America’s Pastor & The Presidents

Bailey Austerman

HIUS 530: American Christian Heritage

March 7, 2021
 Introduction

The ruling and guiding document for the United States of America is the Constitution. A

well written document providing the legislative, executive, and judicial expectations and limits

delineates the vision that the founding fathers saw for their nation’s future. Yet, despite the

detailed nature of the document, this historical treasure was viewed as needing amending to

provide security to the people that it governed. The first amendment made to the construction of

the Constitution was to establish that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment

of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.”1

The establishment clause encourages citizens to be a strong religious people no matter the

origin of that faith. Centuries later a leader of strong and passionate religious faith, becomes a

predominate household name. Reverend Billy Graham of North Carolina traveled the world

ministering to millions of people throughout his lifetime. Encouraging global citizens to

encounter an experience with God, Reverend Graham also captured the attention of world

leaders which included several of the men who served in the highest position in these United

States. From President Truman to President Trump, our Executive leaders have sought the

counsel of the passionate minister who embodied the spirits and enthusiasm of early colonial

ministers like George Whitefield. From attending Graham’s sermons or private conversations

beneath the ivory Presidential seal, Graham has had a profound impact on our heads of state.

In this study, it is the goal of this author to analyze the influence that Reverend Billy

Graham had on the Oval Office. Whether through trials or successes, the men who obtained the

1
“The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription.” National Archives and Records
Administration. National Archives and Records Administration, May 4, 2020. Last modified May
4, 2020. Accessed January 23, 2021. [Link]
transcript.
title of President had an enormous burden to carry. The counsel that the Reverend Graham had

on these men could have very easily have made the difference in a number of national security

and defense cases. Providing words of wisdom, the comfort of a prayer, and a listening ear

helped to keep a government in stability.

One great area of interest is the fact that the presidents which Billy Graham came into

contact with had a wide variety of religious viewpoints. Some of the leaders have identified as

more or less religious than others, some Catholic, some Protestant, yet Graham was a welcomed

comfort to them. Graham’s Biblical literacy and relatable personality allowed him to be used in a

way that no other minister of the Gospel has been used.

Only the fourth citizen to lie in state at the US Capitol building, this evangelist provided

solace to the men who hold the most unrelatable job on planet earth.2 What is it about his

understanding of the Bible and God that allowed Graham to become a part of the President’s

lives? How can men of diverse religious viewpoints and various moral compasses seek refuge in

the same man? How does the office of President affirm America’s religious founding throughout

the decades? How can a religious teacher establish a relationship with a secular leader that

transcends life itself?3 How might our nation’s history have differed without the guidance of

Graham? How does Graham’s religious knowledge reflect that of early colonial ministers?

Finally, how have our numerous Commanders in Chief been changed by the counsel of the

Reverend?

2
Cochrane, Emily. "Billy Graham to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol." New York Times Company.

3
Brett, Jennifer. "Rev. Billy Graham Will be Laid to Rest Today in N.C.: President Trump to
Attend Evangelist's Private Funeral." The Atlanta Journal - Constitution, Mar 02, 2018.
 Dr. Graham: A Brief Biography

William Franklin Graham, Jr. was born on November 7, 1918 in a rural farmhouse in the

outskirts of Charlotte, North Carolina.4 The Graham heritage is full of rich traditions and

ancestry. “Billy Frank,” as his mother called him, had ancestors that fought at Gettysburg and

carried the energetic personality of his two grandfathers in his boyhood and beyond.5 As a young

boy, Graham loved to be outside and explore. Using the animals on the farm as companions in

his adventures, he would climb, run, and play in the wide-open spaces of his childhood home.

Though adventure and fun were daily experiences, Graham also learned the value of hard work

as he helped around the farm. Waking up sometimes as early as 2:30 AM, Graham was instilled

with the idea that if you were to partake of something, you must first give of yourself.6

Graham grew up in church and had rich understanding of God and the Bible by the time

he met Dr. Ham, an evangelist that made an astonishing impression on Billy Frank. In a service

that Graham attended, he felt so moved by the evangelist’s words that he felt he was speaking

directly to him. As his sixteenth birthday drew near, Graham was attending another service of

Dr. Ham. As the choir and congregation joined to sing in the hymn, Graham was so moved by

the last verse that he made his way to the front alter to join the several hundred souls who

responded to the call. A sense of peace overwhelmed him and as he prepared for bed later in the

evening, he thanked the Lord for the opportunity to experience what he had that night.7 From this

moment on, Billy Frank would never be the same.

President Truman 1945-1953

4
W. Terry Whalin, Billy Graham: A Biography of America’s Greatest Evangelist. Men of Faith. (New
York: Morgan James Faith, 2015).

5
Whalin, Billy Graham, 5.
6
Whalin, Billy Graham, 9.
7
Whalin, Billy Graham, 18-20.
 Rev. Billy Graham first met President Harry Truman on July 14, 1950 at the White

House following a conversation that Dr. Graham had with Congressmen John McCormack.8

Graham notes that the conversations with the President focused on religious ideas and not

political ones. However, this meeting would be the start of a movement as the Commander in

Chiefs following Truman would continually turn to Graham for guidance and counsel. President

Truman was not the only one who marked this day as memorable. Graham recounts that he

“learned a great lesson” that helped him throughout his lifetime— “not to quote famous people.”9

Graham, having just met his first president and not being guided as to which details of the

experience were allowed to be shared with the press, was bombarded by journalists as they left

the White House. Young Graham openly recounted the experience to the journalists, even down

to reenacting the prayer. Years later Graham apologized to Truman for his naïve actions and was

well received by Truman despite the fact that Truman had recounted that day negatively in so

many instances. Their relationship grew and Graham continued to visit Truman in Missouri in

the time following.

President Eisenhower 1953-1961

“Of all the presidents, I knew Eisenhower best and saw him the most. Although Ike was a

well-loved president, I took a lot of criticism because of my close relationship with him,”

Graham stated in his conversations with David Frost.10 Graham’s relationship with Eisenhower

began through a correspondence that Graham had written to the Presidential candidate inquiring

8
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man. Colorado Springs, CO:
David C. Cook, 2014. Accessed February 15, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central.

9
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations, 108.
10
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations, 109.
as to his motivations for the presidency. Eisenhower astonished by the letter claimed, with a few

choice words that Graham had no desire to repeat in the retelling of the story to Frost, that he

wanted to meet the one who wrote “the greatest letter he’d read.”11 In their first meeting,

Eisenhower and Graham covered just about every topic of conversation. The two seemed to hit it

off immediately. After being nominated for President, Eisenhower convinced Graham to work

with him in writing speeches that inspired the spiritual renewal that Eisenhower felt the country

was in need of. Graham obliged and provided a pre-annotated Bible that became a constant

companion to “Ike” throughout his time in the spotlight.

While spiritual and religious conversations were often the topic of conversation between

Graham and his now two presidential allies, Eisenhower took the relationship one step farther

than with Truman. Seeking Graham’ opinion on the political topics of the time, Eisenhower was

the first U.S. President to bring politics into the relationship he had with Dr. Graham. In

September of 1957, tension increased in Little Rock, Arkansas as the public violently opposed

the decisions of the Brown vs. Board of Education case that declared segregation in schools to be

unconstitutional. Eisenhower decided that the national guard would need to be utilized to protect

the nine students and assist in the integration process. However, he did not make that decision

alone. Prior to sending in the troops, he contacted Dr. Graham who was preparing to preach at

Madison Square Garden that day. Graham’s advice to Eisenhower was straight to the point: “I

don’t think you have an alternative.”12 Eisenhower’s vice president at the time, Richard Nixon,

would also seek counsel from Graham regarding the decision. Troops were sent into Little Rock

one day after the two most powerful men in the world called “Billy Frank”.

11
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 110.
12
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 111-112.
 President Kennedy 1961-1963

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was a faithful member of the Catholic Church. Somewhat a

dramatic difference between that of the Southern Baptist beliefs of Graham. Many Americans at

the time had strong feelings towards the fact that Kennedy was Catholic. Protestant ministers on

several occasions met together to discuss Kennedy’s beliefs and religious affiliations. Kennedy

on numerous instances, as a personal defense, promoted the ideas of the separation between

church and state and argued that he was ready to fight for the people and the nation, not to

promote his private personal beliefs.13 Graham himself questioned the level of “influence the

Vatican might have over a Catholic President,” yet Kennedy’s dedication to the American people

interested Graham.14 Born a year and a half apart, Kennedy and Graham were the first

presidential-preacher pair to share the commonality of time. Graham first met Kennedy on the

golf course in Palm Beach, Florida where due to his emotions of meeting the president-elect,

Graham made several golfing mistakes that the two joked about throughout the game15.

Graham noted that his conversations with Kennedy regarding Vietnam were not as

adamantly opposed to the war as maybe they should have been. Graham in conversation with

David Frost, notes that pulling out of the action may not have been a possibility and as a result,

he did not speak out against U.S. involvement.16

Dr. Graham spoke at all three National Prayer Breakfasts while Kennedy was president.

Notably, Kennedy attended all of the breakfasts as well which is unique in modern history. In

13
“God In America.” PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. [Link]

Wacker, Grant. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. Cambridge: Harvard
14

University Press, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central.

15
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 113-114.
16
Ibid., 114.
1963, the final prayer breakfast and last time that Graham and Kennedy were together, Graham

was invited by the President to return with him to the White House. Due to being sick from the

flu and not wanting to risk endangering the president, Graham turned down the offer. Kennedy

understood yet hesitated to leave Graham. In his autobiography, Graham would recount how

those last moments together troubled him. President Kennedy’s “hesitation at the car door, and

his request, haunt me still. What was on his mind? Should I have gone with him? It was an

irrecoverable moment.”17

President Johnson 1963-1969

Lyndon Johnson was not a man who could quietly sneak into a room. Known for his

boisterous presence and often colorful language, LBJ is not the first person you would think to

pair with “Billy Frank”. Yet, the Johnson/Graham partnership was powerful and held long after

Johnson’s death. Although from different sides of the political aisle, the two men shared a lot of

common interests, heritages, and goals. In many ways they also completed each other. Johnson

afraid of death, found solace in the words of wisdom that Graham would use to comfort him.

Additionally, Graham looked upon Johnson with admiration. At Johnson’s funeral service,

Graham shared with all his reflections of the President’s life when he marked that “Lyndon

Johnson was a mountain of man with a whirlwind for a heart. He will stand tall in history.”18

Johnson was the first sitting president to attend one of Graham’s Crusades. In 1965,

Lyndon Johnson made public to the world just how valuable Billy Graham was to the executive

branch when he made an appearance at the Huston Astrodome. Graham was criticized for his

17
Graham, Billy. Just as I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham (First Edition). San Francisco,
California: Harper San Francisco, 1997.
18
Wacker, Grant. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. 210.
relationship with Johnson due to the increasing involvement in Vietnam.19 Graham delineates

that although he spent a lot of time with Johnson, they did not seem to discuss politics but rather

enjoyed the company of one another. Had they discussed the events in Vietnam, Graham

would’ve been likely to share his opposition to the violence that he regretted not sharing with

President Kennedy. Johnson’s admiration of Graham and trust in his insight could have very well

changed events and actions in Vietnam. It is undeniable that Johnson held Graham in high

regard, as the only houseguests of the Johnson family on the last weekend of their time in the

White House, Graham could have played a powerful role in ending the conflict and bringing

troops home.

President Nixon 1969-1974

Richard Nixon and Billy Graham’s relationship as previously noted began long before

Nixon took the oath of office as President. Nixon sought the counsel of Graham on several

occasions between the Little Rock Nine events and that of his inauguration. In fact, Nixon went

to Rev. Graham to ask his assistance in convincing the young kid from Massachusetts not to run

for the presidency in 1960. Graham had agreed to do just that when he decided to meet John

Kennedy. Unfortunately for Nixon, Graham did not succeed in what he sought out to do. Quite

the contrary took place, Graham and Kennedy developed a bond and Graham stood by Kennedy.

Not forgetting his previously established friendship with Nixon, Graham provided advice

to Nixon on the loss of the Presidential campaign that assured him that the “temporary loss [was]

going to be for the purpose of developing [Nixon] into a great leader for the task and

responsibilities” that lay ahead of him.20 Graham spoke the truth when he advised Nixon to view

19
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 114-115.
20
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 115.
the time as a way to grow as a leader. Nixon would need the instruction. Following the

Watergate Scandal, Graham would reflect on the fact that Nixon “cracked under all those

pressures and was no longer the Nixon [he] had known and admired.”21 In the last half year of

Nixon’s presidency, Graham attempted to reach him on numerous occasions and was

unsuccessful. Had the Reverend succeeded, “Tricky Dick” might have benefitted from the

levelheaded guidance that Graham could have provided to him.

President Ford 1974-1977

President Ford inherited the tension of the nation following the resignation of Nixon.

Additionally, he inherited a distant relationship with Dr. Graham. When Nixon and the

Watergate Scandal reflected on Graham with a negative light, Graham somewhat stepped out of

the White House spotlight. This was the start of a more reluctant relationship with the executive

branch as Graham could not again experience the criticism that befell him in 1974.

In this new era, Graham and Ford on several occasions played golf together and

experienced a cordial and rather uneventful relationship. Graham turned down speaking offers

from Ford as to escape the political endorsement that that might reflect during a presidential

election year.22

President Carter 1977-1981

President Carter’s inauguration was the first swearing in ceremony that Billy Graham did

not attend since 1949.23 However, that is not a full reflection of their partnership. Graham and

Carter first encountered each other at a 1966 presentation of one of the Billy Graham

21
Ibid., 117.
22
Wacker, Grant. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. 214.
23
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 200.
Evangelistic Association’s films. Graham, who was adamantly opposed to segregation surprised

Governor Carter in this capacity. These two men, both raised in the same religious heritage of the

Southern Baptist Convention, did not have personalities that worked well together. Their

relationship was confined to Graham’s public recognition of praying for the president on a daily

basis.

President Reagan 1981-1988

The relationship between the former actor and the minister is a unique one given the

presidential relationships leading up to 1981. The Great Communicator of the political world and

the Great Communicator of the religious world were truly friends. They had a lot in common:

rural upbringing, religious heritage, praying mothers, similar interests, a rise to the national

spotlight, and more. They shared an interest in eschatology and it would become a frequent topic

of conversation between them.24

On March 30, 1981, Billy Graham was the first person that Nancy Reagan phoned for

consoling following the attempted assassination of President Reagan.25 The Reagans and the

Grahams would maintain a strong friendship throughout their time in the White House and

beyond. Graham, before leaving to speak at a peace promoting conference during the Reagan

era, expressed his plans to the president. Reagan neither encouraged nor discouraged Graham’s

participation. Instead, roles reversed when Reagan stated that he would be praying for Dr.

Graham.26 The minister would be in the heart of the Soviet Union fighting for peace and the

leader of the free world would be praying for him.

24
Wacker, Grant. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. 216.
25
Ibid., 216.
26
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 143.
 President G. H. W. Bush 1988-1993

President Bush did not break any molds when he had a long-established relationship with

Rev. Graham prior to his swearing in. The difference in this era was that Graham had had time

and age to benefit Bush when seeking counsel. Decades after Vietnam, Bush would present

Graham with a new set of political conflicts and this time, Graham would do things differently.

On January 16th, 1991, the Grahams and the Bushes ate dinner together and were the first

citizens outside of the political and military arena to hear the news that President Bush had

ordered the military to begin the process of bombing Iraq.27 Following a prayer together, the

president addressed the nation.

Graham and Bush would over the years continue in a partnership of trust and friendship.

Graham noted in his autobiography how much it touched him that the Bush family placed each

other in high regard and prioritized family.28 Faith was just as important and that was made clear

when Bush asked both Dr. Graham and his wife Ruth to visit their family in Kennebunkport,

Maine to share of their faith and answer questions from the Bush children and grandchildren.

This event would prove to alter the future of the country.29

President Clinton 1993-2001

Graham considered Clinton to be a president “elected by the people” and embraced the

idea that he should be supported because of that.30 Clinton had attended one of Graham’s

Crusades as a child and returned again in 1989 at a Crusade in Little Rock, Arkansas. Clinton
27
Wacker, Grant. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation. 238.
28
Graham, Billy. Just as I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham.
29
Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, 2021. Billy Graham: Pastor to the Presidents.
30
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 117.
had remarked on several occasions how he sought counsel from Graham and desired his

prayers.31

President G. W. Bush 2001-2009

“I knew I was in the presence of a great man…He didn’t lecture or admonish; he shared a

warmth and concern. Billy Graham didn’t make you feel guilty, he made you feel loved.”32

President George W. Bush has a unique perspective on Dr. Graham due in part to his father

having established a relationship with the pastor decades prior to his son’s inauguration. Since

the Grahams’ visit to Kennebunkport, Graham was a huge spiritual confidant to the Bush family.

Bush claimed that Graham’s influence and counsel kept “him away from a life of partying and

alcohol, back to God, his family and his faith.”33 Bush’s trust in and confidence in Graham could

have very well led to his presidency as he demonstrated an example of American patriotism and

faith that the American people upheld.

It seems most befitting that in the most challenging time of the W. Bush administration

that Rev. Graham would play a vital role. On the morning of September 14, 2001, hundreds

gathered inside the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. to pray and mourn the loss of

thousands of lives just three days earlier. It was Rev. Graham who would be chosen to bring

words of hope and comfort to the American people in the midst of the chaos and sorrow.

President Obama 2009-2017 and President Trump 2017-2021

31
Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. 2021. Billy Graham: Pastor to the Presidents. [online]
Available at: <[Link] [Accessed
24 February 2021].
32
Garfield, Ken. Billy Graham: A Life in Pictures, Triumph Books, 2013. ProQuest Ebook Central.
33
Garfield, Ken. Billy Graham: A Life in Pictures, 45.
 Like their predecessors, both Obama and Trump revered Graham with respect. While

both had private conversations with Graham the fact of the matter is that age proved to be the

biggest factor in the changing of the reverend’s role to the presidents. President Obama visited

Graham in his home in North Carolina during his presidency. Prior to his election, future

President Trump would be a part of the celebration of Dr. Graham’s 95th birthday in 2013.34

When hearing of Dr. Graham’s passing in 2018, President Trump stated that “There was nobody

like him! He will be missed by Christians and all religions. A very special man.”35

Legacy and Impact

President Trump was right, there was no one like the world changing Billy Graham. This

man could captivate thousands at a Crusade and bring the strongest political leaders to their

knees in prayer. Graham guided the world through the challenges of racism, the struggles of the

Vietnam War, presidential assassinations and assassination attempts, through political scandals,

the Cold War or the Gulf War, or the most devastating attack on US soil since Pearl Harbor.

Graham was there: praying with the Presidents, guiding the people, upholding the nation. “Look

at the economic problem or the race problem or the crime problem or the revolutionary problem

or the student problem. All of these are problems that are beyond the ability of a president to

cope with,” Graham stated in his conversation to David Frost.36 These issues were larger than the

34
Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, 2021. Billy Graham: Pastor to the Presidents.

35
Ibid.
36
Frost, David. Billy Graham: Candid Conversations with a Public Man, 116.
political realm could handle. The nation was in need of a spiritual father who could open the

door to Godly direction. “Unlike his predecessors, Billy emphasizes God’s love rather than His

wrath, His promises rather than His punishment” that is what made him unique.37

The evidence presented within the relationships of Reverend Graham and the Executive

Branch demonstrated unmistakably that Graham played a powerful role in the political arena in

addition to his authority in the evangelical movement of the twentieth century. Graham while

maintaining relationships with the presidents, also promoted the evangelical movement to the

forefront of the religious sector.38 By the end of his career, Billy Graham had evolved from

“Billy Frank” to the most recognized evangelical minister of all time. Grant Wacker argues that

“he had eclipsed all competitors among postwar Protestant evangelists and, with the exception of

George Whitefield in the eighteenth century, all in U.S. history.”39

Graham recognized that religious freedom was incredibly valuable to the continued

freedom in America. Having traveled around the world and experienced numerous governments

and lack of freedom, he increasingly promoted the idea that “the First Amendment guarantees

not only personal beliefs and private worship, but “free exercise”!”40 Acknowledging the

precious freedom we have in America, Graham built relationships with the most powerful men in

the world. This small group of elite gentlemen had one very special thing in common: the heart

and ear of Dr. William Franklin Graham, Jr. Whether they attended the prayer breakfasts with

him, called him for advice, asked for prayer, attended one of his services, or engaged in a

friendly game of golf, they had Graham at the ready.

37
Ibid., 120

Evans, Curtis J. "Billy Graham as American Religious and Cultural Symbol." Harvard Theological
38

Review 108, no. 3 (07, 2015): 471-81.

39
Wacker, Grant. "Billy Graham's America." Church History 78, no. 3 (2009): 492.
40
Graham, Billy. "The Political and Moral Threat to Religious Liberty." Journal of Law and
Religion 8, no. 1/2 (1990): 205-11. Accessed February 7, 2021. doi:10.2307/1051269.
 When Dr. Graham was laid to rest in 2018, the greatest example of the role that he played

in American history from 1950-2018 was on the first row. The remaining men from the elite club

stood by to pay their respects to their beloved friend and minister. The only non-president to be

honored by the presence of these leaders are a testimony to the value in which they bestow to

Graham. Likewise, his honoring at the Capitol Rotunda demonstrates the authority he had in the

eyes of the public. Unlike the extravagant portrayal, Graham’s autobiography would echo the

lyrics of the hymn that moved him to the alter as a young man:

Just as I am, Thou wilt receive

Wilt welcome, pardon, cleanse, relieve
Because Thy promise I believe
O Lamb of God, I come, I come

One man “just as he was” changed the world, one president at a time.

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