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PCM Quantization Process Explained

1) Quantization is the process of rounding analog signal samples to the nearest discrete level in a predefined set of levels during analog to digital conversion. 2) It involves dividing the total voltage range into 2^n equal intervals called quantization levels, where n is the number of bits. 3) Each level is assigned a unique binary code and the sample value is quantized by finding the level closest to it, introducing a quantization error.

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89 views4 pages

PCM Quantization Process Explained

1) Quantization is the process of rounding analog signal samples to the nearest discrete level in a predefined set of levels during analog to digital conversion. 2) It involves dividing the total voltage range into 2^n equal intervals called quantization levels, where n is the number of bits. 3) Each level is assigned a unique binary code and the sample value is quantized by finding the level closest to it, introducing a quantization error.

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josh
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© All Rights Reserved
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QUANTIZATION

The PCM signal is generated by carrying out following basic operations:

1. Band limiting (using LPF)


2. Sampling
3. Quantizing
4. Encoding

Two fundamental processes are involved in the generation of a PCM signal: sampling and
quantization. Sampling is time discretization and quantization is amplitude discretization.
In PCM, conversion of analog signal to digital signal is done in two steps
Sampling
Quantization

Below figure shows sampling step:

Quantization is the process of rounding of the sample value to the nearest quantization level. Remember that
number of quantization levels is predefined.

If n = number of bits used to represent the sample


Then, q = number of quantization levels
= 2n

𝑞 = 2𝑛
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 2𝑛 = 22 = 4 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠

𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 8, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 2𝑛 = 28 = 256 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡


STEPS IN QUANTIZATION

1. Total voltage range is divided into q equal intervals of step size S

𝑉𝐻 − 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐻 − 𝑉𝐿
𝑆= =
𝑞 2𝑛
1|Page [Link]/ EngineersTutor [Link]
where VH = Max. voltage value
VL = Min. voltage value
2. Draw mid lines representing quantization levels
3. Assign binary codes (pre-defined) to each quantization level
4. Calculate quantization error

Quantization Example
Q. A 2-bit PCM modulator is used with a 0-1 V signal. What is the binary digital value that will occur for
the following inputs: 0.4 V, 0.78 V. What is the quantization error for these two samples?

Sol: n = number of bits = 2


q = No. of quantization levels
= 2n
=4

STEPS IN QUANTIZATION

1. Total voltage range is divided into q equal intervals of step size S

𝑉𝐻 − 𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐻 − 𝑉𝐿
𝑆= =
𝑞 2𝑛
where VH = Max. voltage value
VL = Min. voltage value
2. Draw mid lines representing quantization levels
3. Assign binary codes (pre-defined) to each quantization level
4. Calculate quantization error

𝑉𝐻 −𝑉𝐿 1−0 1
Step 1: Step size 𝑆 = = = = 0.25
2𝑛 4 4

2|Page [Link]/ EngineersTutor [Link]


Step 2: Draw mid-lines, which represents quantization levels

Step 3: Denote given sample values i.e., 0.4 V & 0.78 V

Step 4: Represent each quantization level with predefined binary code

3|Page [Link]/ EngineersTutor [Link]


Quantizing 0.4 V sample value: See that level 2 is near to 0.4 V. So, for sample voltage 0.4 V, 01 code
is transmitted.
Quantization error e = 0.4 – 0.375 = 0.025 V

Quantizing 0.78 V sample: Level 4 is nearest to 0.78 V. So, digital code 11 is transmitted.
Quantization error e = 0.875 -0.78 = 0.095 V

NOTE:

Quantization process introduces a certain amount of error or distortion. This error known as quantization noise
and is minimised by increasing the number of quantization levels. But increasing number of quantization levels
increases number of bits to represents each sample and hence increases bit rate and cost of transmission.

4|Page [Link]/ EngineersTutor [Link]

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