AMA COMPUTER COLLEGE – BIÑAN CAMPUS

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EFFECTS OF FACEBOOK TO SELF-ESTEEM OF SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL STUDENT OF AMA BIŇAN COMPUTER COLLEGE
(SY 2018-2019)

A Research Presented to the

Senior High School Department
AMA Computer College
City of Biñan, Laguna

In partial fulfilment of the requirements

forthe academicstrand of Humanities and Social Sciences

Estrera, Nhorf

Villena, Keziah

Nava, Armi Grace

Garredo, Joshua Stephen

Hernandez, Mar

S.Y. 2018-2019
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ABSTRACT

 The abstract is an important part of your research.

 The abstract is a summary of the whole [Link] should be

limited to a one-paragraph abstract of about 280 words.

 Presented at the beginning, explain here why you chose this

topic for your research and its purpose.

 Then summarize here your introduction, methodology, results,

and conclusion. One or more sentences to summarize each

chapter.

Key terms: First term, second term, third term, fourth term
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The researchers wish to express their utmost gratitude and

appreciation to the following:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1

Abstract 2

Acknowledgments 3

Biographical Data 4

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 00

1.2 Statement of the Problem 00

1.3 Scope and Limitations 00

1.4 Significance of the Study 00

1.5 Definition of Terms 00

1.6 Theoretical or Conceptual Framework 00

CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGY

2.1 Procedure 1 00

2.2 Procedure 2 00

2.3 Procedure 3 00

2.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 00

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CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

3.1 Literature 00

A. foreign (indicate here the Title, author and year) 00

B. local (indicate here the Title, author and year) 00

3.2 Title of Second Topic 00

A. foreign (indicate here the Title, author and year) 00

B. local (indicate here the Title, author and year) 00

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Title of First Topic 00

4.2 Title of Second Topic 00

4.3 Title of Third Topic 00

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary 00

5.2 Conclusions 00

5.3 Recommendations 00

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cited References

A. Book 00

B. Research Journal/Thesis Abstract 00

C. Internet 00

APPENDICES

A. Map of Study Site (if applicable)

00

B. Timetable of Activities

00

C. Raw Data

00

D. Photo Documentation

00

CURRICULUM VITAE 00
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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The use of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat

has expanded over years and has become a major part of people’s daily

lives, especially to teenagers or youth. With straightaway access through

smart phones that makes it more convenient to connect online, social

media can now be instantly reached [ CITATION Kit12 \l 13321 ].

Among the most popular social networking sites is Facebook.

Launched in 2004 at Harvard, Facebook was originally designed for

university students, but is now accessible to anyone with an email

address[ CITATION Kit12 \l 13321 ].

Teenage users use Facebook as a spying tool to see what their

friends are doing, how they look, and how they act. They often find the site

entertaining and enticing, as it serves as a convenient method of

maintaining contact with family and friends [ CITATION Hat15 \l 13321 ].

Recent research is beginning to note the potential hazards of

certain types of Facebook use, such as increasing feelings of envy and life
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dissatisfaction, twisting the perception of healthy sexual relationships or

bringing about a loss of one’s self-esteem [ CITATION Nic17 \l 13321 ].

This could be because Facebook is not only used for social

interaction but also self-expression [ CITATION McA12 \l 13321 ]. Teenagers

post photos and videos of themselves to get likes and comments which

can either bring a person down or pull a person up. Mostly though, it

depends on how a person use facebook that it affects their self-esteem

tremendously [ CITATION Cho12 \l 13321 ].

The present study will determine the effects of Facebook use on

the self-esteem of senior high school students of AMA Computer College

Biñan.
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1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study will determine the effects of Facebook use to the senior

high school students of AMA Computer College Biñan.

1. Is there any relationship between usage of Facebook and self-

esteem of individuals?

2. What is the nature of such relationship?

1.3 Scope and Limitations

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Scope

The study will focus on the effect of Facebook use on the self-

esteem of senior high school students of AMA Computer College Biñan of

the school year 2018-2019.

Limitations

The research study was limited by the following conditions. First,

being a Facebook user is crucial for the participation in this study, hence

we exclude students that are not Facebook users. Students that are not

facebook users, but may experience self-esteem issues due to the usage

of other social networking sites like Facebook is outside the scope of our

research study. Second, the research is limited to senior highschool

students enrolled in AMA Biñan for the School Year of 2018-2019. This

means a limited age group and a limited environmental factor for the

participants of the study.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study ought to be beneficial to the following:

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 For the students; the students will be much more aware

about how to use social media responsibly. They will be

oriented about the possible consequences of Facebook usage.

 For the faculty; the teachers will be careful of how they might

influence their students on their Facebook use. For example,

they might reconsider the degree to which Facebook is being

used for academic purposes.

 For the family; the respondent's family, relatives, or parents

will be mindful on how they should play an active role by

guiding their children on using social media responsibly, and

how this might affect their children with regards to their self-

esteem.

 For the community: the study will raise awareness regarding

the possible repercussions of Facebook and any other social

networking sites.

 For the researcher; the researcher will also benefit from this

study, for we will obtain new ideas and information about the

effects of social media regarding to self-esteem, which we can

apply on other matters that are associated to it.

1.5 Definition of Terms

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The following important terms (arranged in alphabetical order) are

defined based on context or how they were used in the study:

Term 1. The definition should be based on how it was used in the

study; it should be in complete sentence.

Term 2. The definition should be based on how it was used in the

study; it should be in complete sentence.

Term 3. The definition should be based on how it was used in the

study; it should be in complete sentence.

1.6 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework
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Uses and Gratifications Theory

The most common theory used to understand why people engage

with social media is uses and gratifications theory(U&G). This theory was

first proposed by Elihu Katz and his partners Jay Blumler and Michael

Gurevitch in 1973 and was used to study the motives people have for

engaging with the media that they do in order to gratify their needs (Katz,

Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1973).

Since then it has since been adapted for the study of social media

and its various elements such as gratifications from Facebook use, among

others which all contribute to the credibility of using this theory for the

purposes of the present study [ CITATION Spe18 \l 13321 ].

U&G focuses on consumers’ motives for using specific types of

media and the satisfaction they receive from their use [ CITATION Ala16 \l

13321 ]. However, while people engage themselves with a social media of

their own choice to satisfy their needs, those needs are not always

obtained. Often times, the gratifications they were seeking are not the

same as the gratifications they obtain [ CITATION Spe18 \l 13321 ].

The Theory of Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is sometimes referred to as self-worth or self-respect.

Too little self-esteem can have people feeling defeated or depressed and
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can lead people to make bad choices, fall into destructive relationships, or

fail to live up to their full potential. Too much self-esteem can certainly be

off-putting to others and can even damage personal relationships

[ CITATION Che17 \l 13321 ].

Low self-esteem is a predictor of many negative behaviors

including depression, eating disorders, and pornography viewing. If young

adults, parents, or health care professionals are aware of the risks for

these harmful behaviors, they can take measures to increase self-esteem

in young adults before they fall victim.

Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY
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2.1 Research Design

In this study, a descriptive research is used to describe the effect of

Facebook use and the self-esteem of the senior high school students of

AMA Computer College, Biñan Campus. This is a fact finding method of

research that involves adequate and accurate interpretation of findings.

2.2 Sample

The study was composed of 324 samples, consisting of randomly selected

senior high school students pulled from the AMA Computer College,

Biñan Campus's subject pool.

2.3 Sampling Design and Technique

The researchers used the Stratified Random Sampling Technique.

The population is divided into two or more strata, employed to ensure a

fairly equal representation of the variables for the study. The researchers

divided the senior high students based on their strands: Technical

Vocational (TVL), Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

(STEM), General Academic Strand (GAS), Humanities and Social

Sciences (HUMSS), Accountancy, Business Management (ABM). Within

each strand, a selection of participants was made through simple random

sampling technique. This was achieved by writing out numbers from 1 to

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65 in piece of paper which was folded and put in a box. After thorough

reshuffling, the researcher selected an element, recorded it and put it back

in the box until the required number was obtained.

2.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis

The researchers gathered data by means of survey questionnaires

distributed to the participants. The data collected from the participants

were later checked, tallied, interpreted and analyzed using t-test for

independent groups. This will show the effect of Facebook use on self-

esteem.

2.5 Research Instruments

In this study, two standardized research instruments were used to

generate data. These are the following:

1. Facebook Intensity Questionnaire (FBI)

The questionnaire is designed to find the extent to which the

participant was emotionally connected to Facebook and the extent to

which Facebook was incorporated into their daily activities. It has a

Cronbach's alpha of 0.83, created in order to obtain a better measure of

Facebook usage, designed to measure the extent to which the participant

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was actively engaged in Facebook activities: the number of Facebook

“friends” and the amount of time spent on Facebook on a typical day

[ CITATION Ell07 \l 13321 ].

2. Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE)

The RSE is a 10-item scale designed to understand the general

feelings of a person about oneself. The scale presented high ratings of

reliability, internal consistency being at 0.77, and with a minimum

Coefficient of Reproducibility at 0.90. It has alpha coefficients ranging from

0.72 to 0.87. The test-retest reliability for a 2-week interval was calculated

at 0.85 while the 7-month interval was calculated at 0.63 [ CITATION

Ros65 \l 13321 ].

CHAPTER III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

I. Local

The Philippines again topped the world in terms of social media

usage as the number of internet users in the country hit 67 million people,
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according to a new report by London, United Kingdom-based consultancy

We Are Social. In its Digital 2018 report, which compiled data from various

third-party sources, We Are Social said Filipinos spent an average of 3

hours and 57 minutes a day on social media sites, mainly on Facebook. It

said there were 67 million accounts on Facebook in the Philippines,

matching the total number of internet users in the country. (Camus, 2018)

As claimed by Diaz, C (2013), facebook makes us feel less

satisfied with our lives. Facebook can enhance self-esteem. But this

happens only when your Facebook activity is focused on your own profile

and updates. When you focus on the profiles and updates of other people,

it’s the opposite. Because Facebook tends to showcase happy and

successful moments, we often make the mistake of assuming that other

people are happier than they actually are. Although on some level, we

know that people’s lives on Facebook don’t show the whole picture, it’s

easy to fall for the happy side anyway. Facebook does have its dangers.

After enumerating the positive effects of social media on

businesses, marketing, and connecting to other people effectively,

Torrevillas (2017) said that one of the negative effects of Facebook is that

it leads to addiction. “It lowers the motivational level of people,” he said.

Facebook changed the way people interact. While on the surface it might

seem that Facebook is bringing people together, in a larger sense it might

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actually create social isolation. This in turn could lead to psychological,

emotional, and physical problems like anxiety [ CITATION Dom17 \l 13321 ].

I. FOREIGN

According to Morin, A. (2014), researchers have discovered that

the way people choose to present themselves on Facebook speaks

volumes about their personality and self-image. People with a lot of

Facebook friends tend to have low self-esteem.

Marriner, C. (2013), said that the more time teenage girls spend on

social media - caught in a world of competition for likes on Facebook,

posting weight-loss progress selfies on Instagram - the more likely they

are to be dissatisfied with their bodies and have low self-esteem. New

Flinders University researchers interviewed more than 1000 high school

girls and found conversations about appearance were "intensified" on

social media, and were more influential because they involved peers.

Social commentator Melinda Tankard Reist said young girls seeking

affirmation via social media were ''setting themselves up for negative

mental health outcomes''. "They feel they have to be on display,'' she said.

''We live in a culture that rewards exhibitionism and everyone is judged on

their physical appearance.''

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Facebook status updates may be geared toward all the positive

occurrences in one’s life. It’s also likely that when some scroll through

their news feeds, they’re comparing these successes to their own lives.

(Suval, 2012).

The mere state of comparison could play a key role with

Facebook’s impact on self-esteem as well. “It seems like everyone on my

friends list has really good news at every time of the day,” Steven, a

recent college graduate who studied psychology, said. “One would think

that if you’re surrounded by all of this positive, virtual energy that you in

turn would feel happy-go-lucky. However, it seems inevitable that you will

find yourself comparing your life to the seemingly perfect ones illustrated

on the wonderful world of Facebook. Personally, I think social networking

sites, although convenient for communication and keeping in touch with

people, will probably do more harm for a person’s self-esteem than good.

Regardless of whether we realize it, Facebook use does influence our

psychological well-being. (Suval, 2012).

Doward, J. (2017), said perhaps Facebook should carry a health

warning. The more time children spend chatting on Facebook, Snapchat,

WhatsApp and Instagram, the less happy they feel about their school

work, the school they attend, their appearance, their family and their life

overall. However, they do feel happier about their friendships.

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Related Literature

I. Local

A study conducted on Samar State University indicates that Facebook is

still the leading social media site that is used among adolescents. The

results of the study showed that there is no one particular factor that

will lead to negative emotional states such as depression, anxiety, and

stress. However, time spent on FB does increase the likelihood to

develop depression and anxiety [ CITATION Leo14 \l 13321 ].

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It is said that using Facebook boosts students’ self-esteem. They would

feel a sense of belonging in the community. On the other hand, negative

effects increase. It was found that Facebook has affects students’

emotional health. More than feeling connected to others, study show that

somehow they manifest depression through seeing their friends’ status

updates [ CITATION Ron13 \l 13321 ].

On the other hand, a study on the students of Immaculate Conception

College shows that most do not mind the feedback they get to every post

that they do on Facebook. In terms of representation of personal image

and its equivalent impact to self esteem, young adults are not that mindful

of the way they show or present images of themselves in Facebook. The

assessment on self esteem proved that whatever students show of

themselves online speaks little of the real image they possess offline. The

study showed that the online social media activities in which the students

engaged in like Facebook do not influence their self-esteem or self-worth

as individuals [ CITATION Ren16 \l 13321 ].

II. Foreign

A study by Rich (2018) showed that seeing posts about the other people’s

achievements led to negative, self critical thoughts. Those who do not

share the same accomplishments may feel like they are less successful
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than their friends and this causes them to develop lower self-esteem and a

depressive outlook. Thus, the more time spent looking at these kind of

posts on social media may contribute to higher feelings of negativity

[ CITATION Cha18 \l 13321 ]. Multiple studies have associated social media

use with decline in subjective mood, sense of well-being, and life

satisfaction. These feelings may lead to a sense of self-inferiority and

depression over time. A reason for this may be that highly idealized

images of peers on social media brings forth feelings of envy and belief

that others lead happier, successful lives. They might also feel that they

are wasting time after spending so much of it on irrelevant activities online

and this affects the mood negatively. “Internet addiction” or the increasing

amount of time a youth spends online, especially on social has been

recognized as psychiatric condition that is closely linked with depression

[ CITATION Liu \l 13321 ].

Research results of a study in Turkey show that some adolescents and

young adults especially use social media as a platform where they could

express themselves as they want. This social appearance anxiety may

increase demand of becoming invisible through self-concealment. This

then causes negative feelings like loneliness [ CITATION Uğu16 \l 13321 ].

Social media users must be cautious and aware that sometimes, social

media can deteriorate self-esteem, cause envy and alter views about
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healthy sexual relationships. Facebook specially gives rise to two

pressures that boost the desire to obtain the ideal self: peers and media

[ CITATION Mab14 \l 13321 ].

The qualitative findings in a study by Christensen (2018) presents forceful

evidence that social media use offers more negative consequences than it

does benefits. This implies that appropriate actions should be taken so we

would more aware of how social media use impacts us and what can be

done to avoid developing negative habits and prevent throwing ourselves

into a state of deeper emotional distress by simply allowing our own health

and personal relationships with others to get worse [ CITATION Spe181 \l

13321 ].

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Subtitle of the first topic or problem

Write here short details about how you obtained your data. The

last statement should introduce the data (table or chart) below.

Example:Soil samples collected from the dumpsite were found to contain

significantly more metals than those collected from a farm land. Table 1
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shows the concentrations of heavy metals analyzed for both the dumpsite

and farmland (control site).

Table 1. Metal Concentrations in Dumpsite and Farm Soils

Concentration (ppm)
Collection Sites
Cu Zn Cd Pb

Farmland 4.271 3.464 0.076 1.764

Dumpsite 15.184 53.283 0.167 15.465

Write here the meaning of your legend/s if you use any.

Write only the highlights of your results but explain here yet. You

may also mention the trends or patterns of your results.

Example:Results obtained showed that soils from dumpsite recorded

higher metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their corresponding

levels at the normal farmland.

Page 1 of #

Then on the next paragraph, explain your data. Write here the

discussion about the Table 1. Discussion should explain and justify why

you obtained those. You may compare your own findings to the findings of

other researchers. Do not forget to always cite or acknowledge your

source. Discussion should be detailed and complete.

4.2 Subtitle of the second topic or problem

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Write here short details about how you obtained your data for your

second problem or objective. The last statement should introduce the

data (table or chart) below.

Example:Heavy metal concentrations in different parts of collected plant

from the Smokey mountain dumpsite and control soils are given in the

figure below.

Fig. 1 Bioconcentration factor of Zn on studied plants and their parts

collected in farmland and dumpsite

Again write here only the highlights of your results without the need
Page 1 of #
to justify or to explain why you obtain such. You may also mention the

trends or patterns of your results.

Example:Results obtained show that soils from dumpsite recorded higher

metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) concentrations than their corresponding levels at

the normal farmland. All heavy metals investigated in the dumpsite have

significant differences from those obtained in the control.

Then on the next paragraph, explain your data. Write here the

discussion about the Table 1. Discussion should explain and justify why

you obtained those. You may compare your own findings to the findings of
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other researchers. Do not forget to always cite or acknowledge your

source. Discussion should be detailed and complete.

Remember that this portion of your paper should contain the

most number of pages.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary

Discuss here the total development of your study and

Summarize the Data and results

5.2 Conclusions

Conclusion should be the direct answer to each of the specific

questions (on your Statement of the Problem).

Example: The investigated dumpsite soil of Smokey Mountain, Tondo,

Manila were found to have higher levels of metal concentrations compared

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to the control. It further revealed that generally, plants grown on dumpsite

soils can accumulate more of toxic metals than plants grown in normal

agricultural soil.

Heavy metal accumulation varies on the variety of plant and the

heavy metal contents of the [Link] calabura(tree),Zea mays (food

crop) and Corchorus olitorious (shrub) were studied and it was revealed

that parts of these plants have the capacity to accumulate heavy metals

from soil, specifically, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb.

Furthermore, the result obtained in this study showed the potential

of the investigated plants for phytoremediation of polluted sites as shown

by their bioconcentrationfactors (BCF).

5.3 Recommendations

The following recommendations were drawn based on the results

and conclusions of the study:

Example:

1. Further study of other metals present in the dumpsite is suggested.

Studies may also be done in different seasons to see if weather or

temperature may affect the availability of heavy metal contents in

dumpsite soil.
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2. Investigation on the plants studied to support the findings of its

capability as bioaccumulator, specifically, the Muntingia

calabura(tree).

3. Effects of eating plants cultivated in the dumpsite may also be

taken into consideration by the next studies.

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Werling BP, Lowenstein DM, Straub CS, Gratton C. 2012. Multi-predator

effects produced by functionally distinct species vary with prey

density. J Insect Sci [Internet]. [cited 12 Sep 2013];12(30).

Available from: [Link]/12.30 (On-line journal article)

APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A

MAP OF THE STUDY SITE (if applicable)

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Write here some explanations or legend about the symbols used (if any) in

the map.

APPENDIX C

TIME TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

July Aug Sept Oct Nov

Research
activity
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Procedure
1

Procedure
2

Procedure
3

Procedure
4
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KM 32 NATIONAL HIGHWAY, CANLALAY, BIÑAN, LAGUNA
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Procedure
5

Procedure
6

Procedure
7

APPENDIX E

RAW DATA

1. Uptake and distribution of Cu in the three studied plants

Concentration (ppm)
Collectio Aratiles Corn Saluyot
n sites tree corn corn corn saluyot saluyot saluyot
leaves roots leaves seeds roots stems leaves
3.077
1.2180 4 0.9553 0.9622 2.3101 0.9830 1.5498
3.084
1.2387 3 0.9622 0.9208 2.3309 1.0175 1.5705
3.098
Cu landfill
1.2529 1 0.9277 0.9069 2.3447 1.0106 1.5152
3.499
1.3424 0 1.1143 0.9415 2.3309 1.1281 1.0866
3.526
1.3770 7 1.1350 0.9899 2.3516 1.1350 1.1143
2.678
0.4440 3 0.0587 0.1691 1.0682 0.0842 0.1365
2.691
0.3916 0 0.0010 0.1654 1.0610 0.0806 0.1021
2.689
Cu farm
0.3391 2 0.0716 0.1691 1.0610 0.0842 0.0913
2.549
0.3084 9 0.3699 0.1365 0.6250 0.0860 0.4006
2.544
0.3066 4 0.3464 0.1021 0.6177 0.0951 0.3862
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2. One-way ANOVA of Copper in Leaves of Plants

Anova: Single Factor Copper

SUMMARY
Averag Varianc
Groups Count Sum e e
6.000
Aratiles 0 7.7852 1.2975 0.0047
6.000
Corn 0 6.1881 1.0314 0.0086
6.000
Saluyot 0 7.9576 1.3263 0.0579

ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between 0.317
Groups 3 2.0000 0.1587 6.6832 0.0084 3.6823
0.356 15.000
Within Groups 1 0 0.0237

0.673 17.000
Total 4 0        

APPENDIX F

PHOTODOCUMENTATION
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(Cite here the photo credits)

Plate 1. Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano)

Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Origanum
Species: O. vulgare

A small perennial sub-shrub, perennial ground covers with many forms.

Most have stems that can get very woody. Leaves are oval, dark green
and in opposite pairs. Some varieties have fuzzy leaves, others not. The
flowers stalks are spiky and may be white, pink or purple. Oregano starts
out as a ground hugging rosette of leaves, but it can easily grow to about
40-50 cm tall.

CURRICULUM VITAE
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