
Preparation of smear for Fine needle aspiration cytology Pap’s smear theory and identification of cells in a normal
vaginal smear.

29
Unit V Stool examination
Normal abnormal constituent. Normal and abnormal constituent of Urine, Normal and abnormal constituent of
amniotic fluid Normal and abnormal constituent of Semem analysis.

Equipment used in histopathology, their merits and demerits and care to be taken:
a. Tissue processor
b. Microtome
c. Knife sharpener
d. Automatic slide strainer
e. Knives
f. Freezing microtome cryostat
g. Hot plate
h. Water bath

4. Decalfication-method, advantage and disadvantage of each method.

5. Frozen section and Cryostat techniques, staining and mounting technique morbid anatomy
6. Tissue processing-fixation Dehydrate, clearing impregnation in paraffin. Making of paraffin block and
section cutting errors in section cutting and there correction.
7. Preparation of different types special stains. Histo-chemical and Cyto-chemical techniques Immune
Cytochemical staining.

Practical
• Organisation of Histology Laboratory
• Histological equipments
• Reception and recording of tissue specimen
• Tissue processing and Microtomy including frozen
• Theory of staining
• Preparation and quality control of all routine and special stains used in istopathology
• All staining techniques and their interpretation
• Immunohistochemistry
• Molecular markers of malignant neoplasms
• Molecular techniques
• Immunofluorescent techniques
• Enzyme histochemistry
• Museum techniques
• Autopsy Techniques
• Automation in Histological Techniques
• Histopathology, Reception of specimens, Histopathology of Tumor cell
• Histopathology of Liver, Kidney, Adrenal, Ovary, Testies
• Method of preparing stains & Fixatives.
• Use of Microtome, Tissue section cutting
• Embedding and preparation of blocks
• Fixation of Tissue with DPX mount
• Reception and recording of tissue specimen
• Tissue processing and Microtomy including frozen
• Theory of staining
• Preparation and quality control of all routine and special stains used in

30
 Histopathology
• All staining techniques and their interpretation
• Immunohistochemistry
• Molecular markers of malignant neoplasms
• Molecular techniques
• Immunofluorescent techniques
• Enzyme histochemistry
• Museum techniques
• Autopsy Techniques
• Automation in Histological Techniques

Paper :-4. Diagnostics Microbiology

Diagnostic Bacteriology
Epidemiology of bacterial infections, Guidelines for the collection, Transport, Processing
analysis, isolation of bacterial pathogens and reporting of cultures from specimens for
bacterial infections
Bacterial infections of respiratory tract.
Bacterial infections of gastro intestinal tract and food poisoning.
Bacterial urinary tract infections.
Bacterial infections of genital tract and reproductive organs.
Bacterial infections of central nervous system.
Skin and soft tissue infections.
Bone and joint infections
Eye ear and sinus infections
Cardiovascular infections
Tissue samples for culture
Anaerobic infections
Zoonotic infections.
Infections associated with immunodeficiency and immune suppression
Pyrexia of unknown origin.
Bacterial immuno serology
Enteric fever
Streptococal infections
Syphilis
Rickettsial infections
B rucellosis
Primary atypical pneumonia
New rapid serological diagnostic methods for bacterial infections.
Antibiotics in laboratory Medicine
Antibiotics and mechanism of action
MIC&MBC

31
Invitro susceptibility tests-Different methods
Rapid methods of antibiotic susceptibility tests
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms
Detection of methicillin resistant staphylococci
Diagnostic parasitoloy
Systematic study of following parasites (Geographical distribution, habitat, morphology
and life cycle, risk of infection, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis prophylaxis and
serological diagnosis)
Protozoa – Intestinal amoeba, free living pathologic amoeba, giardia,
trichomonas, balantidium, isospora, cryptosporidium, microspora,cyclospora
Plasmodia, leishmania, trypanasoma, toxoplasma, babesia.
Helminthes –
Cestodes – Taenia, Echinococus,
Diphylobothrium,Hymenolepsis,Multiceps
Trematodes- Schistosoma, Fasciola, Fasciolepsis,
Paragonimus,Clonorchis,Opisthorchis.
Nematodes- Ascaris, Hookworm, Trichuris, Enterobius, Strongyloides,
Filaria, Trichinella, Toxocara, Dracunculus
Biological vectors
Mycology
General Mycology – Fungus – Classification
Fungal Structure & Morphology, Reproduction in fungi, Immunity to Fungal Infections.
Culture Media in Mycology , Stains in Mycology.
Normal fungal flora of human beings
Diagnostic Mycology
Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections.
Specimen collection, preservation, Transportation & Identification of Mycological Agent.
Biochemical tests for fungal identification
Anti fungal agents, invitro tests.
Serological tests for mycotic infections.
Use of laboratory animals in Mycology.

Practical

Diagnostic Microbiology
• Isolation, Characterization and identification of pathogens from various clinical
• specimens.
• Study of antibiotic sensitivity of common pathogens
• Common serological tests for the diagnosis of bacterial infections.
• Collection & transport of specimens
• Examination of stool for parasites.
• Examination of blood & bone marrow for parasites.
• Examination of other body fluids & biopsy specimens for parasites.
• Culture techniques for parasites.
• Serological diagnostic methods , skin test
• Collection & transport of specimens
• Examination of stool for parasites.
• Examination of blood & bone marrow for parasites.

32
 • Examination of other body fluids & biopsy specimens for parasites.
• Culture techniques for parasites.
• Serological diagnostic methods , skin tests.

Diagnostic Mycology
• Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections.
• Specimen collection, preservation, Transportation & Identification of Mycological Agent.
• Biochemical tests for fungal identification
• Anti fungal agents, invitro tests.
• Serological tests for mycotic infections.
• Use of laboratory animals in Mycology.
• Typing of fungi
• Preparation of fungal antigens & their standardisation
• Media & Stains preparation for Mycology, Diagnostic Methods in Mycotic Infections,
• Identification test in Mycology, Serological tests in Mycology Skin tests.
• Animal inoculation techniques

2ND YEAR
Paper :- 5 Basic Cellular Pathology & Allied Technology
Unit I Study of body tissues:-Epithelial tissues connective tissue including bone and cartilage
muscular tissue
Unit II Study of various system:- Circulatory system, alimentary system, digestive system
including liver, pancreas and gall bladder, Respiratory system
Unit III Microscopy-Working principle, maintenance and applications of various types of
microscopes Dark ground microscope polarizing microscope phase contrast microscope
Interference microscope U.V. light microscope micrometry
Unit IV Metachromasis and Met achromatic dyes
Haematoxylin stain, its importance in histology
Unit V Stains cytological preparation with special emphasis on MGG, PAPANTICOLOU stains
Unit VI Special stains like PAS, Mucicarmine, Alcain blue, Schmorl, Acid phosphatase
Unit VII Study of body tissues-Nervous tissue glands epithelial and endocrine.
Unit VIII Study of body tissues-Nervous tissue glands epithelial and endocrine.
33
Unit IX Study of various systems-urinary systems system of endocrine glands reproductive system,
nerve endings and organs of special senses.
Unit X Carbohydrates and amyloid-special staisn and procedures
Unit XI Connective tissues, trichrome staining and other special stains for muscle fibbers elastic
and reticule fibbers and collages fibers.
Unit XII Principles of metal impregnation technique. Demonstration and identification of
mineral and pigments.
Cytological screening and quality control in cytology laboratory.
No practical examination

Paper:- 6 HEMATOLOGY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

1 Red Blood Cells :
a. Normal morphology count
b. Isolation from whole blood & count
c. Effect on count & morophology of physiochemical parameters & the diseased state
d. Red cell anomalies & their relevance w.r.t normal & diseased state
2 Blood Transfusion :
a. Pre-requisitement & the complication of mis-matched transfusion
b. Methods of blood matching
3 White blood cells & platelets;-
a. Morphology count & methods of isolation
b. Effect on count & morophology of cell by the physiochemical parameters ,
diseased . State & the relevance of condition of the diseases
4 Anaemia’s, :
a. Definaation ( in general ) & courses
b. Types of anaemia & their classification
c. Physiochemical , characteristic features & eterology of a plastic anaemia,

34
haemoloytic,megaloblastic
d. linical features & diagonosis
5 Leukaemia
a. Definition (in general ) & their etrology
b. Classification of leukaemia
c. FAB classification
d. Etiologies ,physiochemical features of different Type of leukaeia,s with reference to
Clinical states
e. Diagonosis of different types of leukaemias
6 Coagulation studies ;
General pathways ( intrinsic & extrinsic ) b. Properties ( physiochemical ) mode of action of
coagulation factors
c. Platelet studies ,platelet function tests ( for different Coagulation factors ) > Effect
of promoters & inhibitors at diff steps in coaguation,their solution & mode of
Action
d. Diseases associated with coagulation disorders, their etrology & characteristics
Features.
7 Red Cell mass studies ;
a. Chemical method & radioactive methods
b. Red Cell function studies

Haemopoiesis
 Anaemia and other disorders of Erythropoiesis
 Disorders of Leucopoiesis
 Haemostasis & its investigations
 Investigations of Thrombotic tendency
 Laboratory control of Anticoagulant , Thrombotic and platelet therapy
 ollection and handling of Blood
 All Routine and special Haematological Investigations
 Blood and Bone Marrow preparations
 Leucoproliferative disorders with special references to Leukaemias
 Automation in Haemtology
 Cytochemistry of Leukaemic cells
 Amniocentesis
 Bone marrow transplantation
 Application of different Microscopes
 Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Haematology
 Immunophenotyping
 Flowcytometry
 Molecular techniques in Haematology
 Examination of Urine - Routine and Special tests
 Examination of Stool - Routine and Special tests
 Examination of Sputum - Routine and Special tests
 Semen examination - Routine and Special tests
 Examination of CSF - Routine and Special tests
 Examination of various body fluids-Pleural Fluid, Pericardial Fluid, Synovial
 uid, Ascetic Fluid
 Various methods of detecting HCG levels
 Structure and molecular organization of Chromosomes
 Identification of human chromosomes
 Karyotyping

35
  Direct chromosome preparation of Bone Marrow cells
 Culture techniques
 Banding techniques
 Sex Chromatin bodies
 Autoradiography of human chromosomes
 Chromosome Identification by image analysis and Quantitative cytochemistry
 Clinical Manifestations of chromosome disorders

Practical Hematology & Clinical Pathology

• Haemopoiesis
• Anaemia and other disorders of Erythropoiesis
• Disorders of Leucopoiesis
• Haemostasis & its investigations
• Investigations of Thrombotic tendency
• Laboratory control of Anticoagulant , Thrombotic and platelet therapy
• ollection and handling of Blood
• All Routine and special Haematological Investigations
• Blood and Bone Marrow preparations
• Leucoproliferative disorders with special references to Leukaemias
• Automation in Haemtology
• Cytochemistry of Leukaemic cells
• Amniocentesis
• Bone marrow transplantation
• Application of different Microscopes
• Preparations of various Reagents and Stains used in Haematology
• Immunophenotyping
• Flowcytometry
• Molecular techniques in Haematology
• Examination of Urine - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of Stool - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of Sputum - Routine and Special tests
• Semen examination - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of CSF - Routine and Special tests
• Examination of various body fluids-Pleural Fluid, Pericardial Fluid, Synovial
• uid, Ascetic Fluid
• Various methods of detecting HCG levels
• Structure and molecular organization of Chromosomes
• Identification of human chromosomes
• Karyotyping
• Direct chromosome preparation of Bone Marrow cells
• Culture techniques
• Banding techniques
• Sex Chromatin bodies
• Autoradiography of human chromosomes
• Chromosome Identification by image analysis and Quantitative cytochemistry
• Clinical Manifestations of chromosome disorders

36
Paper :-7 Anatomy & Histo Technology

Laboratory equipment its uses and maintenance

Laboratory hazards and safety precautions

Anatomy and physiology of human body: General organization synopsis of all systems
Cell organization and function: Structure & function of all cell organelles

Skeletal system: Structure and functions of all individual bones and joints movement of joints Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles smooth muscles of upper arm & anterior compartment of thigh ( their name attachment function
and nerve supply)

Blood : Functions of blood, composition of blood plasma & its functions; Blood clotting (mechanism clotting
factors) Morphology of red blood cells, their function and development Hemoglobin anemia; WBC classification
development & functions; platelets: morphology & functions; Blood groups, blood transfusion and transfusion
reactions
Reception recording and labeling of histology specimens
Fixation and various fixatives
Processing of histological tissues for paraffin embedding
Embedding and embedding media
Decalcification various methods
Introduction to exfolative cytology with special emphasis on female tract(PAP smear, cone
biopsy)
Solvents mordents accelerators and accentuates
Microtome’s various types their working principle and maintenance
Microtome’s Knives and Knife sharpening
Practical section cutting faults and remedies
Routine staining procedures mounting and mounting media
Dye chemistry theory and practice of staining
Use of controls in various staining procedures
Collection processing and staining of cytological specimen
Tissue requiring special treatment i.e. eye ball Bone marrow biopsy under calcified bones. Neuropathology
techniques
Enzyme histochemistry demonstrations of phosphates dehydrogenises oxides and peroxides etc.

37
Electron microscope working principle components and allied techniques for electron microscopy ultra microtome
Museum techniques
Aspiration cytology principles indications and utility of the technique with special emphasis on role of
cytotechnician in FNAC clinics
Infection and immune system
Cancer Immunology
Tissue typing for kidney transplant

• Practical Anatomy & His to Technology

• Practical: demonstration of section of male and female pelves with organs in situ
• Histology of testis, vas deferens, epididymis, prostate, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary
• Radiographs of pelvis – hysterosalpingogram
• Histology of thin and thick skin
• Demonstration and histology of eyeball
• Histology of cornea & retina
• Organisation of Histology Laboratory
• Histological equipments
• Reception and recording of tissue specimen
• Tissue processing and Microtomy including frozen
• Theory of staining
• Preparation and quality control of all routine and special stains used in
• istopathology
• All staining techniques and their interpretation
• Immunohistochemistry
• Molecular markers of malignant neoplasms
• Molecular techniques
• immunofluorescent techniques
• Enzyme histochemistry
• Museum techniques
• Autopsy Techniques
• Automation in Histological Techniques

Paper:- 8 PATHOLOGY, TERMINOLOGY & CYTOLOGY

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UNIT 1 Introductory Pathology: Cellular adaptation and cell death; inflammation and repair; infection;
circulatory disorders; immune defense; genetics of disease; neoplasia. Cell injury and adaptation :
Atrophy, hypertrophy, metaphase, hyperplasia, classification of tumors, premalignant lesion, Types of
inflammation & system manifestations of inflammation Disorders of vascular flow & shock (Brief
introduction) ; Oedema,hyperemia or congestion, thromboses, embolism, infarction shock, ischemia,
Over hydration, Dehydration , The Response to infection ; Categories of infectious agents, host
barriers to infection, how disease is caused , inflammatory response to infectious agents Hematopoietic
and Lymphoid System : hemorrhage, various type of Anaemia, leucopenia, leucocytosis, bleeding
disorders coagulation mechanism
UNIT 2 Fundamentals of Medical Terminology :
• Word Roots
• Prefix
• Suffix
• Abbreviations & Symbols
• Gastro intestinal
• Chelecystitis
• Cholelithiasis
• Appendicitis
• Intestinal Obstruction
• Hernia
• Peritonitis
Gastro copy : Endoscopy, Laparotomy, laparoscopy .
Common Diseases & Procedures
• Respiratory
• Tuberculosis
• Bronchial Asthma
• Respiratory Failure
• Pulmonary Embolison
• Pneumonia

Bronchoscope, Pulmonary Function test, Cardio-Pulmonary

Resuscitation.

UNIT 3 Circulatory
Hypertension
Coronary Artery Disease
Arrhythmias
Cardiac Arrest
Shock, Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT) , ECG,2D Echo Cardiogram, Coronary Angiography, Cardiac
Catheterization, Stress test, Pacemaker.
Renal
Nephrotic Syndrome
Urinary Tract Infection
Renal /Bladder Stones
Intravenous Pylography,Cystoscopy,Urinalysis,Hoemodialis, Peritoneal Dialysis

Reproductive
Female - breast cancer /Self Examination
Menstrual Disorders, Dysmenorrheal, Premenstrual Syndrome ( PMS) , Menorrhagia Ovarian
Cyst, Fibrods, Malignancy, Infertility Mammography, Ultra Sound, Laparoscopy, IV F, Tubectomy,

39
 D& C
Male - Prostate Enlargement, Hydrocele, Impotence, T transurethral Research of Prostate (TURA)

Nervous
Stroke (Cerebro Vascular Accident)
Brain Tumor
Brain Injuries
Spinal Cord Injuries
Lumbar Puncture, Myelography, CT Scan, MRI, EEG, EMG

Oncology
Investigations, Tumor markers, RECIST Criteria for response evolution

Cytology
Handling of fresh histological specimen (tissues) cryo/frozen sections of fresh and fixed tissues, freeze
drying Lipids identification and demonstration
Micro-organisms in tissues-various staining technique for their demonstration and identification
Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA special stains and procedures
Cytoplasmic constituents and their demonstration.
Cervical cytology-basis ofdetection of maligrant and premalignant lesions.
Hermoral assessment with cytologic techniques and sex chromatis and pregnancy test.
Cells and organs of immune system
Immunoglobulins, antibodies and humoral immune response
Allergy
Rheumatologic diseases and investigations.

Tissues requiring special treatment i.e. eye ball Bone marrow biopsy under calcified bones.
Neuropathology techniques
Enzyme histochemistry demonstrations of phosphatases dehydrogenases oxidases and peroxidases etc.
Electron microscope working principles components and allied techniques for electron microscopy
ultra-microtomy Museum techniques
Aspiration cytology principles indications and utility of the techniques with special emphasis on role of
cytotechnician in FNAC clinics
Infection and immune system
Caner Immunology
Tissue typing for kidney transplant
Practical cytology

• Morphology and Physiology of cell

• Cytology of
- Female genital Tract
- Urinary Tract
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Respiratory Tract
- Effusions
- Miscellaneous Fluids
• Collection,Preservation,Fixation and Processing of various Cytological Specimen
• Preparation and Quality control of various stains and reagents used in cytology
• All routine and special Staining techniques in cytology
• FNAC
• Immunocytochemistry
• Flowcytometry

40
 • Automation in Cytology

Dissertation

a). Eligibility to be a guide

Shall be a full time teacher in the college or institution he or she is working.

 Viva- voce: -

 ETHICS IN [Link]. MLT PATHOLOGY TECHNOLOGY

Introduction: With the advances in science and technology and the increasing needs of the patient, their
families and community, there is a concern for the health of the community as a whole. There is a shift
to greater accountability to the society. It is therefore absolutely necessary for each and every one
involved in the health care delivery to prepare them to deal with these problems. Technicians like the
other professionals are confronted with many ethical problems.

Standards of professional conduct for technicians are necessary in the public interest to ensure an
efficient laboratory service. Every technician should not only be willingly to play his part in giving such a
service, but should also avoid any act or omission which would prejudice the giving of the services or
impair confidence, in respect, for technician as a body.

To accomplish this and develop human values, it is desired that all the students undergo ethical
sensitization by lectures or discussion on ethical issues.

Introduction to ethics-

What is ethics?

General introduction to Code of Laboratory Ethics

41
How to form a value system in one’s personal and professional life?

International code of ethics

Ethics of the individual-

Technician relation to his job

Technician in relation to his trade

Technician in relation to medical profession

Technician in relation to his profession

Professional Ethics-

Code of conduct

Confidentiality

Fair trade practice

Handling of prescription

Mal practice and Negligence

Professional vigilance

Research Ethics-

Animal and experimental research/ humanness

Human experimentation

Human volunteer research - informed consent

Clinical trials

Gathering all scientific factors

Gathering all value factors

Identifying areas of value – conflict, setting priorities

Working out criteria towards decision

ICMR/ CPCSEA/ INSA Guidelines for human / animal experimentation

42
Recommended reading

 Francis C.M., Medical Ethics, I Edition, 1993, Jay pee Brothers, New Delhi p189.
 Good Clinical Practices: GOI Guidelines for clinical trials on Pharmaceutical Products in India ([Link])
 INSA Guidelines for care and use of Animals in Research – 2000.
 CPCSEA Guidelines 2001([Link]).
 Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects, 2000, ICMR, New Delhi

ANNEXURE-I

CATEGORIES OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Waste Category ** Type Treatment a Disposal

** Options

Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste: Incineration deep burial

(human tissues, organs, body parts)

Category No. 2 Animal Waste: Incineration deep burial

(animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, blooding parts, fluid, blood and
experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary
hospitals colleges, discharge form hospitals, animal houses)

Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste: (wastes from laboratory cultures, Local autoclaving / micro waving /
stocks or specimens or micro-organisms live or attenuated vaccines, human incineration.
and animal

Cell culture used in research and infectious agents from research and
industrial laboratories, wastes from production of biologicals, toxins, dishes
and devices used for transfer of cultures)

Category No. 4 Waste sharps: Disinfection (chemical treatment /

autoclaving / micro –waving and
(Needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc, that may cause puncture and mutilation / shredding
cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps)

Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs: Incineration / destruction and drugs
disposal in secured landfills.
(wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines)

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Category No. 6 ** Solid Waste: Incineration

(Items contaminated with blood, and body fluids including cotton, dressings, Autoclaving / micro waving
soiled plaster casts, Eners, beddings, other material contaminated with
blood)

Category No. 7 Solid Waste: Disinfection by chemical treatment,

autoclaving / micro-waving and
(Wastes generated form disposable items other than the waste ** sharps mutilation / shredding
such as tubings, catheters, intravenous sets, etc)

Category No. 8 Liquid Waste: Disinfection by chemical treatment

and discharge into drains
(Waste generated from laboratory and washing, cleaning, housekeeping and
disinfecting activities)

Category No. 9 Incineration Ash: Disposal in municipal landfill

(Ash from incineration of any biomedical waste)

44