CHAPTER

CONDUCTION
2

Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet

Conduction
Conduction is the mode of energy transfer as heat due to temperature
difference in a solid or any phase of material where the mass is
contiguous and in thermal contact. Microscopically this mode of
energy transfer is attributed to free electron flow from higher to lower
energy levels, lattice vibration and molecular collision. However no
macroscopic mass movement is involved.

The temperature in the body will be a function of location and time.

time
In the popular cartesian coordinates : T = T(x, y, z, τ)

How temperature varies with position within the body :

The temperature field is obtained by deriving and solving the differential
equation based on energy balance relations for the volume.
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 Conduction
T1 T2 < T1

q insulator

x
A
qx the conducted heat rate in the x-direction has
phenomenologically been found to be adequately
represented by: Temperature gradient

dT
qx   kA
dx
Conductivity

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 Fourier’s Law
T1 T2 < T1

q insulator

x Baron Jean Baptiste

A Joseph Fourier
(1768-1830)
qx dT
qx ''   k
A dx

 T T T 
q ''  k T  k  i j k 
 x y z 
del operator 
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Thermal conductivity
qx dT
The equation of heat conduction in one direction qx ''   k
A dx
The constant of proportionality k is the thermal conductivity of material,
which is a measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat .

Thermal conductivity k of a material (W/mK) can be defined as the rate

of heat transfer Jun/sec through a unit thickness of the material (m) per
unit area (1m2 )per unit temperature difference (1K)

 Thermal Conductivity of Gases

 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
 Thermal Conductivity of Solids
+ Metals and alloys; hợp kim
+ Solid dielectrics (non-metals);

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 Conductivity
Thermal conductivity
• Solid > liquid > gas
• Pure metals > alloys > nonmetallic solids >
insulation systems
• Thermal conductivity of liquid increases
with decreasing liquid molecular weight
• Liquid metal > nonmetallic liquid NOT
ALWAYS
• Thermal conductivity of gas increases with
decreasing gas molecular weight
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 Conductivity

isolation material k < 0.1

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 constant

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Thermal Diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity represents how fast heat diffuses through a materia l
Heat conducted k
   (m 2 / s)
Heat stored  Cp

Specific heat Cp (J/kg.0C) represent the heat storage capability of a material;

expresses heat storage capability per unit mass
The heat capacity ρCp represent the heat storage capability of a materia per
unit volume

The thermal conductivity k represents how well a material conducts heat, the
heat capacity ρCp represents how much energy a material stores per unit
volume →The larger the thermal diffusivity is the faster the propagation of heat
into the medium. A small value of thermal diffusivity means that heat is mostly
absorbed
2/2/2020 by the material and a small
Lecturer:amount of heat will be conducted further
Dr. Tran Tan Viet 10
 Conduction
• A major objective in conduction analysis
the calculation of the temperature field ie
the Temperature distribution : the value of
the temperature scalar as a function of
position.

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Fourier’s law of heat conduction
Consider a wall ; the rate of heat transfer
through the wall increases when:
• The temperatures difference between
the left and right surfaces increase,
• The wall surface area increases,
• The wall thickness reduces,
• The wall is change from brick to
aluminum.
Measure temperatures of the wall from left
to right and plot the temperature variation
with the wall thickness

Relative to the heat flow direction, the slope of

the temperature line is negative as the
temperature decrease with the heat flow
direction

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Fourier’s law of heat conduction
In a Cartesian coordinates system
In a Cartesian coordinates system, the components of the gradient
of a scalar field T in the coordinate axes are the partial derivatives of
T with respect to each coordinate

The most general conduction equation is

This vector equation can be decomposed in the following three scalar

equations:

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Fourier’s law of heat conduction
In a cylindrical system, the coordinates of any point are r, θ, and z

The components of the gradient vector in

cylindrical coordinates

The most usual case in process heat transfer involving cylindrical

geometry is heat conduction through the wall of a cylindrical pipe.
In this case, the direction of the vector q is radial. Then the partial
derivatives with respect to θ and z are zero

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General conduction equation based on Cartesian Coordinates

A control volume for deriving the three-dimensional conduction equation in Cartesian

Coordinates.

The heat flow by conduction through the boundary is obtained by considering the
conduction over all six faces. The area perpendicular to x direction has a value dydz.
Using Fourier’s law, the heat flow at the dydz face at x over time period dτ

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General conduction equation based on Cartesian Coordinates

 Rate of energy conducted into the system:

 Rate of energy conducted out off the system:

 Rate of energy generated inside the system:

volume

 Rate of energy stored inside the system

T
qx  q y  qz  qdxdydz  qx  dx  q y  dy  qz  dz   c p dxdydz
2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet t 16
 General conduction equation based on Cartesian Coordinates

Net conduction heat flux into the controlled volume

  T 
k  dx  q '' q ''
x  dx
x  x
x

Heat (Diffusion) Equation: at any point in the medium the
rate of energy transfer by conduction in a unit volume plus
the volumetric rate of thermal energy must equal to the rate
of change of thermal energy stored within the volume.

  T    T    T   T
k  k  k   q   CP
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

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General conduction equation based on Cartesian Coordinates

T k   2T  2T  2T  q T q k
  2  2  2    0 or  k T  ; a 
2
 c  x y z  c  c c
Fourier’ s equation
temperature doesn't depend on time
T
 0  T  f ( x, y, z )  Steady State Conduction


T T T
2 2 2
   0 or  2
T 0 : Laplace’s equation
x 2
y 2
z 2

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Differential equations in the cylindrical coordinate systems.

With k constant eqn. reduces to

Elemental volume in
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cylindrical coordinates.
Differential equations in the cylindrical coordinate systems.
0 0 0
0
  T    T    T  T
k  k  k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

  T 
For a steady state one dimensional heat
k 0
transfer and no energy generation x  x 

The heat equation for a steady state one

dimensional heat transfer and no energy 1 d  dT 
generation for a hollow cylinder  kr 
r dr  dr 

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Differential equations in the spherical coordinate systems.

With k constant eqn. reduces to

Elemental
2/2/2020 volume in cylindrical coordinates.
Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 21
General equation of conduction in solids
In each equation the dependent variable, T, is a function of 4 independent
variables, (x,y,z,τ); (r,θ,z,τ); (r,φ,θ,τ) and is a 2nd order, partial differential equation.
The solution of such equations will normally require a numerical solution
→ simply look at the simplifications that can be made to the equations to describe
specific problems.

+ Steady State: Steady state solutions imply that the system conditions are not
changing with time. Thus T 0

+ One dimensional: If heat is flowing in only one coordinate direction, then it
follows that there is no temperature gradient in the other two directions. Thus the
two partials associated with these directions are equal to zero.
+ Two dimensional: If heat is flowing in only two coordinate directions, then it
follows that there is no temperature gradient in the third direction. Thus, the
partial derivative associated with this third direction is equal to zero.

+ No Sources: If there are no volumetric heat sources within the system then the
0
term, q
Note that the equation is 2nd order in each coordinate direction so that integration
will2/2/2020
result in 2 constants of integration. To evaluate these constants two boundary22
Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet
conditions will be required for each coordinate direction.
Boundary and Initial Conditions

The objective of deriving the heat diffusion equation is to determine the temperature
distribution within the conducting body.
We have set up a differential equation, with T as the dependent variable. The
solution will give us T(x,y,z). Solution depends on boundary conditions (BC) and
initial conditions (IC).
• How many BC’s and IC’s ?
- Heat equation is second order in spatial coordinate. Hence, 2 BC’s needed for
each coordinate.
* 1D problem: 2 BC in x-direction
* 2D problem: 2 BC in x-direction, 2 in y-direction
* 3D problem: 2 in x-dir., 2 in y-dir., and 2 in z-dir.
- Heat equation is first order in time. Hence one IC needed
t = 0 => T(t = 0)
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Boundary and Initial Conditions
read myself

• Time condition: temperature distribution of the body in initial

time condition 𝜏 = 0

𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝜏 ≡ 𝑇 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 0

• The First boundary condition: temperature distribution at certain

position (point or surface) as a function of time

𝑇 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 , 𝑧𝑜 , 𝜏 = 𝑇 𝜏

• The Second boundary condition: heat flux at certain position

(point or surface) as a function of time

𝑞 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 , 𝑧𝑜 , 𝜏 = 𝑞 𝜏
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Boundary and Initial Conditions

• The Third boundary condition: heat flux at contact surface

between solid and fluid as Newton’s law (convection) or Stefan–
Boltzmann’s law (radiation)

• The Fourth boundary condition: heat flux at contact surface

between two solid bodies
𝜕𝑇1 𝜕𝑇2
𝑞𝑠 = −𝜆1 = −𝜆2
𝜕𝑛 𝜕𝑛
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 1 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 2

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 Steady conduction in one direction
WITHOUT HEAT SOURCES

T1

H
q T2
L

plane wall cylindrical wall spherical wall

just study plane wall and cylindrical wall

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 Plane wall
(tường phẳng)
Assuming constant properties, the problem can be solved by applying the basic law
due to Fourier or by integrating the simplified differential equation

a) Heat transfer through a plane wall (single layer)

all point on the surface have

the same temperature
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 𝑑𝑇
• Heat flux (W/m2) 𝑞 = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥
• Boundary condition
𝑇 0 = 𝑇1
ቊ
𝑇 𝐿 = 𝑇2

𝑇1 − 𝑇2
→𝑞=
𝐿
𝑘
𝜕2𝑇 • Heat flow (W)
• Temperature profile 2
=0
𝜕𝑥
𝐴(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑥 𝑄 = 𝑞. 𝐴 =
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝐿
𝐿 𝑘
𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝑥
=
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
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𝐿 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 28
 Example 1
(m*degree C)
A fire–brick wall of furnace 𝑘 = 1.7 𝑊 Τ𝑚℃ has a
dimension of 1.2 × 0.5 × 0.15 𝑚 . In steady state, the
temperature of faces are maintained at 1000℃ and 700℃,
respectively. How much is heat loss through the wall?
q = -k*dT/dx
Steady state: dT/dt = 0
q = (T1 - T2)/(L/k) = 300 / (0.15/1.7)
𝑇1
q = 3400 (W / m^2)
𝐻 0.5m
𝑞 𝑇2 𝐿 Q = q*A = 3400*(0.5*1.2) = 2040 W
1.2m

𝛿
0.15m
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 Plane wall
b) Heat transfer through a plane wall (multy layer)
red light: profile temperature in each layer 𝑞
T
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
T1 k1 k2 k3 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4
T2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 − 𝑇3 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
T3 𝑞= = =
T4 𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐵 𝛿𝐶
q
x 𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶
L1 L2 L3
𝑇1 − 𝑇4 𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑞= =
𝛿𝐴 𝛿𝐵 𝛿𝐶 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶
+ +
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶 like Ohm’s law
don't care the position
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ∆𝑇𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 σ𝑅
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 Example 2
An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a
4 𝑖𝑛 layer of common brick 𝑘 = 0.7 𝑊 Τ𝑚℃ followed
by a 1.5 𝑖𝑛 layer of gypsum plaster 𝑘 = 0.48 𝑊 Τ𝑚℃ .
What thickness of loosely packed rock–wool insulation
𝑘 = 0.065 𝑊 Τ𝑚℃ should be added to reduce the heat
loss (or gain) through the wall by 80 percent?
3 layers: q' = q*0.2

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 Example 2
∆𝑇
• The overall heat loss 𝑞 =
σ𝑅
∆𝑇
• Without insulation 𝑞𝑛𝑜𝑛 =
σ 𝑅𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑠 σ 𝑅𝑛𝑜𝑛
= = 0.2
∆𝑇 𝑞𝑛𝑜𝑛 σ 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠
• With insulation 𝑞𝑖𝑛𝑠 =
σ 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑠

𝛿1 𝛿2
+
𝑘1 𝑘2
= 0.2 𝑥 = 2.3 𝑖𝑛
𝛿1 𝛿2 𝑥
+ +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3

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 Plane wall
(parallel system)
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝐵𝐶𝐷 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐷
1 1 1
= +
𝑅𝐹𝐺 𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐺
(continuous system)
෍ 𝑅 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶𝐷 + 𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝐹𝐺
𝑇1 − 𝑇5
𝑞=
σ𝑅

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 Example 3
A typical wall for a house is constructed as shown in Figure
below. Determine the equivalent thermal resistance of the
wall.

Common brick, 𝑘 = 0.69 8𝑐𝑚

1.9𝑐𝑚; 𝑘 = 0.96
9.21𝑐𝑚
1.9𝑐𝑚; 𝑘 = 0.48
40.6𝑐𝑚 4.13𝑐𝑚

Insulation, 𝑘 = 0.04

𝑘 = 0.1

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 air
Contact resistance
q”x

q”x

q”contact
A B

q”gap

TA  TB
R "t ,c 
q ''x

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The thermal contact resistance can be
minimized by applying
• a thermal grease such as silicon oil
• a better conducting gas such as helium
or hydrogen
• a soft metallic foil such as tin, silver, Effect of metallic coatings on
copper, nickel, or aluminum
2/2/2020 thermal
Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet contact conductance 36
The thermal contact conductance is highest (and thus the contact resistance is
lowest) for soft metals with smooth surfaces at high pressure.
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 Hollow cylinder.
a) Heat transfer through single – layer cylindrical wall

Why is it
curved ?

Ts1
Ts2

surface area r1 r2
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For a cylinder with length very large compared to
diameter, it may be assumed that the only space
coordinate needed to specify the system is r. Fourier’s law
is used by inserting the proper area relation.

The area for heat flow in the cylindrical system is

Ar  2rl
dT
Fourier’s law can be written Qr  2krl
dr
with the boundary conditions of First kind: T = Ti at r = ri
T = To at r = ro

2kl (Ti  To )  ro 
Q the thermal conduction ln  
 ro  resistance for 1m length is :
  ri 
ln  Rth
2kl
 ri 
2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 39
 important slide!!!!!

𝜕 2 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇
• Temperature profile + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
ln 𝑟Τ𝑟1
𝑇 𝑟 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1
𝑟2
𝑇2 𝑟1
𝑇1 𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑟 ln 𝑟Τ𝑟1
=
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1
• Heat flux for 1m length (qL, W/m)
T1  T2 T1  T2
qL  
1 r  1 d 
ln 2  ln 2 
• Heat flow Q, W 2k  r1  2k  d1 

L(Ti  To ) L(Ti  To )
Q  qL L  
1  ro  1  do 
ln  ln 
2k  ri  2k  d i 
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b) Heat transfer through multy-layer cylindrical wall
• Heat flux for 1m length (qL, W/m)
𝑞
T1 k k k3 𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 𝑅𝐶
1T2 2
T3 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4
T4 T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4
q qL   
d2d1 1  r2  1  r3  1  r4 
d3 (W/m) ln 
 
 ln 
 
 ln  
d4 2k A  r1  2k B  r2  2kC  r3 

T1  T4 T1  T4
qL  
1  r2  1  r3  1  r4  RA  RB  RC
ln   ln  ln 
2k A  r1  2k B  r2  2kC  r3 

2 (T1  T4 ) 2 (T1  T4 ) T1  T4
qL   
1  ri 1  1  d i 1 
n
  Ri
n n

 ln   ln
i 1 k i  ri  i 1 ki  d i  i 1

RA, RB,
2/2/2020 RC: The thermal conductionLecturer:
resistance
Dr. Tranfor 1m length
Tan Viet 41
 Example 4
A thick–walled tube of stainless steel 𝑘 = 19 𝑊 Τ𝑚℃ with 2 𝑐𝑚
inner diameter (ID) and 4 𝑐𝑚 outer diameter (OD) is covered with a
3 𝑐𝑚 layer of asbestos insulation 𝑘 = 0.2 𝑊 Τ𝑚℃ . If the inside
wall temperature of the pipe and outside temperature of asbestos
are maintained at 600℃ and 100℃, respectively.
a) Calculate the heat loss per meter of length.
b) Calculate the tube – insulation interface temperature.
d1 = 2cm
d2 = 4cm
𝑇1 = 600℃ 𝑟1 thickness = 3cm
𝑟2 d3 = d2 + thickness
= 4 + 3*2 = 10 cm
𝑇3 = 100℃ 𝑟3

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 Example 4
• The heat loss per meter of length

𝑇1 − 𝑇3
𝑞= = 680 𝑊 Τ𝑚
1 𝑟 1 𝑟
ln 2 + ln 3
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑟2

• The tube – insulation interface temperature

𝑇2 − 𝑇3
𝑞= = 680 𝑊 Τ𝑚 𝑇2 = 595.8 ℃
1 𝑟
ln 3
2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑟2

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 43

 Critical thickness of insulation

𝑇1 𝑞
𝑟1
𝑟2 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3

T1  T2 T2  T3
q 
1  r2  1  r3 

ln   ln 
2k A  r1  2k B  r2 

T1  T3 T T
q  1 3
1  r2  1  r3  RA  RB
ln    ln  
2k A  r1  2k B  r2 
2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 44
không học

Sphere
𝑑𝑇
𝑇1 • Heat flux 2
𝑞 = − 4𝜋𝑟 𝑘
𝑞 𝑟1 𝑇2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟2 𝑞: heat flux per surface area 𝑊 Τ𝑚2
𝑟 𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1
𝑑𝑟 • Boundary condition ቊ
𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞=
1 1 1
−
4𝜋𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2

1 𝜕2 𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟1 − 𝑟
• Temperature profile 2
𝑟𝑇 = 0 =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟 𝑟1 − 𝑟2
2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 45
 Steady conduction in one direction
WITH HEAT SOURCES

T1

H
q T2
L

plane wall cylindrical wall spherical wall

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 46

 Plane wall

𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛
Boundary condition
𝑇1
𝑇 0 = 𝑇1
ቊ
𝑇2 𝑇 𝛿 = 𝑇2

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 47

 Plane wall
𝜕 2 𝑇 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛
Temperature profile 2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜆
𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝛿 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑇1 + − − 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
2𝜆 𝛿 𝛿 𝛿

𝑥 𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑥 𝑥 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝛿 2 𝑥
= = 1− 1−
𝛿 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝛿 2𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝛿

𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝛿 2 𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 2 1
𝑇 𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑇1 + + 2
− 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
8𝜆 2𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝛿 2
𝑥𝑜 1 𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
= − 2
2/2/2020
𝛿 2 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝛿Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 48
 Plane wall

𝑑𝑇
Heat flux 𝑞 = −𝜆
𝑑𝑥

𝜆 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝛿 2 𝑥 1
𝑞 𝑥 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1+ −
𝛿 𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝛿 2

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 49

 Cylinder

Boundary condition

𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1
ቊ
𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 50

 Cylinder
𝜕 2 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛
Temperature profile 2
+ + =0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜆
𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 2 2
𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 2 𝑇 1 − 𝑇2 − 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝑇 𝑟 = 𝑇1 − 2
𝑟 − 𝑟1 − 4𝜆 ln 𝑟
4𝜆 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1
𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 − 𝑟2 − 𝑟12
+ 4𝜆 ln 𝑟1
ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1

2 2
𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑟 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟12 𝑟 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟22 𝑟1 ln 𝑟Τ𝑟1
= −1 + 1− 1−
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 4𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟1 4𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟2 ln 𝑟2 Τ𝑟1

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 51

 Cylinder

𝑑𝑇
Heat flux 𝑞 = −𝜆
𝑑𝑟

𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟22 − 𝑟12

𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟 𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 − 4
𝑞= +
2 𝑟2
𝑟 ln
𝑟1

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 52

 Sphere

Boundary condition

𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1
ቊ
𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 53

 Sphere

1 𝜕2 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛
Temperature profile 2
𝑟𝑇 + =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜆

𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟 𝑟23 − 𝑟13 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟22 − 𝑟12

𝑟𝑟2 − − 𝑟1 𝑟2 1 −
𝑇1 − 𝑇 𝑟 6𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 6𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟 2
= +
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 6𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2

𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝜆 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑞𝑔𝑒𝑛
Heat flux 𝑞 = + 2 − 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
3 𝑟 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 6

2/2/2020 Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 54

How to solve the conduction problem ?
read book
Try to simplify the problem to one–dimension for solving
the 2D
problem

Select a simple shape factor model represent the

physical situation

Seek some simple analytical solutions, if they are

too complicated, move to the numerical
techniques

In practice, recognize that convection and

radiation boundary conditions are subject to
2/2/2020
large uncertainties
Lecturer: Dr. Tran Tan Viet 55
 CHAPTER
CONDUCTION
2