LEARNING MODULE

NOTRE DAME OF MASIAG, INC.

S.Y. 2020-2021

ANIMAL PRODUCTION
(Small Ruminants)
Grade 12
Second Semester
Name ______________________________________

Section ______________________________________

Subject Teacher ______________________________________

Class Adviser ______________________________________

FOR PRIVATE USE

in the Notre Dame of Masiag, Inc.
Strictly not for Public Circulation
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ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II
SMALL RUMINANTS
Quarter 3 –Module 1

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates an The learner independently applies core
understanding of the concepts and underlying competencies in small ruminant production as
theories in small ruminant production. prescribed by TESDA Training Regulations.

INTRODUCTION
This lesson covers the overview of small ruminants raising; its concepts
and relevance and the opportunities associated in practicing this enterprise.

OBJECTIVES
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. explain concepts in small ruminants production;
2. discuss the relevance of the course; and
3. explore opportunities in small ruminant production as a business.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. A small ruminant popular known for its wool.
a. carabao b. goat c. cattle d. sheep
2. Goats and sheep are termed as small ruminants because of their .
a. color b. odor c. feeding habit d. size and appearance
3. Goat meat: chevon; sheep meat: .
a. beef b. mutton c. carabeef d. pork
4. The brand given to goat because of their becoming an asset to the farmer.
a. father’s best friend c. man’s best friend
b. farmer’s livestock d. poor man’s cow
5. BAI is an agency under the Department of Agriculture. BAI is an acronym that stands for .
a. Bureau of Agricultural Industry c. Bureau of Artificial Insemination
b. Bureau of Animal Insemination d. Bureau of Animal Industry
6. The following are the competitive advantages of raising small ruminants EXCEPT ONE.
a. Source of income for the family
b. Risk of spread of diseases and parasites
c. Requires minimal initial investment, risk of loss is small
d. Women and children can easily participate in goat production
7. Goats can utilize farm by-products as their main source of feeds and subsist in marginal environment. The
statement is an example of .
a. business opportunity of goat raising
b. competitive advantage of goat raising
c. needed intervention in goat raising
d. weakness of goat raising
8. The following are examples of weaknesses of small ruminants raising EXCEPT ONE.
a. Limited market outlets c. Lack of insufficient breeder base
b. Lack of market information d. Source of income for the family
9. The following are examples of products that can be sourced out from small ruminants EXCEPT .
a. eggs b. leather c. meat d. milk
10. Increasing demand for chevon as alternative source of meat, potential source of milk, hides and fiber, and export
markets specifically in the Middle East are examples of .
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a. business opportunities of goat raising
b. competitive advantages of goat raising
c. needed interventions in goat raising
d. weakness of goat raising

MOTIVATION

Goats and sheep are termed as small ruminants because of their size and appearance. They
are being raised to provide meat (chevon for goat and mutton for sheep), milk, leather and wool which turns into
supplemental cash for the family. With these products from these ruminants, it is important to gain understanding on
how to raise them.
Because of their size, they can easily be raised rather than large ruminants. They can be easily integrated with
other farming system, too. Their manure can be used as organic fertilizer and thus improve the soil. It is imperative
therefore to employ production techniques that are proven and best practices being practiced by farmers.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Goat production is one of the important livestock enterprises in the country today. Being termed as “poor
man’s cow”, goats are recognized as one of the world’s living assets. It has become a good source of income to
backyard and commercial raisers.
Goat production forms part of a typical farming system in rural areas. Compared to other ruminant species,
goats mature earlier, have higher fertility, are capable of multiple births and have shorter gestation period.

Competitive Advantages
1. Source of income for the family
2. Requires minimal initial investment, risk of loss is small
3. Women and children can easily participate in goat production
4. Goats can be easily integrated with other crop-based farming systems
5. Goats can utilize farm by-products as their main sources of feed and subsist in marginal environment
6. Short gestation period allows meat and milk production in relatively short period
7. Farmers, in some cases, can use goats as an “insurance” against crop failure
8. Increasing demand for chevon
9. Technologies, facilities and inputs for increased productivity and efficiency are available
Weaknesses
1. Lack or insufficient breeder base
2. Risk of spread of diseases and parasites
3. Low priority compared to other livestock and poultry commodities
4. Limited market outlets
5. Lack of market information
6. Inadequate support services, i.e. market, extension, credit, research and development
Interventions Needed
1. Improvement of production and reproductive efficiency through biotechnological intervention and
management manipulations
2. Undertaking, developing and disseminating research and production technologies through education/training
and extension services
3. Intensifying market strategies, product development and promotion of goats
4. Strengthening tie-ups with the private sector and other government institutions in local and foreign countries
5. Improving existing facilities for demonstration purposes
Business Opportunities
1. Increasing demand from chevon as alternative source of meat
2. Need for breeders as more entrepreneurs venture in goat production because of its economic viability
3. Potential source of milk, hides and fiber
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4. Export markets specifically in the Middle East

Activity 1
Enumerate the required information below. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
Competitive Advantages
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________

Weaknesses
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________

Business Opportunities
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________

Interventions Needed
1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
5. ___________________________

Activity 2
Direction. Write the correct terms associated with the following Acronyms below. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
DepEd –

CHED -

TESDA –

BAI -

DA -

PRACTICE
Direction; Answer the question below. Write your answer on your activity/Assessment notebook.
1. Why do you need to study small ruminant production?
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EVALUATION

Direction: Make a Poem entitled “The Economic Importance of Small Ruminant

Production”

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II SMALL RUMINANT

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates an The learner independently selects ideal
understanding in selecting ideal site and site and provides comfortable house for
providing comfortable house to small small ruminants.
ruminants.

PROVIDING COMFORTABLE HOUSING FOR SMALL RUMINANTS

INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required in providing a
comfortable and safe housing system and other facilities for goats and sheep.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. recognize the ideal site for housing the herd;
2. identify the different types of goat/sheep house;
3. name the materials needed in the construction of a goat/sheep house; and
4. estimate the recommended floor space requirement of goat/sheep at different physiological stages.

DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the right answer from the choices. Write only the letter of your answer in your activity
notebook.
1. This refers to the contour/elevation of the area where the project will be situated.
a. Location b. Site c. Topography d. Vegetation
2. Why is there a need to house animals?
a. It is popular in the locality.
b. It is an ordinance from the municipality.
c. It reduces internal parasite infestation.
d. It gives the caretaker a place to rest while herding the flock.
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3. Why do farmers prefer to build an elevated house for the goats?
a. The animals get secured.
b. It is an ordinance of the barangay.
c. They follow the culture in their place.
d. It facilitates cleaning and provides ventilation.
4. What should be a raiser’s priority when putting up a perimeter fence for the animals?
a. Cost of materials c. Availability of the materials
b. Time to consume d. Safety and well-being of the animals
5. This facility is necessary where sick animals are kept to control rapid spread of infectious diseases among animals.
a. Breeding stall c. Kidding pen
b. Isolation area d. Loafing area
6. What is the recommended floor space area for a breeding male (buck)?
a. 1.0 m2 c. 2.0 m2
b. 1.5 m2 d. 2.5 m2
7. What is the recommended housing space for bred ewes in a confinement (slatted floor)?
a. 8 – 10 sq. feet c. 12 – 16 sq. feet
b. 10 – 12 sq. feet d. 16 – 20 sq. feet
8. What factor is needed for cleaning the quarters, washing the animals and equipment and safe drinking
purposes?
a. Inclement weather c. Water supply
b. Peace and order d. Windbreaks
9. Which of the following factors is described when a project is located near the market?
a. Distance from farm to market c. Peace and order
b. Distance from populated area d. Transportation
10. This factor considers the porosity of the soil since goats are not adapted to moistened ground.
a. Topography c. Water supply
b. Types of soil d. Windbreaks
11. Why is elevated flooring a requirement when constructing a house for goats?
a. It is the decision of the owner.
b. It is more economical in nature.
c. It facilitates the cleaning of manure.
d. It is an ordinance from the municipality.
12. What is the total area needed to house a pair of goat?
a. 4 sq. m b. 5 sq. m c. 6 sq. m d. 7 sq. m
13. The following are used as roofing materials for small scale goat’s house except:
a. Anahaw b. Cogon c. Galvanized iron d. Nipa
14. In constructing goat house, bamboo is mainly used as .
a. partition b. post c. roof d. sidings
15. Why is concrete post more preferable to use than wooden post in commercial scale farming?
a. It provides durability.
b. It is the choice of the owner.
c. It facilitates proper ventilation.
d. It protects the building from soil-borne organisms.
16. It is an equipment that contains feeds for the animals.
a. Feeding trough c. Kid box
b. Hay rack d. Waterer
17. These are materials which are cut into halves and holds water for the animals to drink in.
a. Boxes c. Pails or drums c. Feeders d. Racks
18. Why is it needed to provide kid box inside the rearing pen?
a. To protect kids from buck
b. To maintain proper ventilation inside the pen
c. This is where the kids are confine when sick
d. This protects kid from catching pneumonia during cooler months
19. This is a feeding facility made from bamboo tube that contains ordinary salt for the goat to lick on.
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a. Feeding trough c. Hay rack
b. Fodder rack d. Mineral box
20. Which of the following is a place for sick animals to avoid spread of diseases?
a. Buck pen c. Kid box
b. Isolation area d. Loafing area
21. What is the main function of a loafing area?
a. A special area for diseased animals
b. An area where in-heat animals are kept before breeding
c. It is where pregnant does are confined before giving birth
d. An area for gathering all animals before and after letting them loose in pasture
22. The following are considered as a good fencing materials for goat, except one because it might cause bruise
to the animals:
a. Barbed wire c. Ipil-ipil
b. Hog wire d. Kakawate
23. A frame or stand where forages or fodders are stored under a shed adjacent to the goat shed.
a. Fence area c. Kid box
b. Hay rack d. Mineral box
24. What is the ideal feeding space area for a mature goat?
a. 20 cm c. 40 cm
b. 30 cm d. 50 cm
25. In a loafing area, how many heads can be accommodated into 100-150 sq. m?
a. 30 heads c. 50 heads
b. 40 heads d. 60 heads

Lesson 1 SELECT SITE FOR GOAT/SHEEP PROJECT

INTRODUCTION
This lesson focuses on the selection of site for goat/sheep
project. It also directs the learners to the different factors that should be
considered during site selection.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify factors to consider in selecting site for goat/sheep project;
1. select ideal site for the project; and
2. appreciate the value of site selection.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct answer from the choices. Write your answers in your activity notebook paper.
1. This refers to the contour/elevation of the area where the project will be located.
a. Location c. Topography
b. Site d. Vegetation
2. Which should be considered when project should be accessible to any vehicle?
a. Housing c. Topography
b. Peace and order d. Transportation
3. What factor is needed for cleaning the quarters, washing the animals and equipment and safe drinking
purposes?
a. Inclement weather c. Water Supply
b. Peace and order d. Windbreak
4. Which of the following factors is described when a project is located near the market?
a. Distance from farm to market c. Peace and Order
b. Distance from populated area d. Transportation
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5. This factor considers the porosity of the soil since goats are not adapted to moistened ground.
a. Topography c. Water supplyTypes of soil d. Windbreaks

INTRODUCTION
Site Selection
Site is a piece of land or an area where a project is or will be situated. This is one of the vital aspects that
a raiser should consider to ensure success in venturing small ruminant’s enterprise.

Factors to consider in site selection for goat/sheep houses:

Topography – This considers the contour/elevation of the area where the project will be located. The area must be
gently or slightly sloping, has good drainage and aeration but should be safe from typhoons or strong winds.
Water supply – The project should be located where there is a good supply of potable water; otherwise, water pumps
should be properly installed within the project area. The animals need continuous supply of safe drinking water
besides the ample supply needed for cleaning the quarters and washing of the animals and equipment.
Transportation – The project should be accessible to any vehicle. Good road is considered in this factor.
Peace and order – If possible, the project should be located in a community where peace and order is not a problem.
Types of soil – Generally, the soil should be light and sandy. Goat and sheep are not adapted to moistened soil.
Distance from populous area – The animal house should be far enough from the neighborhood due to the foul odor
that the flock emits.
Distance from farm to market – It is always advantageous to locate the project not only where there is forage grown
but also must be near the market center for the following reasons:
 Less cost of labor for forage crops and easy management of forage pasture;
 Easy application Feeder stock waste and manure to the forage pasture;
 Facility of learning changes/fluctuations in the market price;
 Less injury, shrinkage, or death on the way to the market.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Activity 1.
Directions: Identify the factor being described by each of the following sentences. Choose only the letter of your
answer from the given choices in the box and write it on your activity notebook.

a. Topography e. Types of soil i. Benches

b. Water supply f. Housing j. Inclement weather
c. Windbreaks g. Transportation k. Peace and order
d. Distance from h. Distance from farm to l. Well-being
populated area market

1. The project should be near the road which is well-constructed or developed for the delivery of the inputs
and shipping out of the products to market.
2. This refers to the contour of the area.
3. It immediately provides changes or fluctuation of prices for the product and by-product.
4. It protects animals from inclement weather, diseases and predators.
5. This factor should be porous as goats are not adapted to moistened ground.
6. Its abundance is necessary for drinking, cleaning and washing of the quarters and equipment for the
animals.
7. A facility that could satisfy the preference of goats since they prefer to stay elevated platforms.
8. The project should be situated and safe from burglars and thieves.
9. This project should be far enough from the neighborhood due to the foul odor that the flock emits.
10. Trees are barriers from strong winds and keep the freshness and coolness of the air during warm
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months.
Activity 2
Directions: Fill up each underline inside circles with the different factors that is considered when selecting a site
for small ruminants.

PRACTICE
Directions: Explain each word or phrases briefly.
1. Topography

2. Water supply

3. Transportation

4. Peace and order

5. Types of soil

6. Distance from populous area

7. Distance from farm to market

EVALUATION
Directions: Survey a place in the vicinity or in your own school where goatery could be
possibly put up. Use the table below as your reference. Put a check mark ( ⁄ ) under
Feasible, if it is so, put a check mark ( ⁄ ) under Not Feasible, if it is not. Discuss your
[Link] the format and write your answer in your Activiyt/Assessment
notebook.
Factors Feasible Not Feasible
Topography
Water Supply
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Transportation
Peace and Order
Types of Soil
Distance from populous area
Distance from farm to market

Like any business enterprise, a goat/sheep raising project should be carefully planned to
ensure success. Important factors such as topography, water supply, transportation, peace and order, types of
soil, and the distance from the neighborhood and the market should be taken into consideration.
Lesson 2. HOUSING OF SMALL RUMINANTS

INTRODUCTION
This lesson presents the principles and recommendations concerning housing for small ruminants. It
includes the different local materials that can be used in the construction of the house and the recommended
space requirement for particular stage of growth of the animals.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain the importance of providing proper housing for the animals;
2. identify locally found materials needed in the project;
3. compute for the space requirement needed based on their classification;
4. construct a simple house for the animals; and
5. appreciate the value of providing house for goat/sheep.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct letter of your answer from the given choices and write it in your
activity notebook.
1. Why is elevated flooring a requirement when constructing a house for goats?
a. It is the decision of the owner.
b. It is more economical in nature.
c. It facilitates the cleaning of manure.
d. It is an ordinance from the municipality.
2. What is the total area needed to house a pair of goat?
a. 4 sq. m b. 5 sq. m c. 6 sq. m d. 7 sq. m
3. The following are used as roofing materials for small scale goat’s house EXCEPT:
a. anahaw c. galvanized iron
b. cogon d. nipa

4. In constructing goat house, bamboo is mainly used as .

a. partition b. post C. roof d. sidings
5. Why is concrete post more preferable to use than wooden post in commercial scale farming?
a. It provides durability.
b. It is the choice of the owner.
c. It facilitates proper ventilation.
d. It protects the building from soil-borne organisms.
MOTIVATION
Housing
One of the basic requirements in goat/sheep farming is to provide the ruminants a shelter. The house,
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primarily provided to ensure their security or protection must be durable and safe from rain, thieves, predators,
and infectious diseases and parasitic infestation. Moreover, housing them properly affects the performance of
the animals and eventually the outcome of the project.
Animal well-being is essential in the design and construction of housing.
Hence, there are pointers to consider in constructing the house of Goats/Sheep:
 Goats prefer to stay on an elevated platform that takes the form of stairs. Benches, steps of houses, or
piled lumber will satisfy this preference.
 The area must be well-drained and easy to clean with a good supply of water.
 The materials to be used depend on the capability of the raiser.
 The materials must also be suitable to the climatic condition of the locality.
 The shelter should be accessible.
 It should be protected by natural windbreak s and has enough protection from inclement weather.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Fig. 1 Goat House, the essential fixtures, and materials
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The goat house design should suit the desired animal performance and vital management practices
such as:
a. Feeding d. kid rearing
b. breeding and selection e. sanitation hygiene
c. reproductive events

Flooring Requirement
 Backyard or small scale project (a pair of goat with kids)
 Elevated flooring to allow periodic cleaning of manure
 Total floor area needed should be 3 m x 2 m (6 sq. m) for a pair of goats and additional 0.75 sq. m for
every kid
 Cogon, nipa or anahaw leaves as roofing materials
 Bamboo as sidings and slats, which are evenly spaced to allow manure to pass down
 Provision of feed box for the salt, concentrates, forage, and watering trough

Semi-commercial or commercial scale (25-doe level)

o Corrugated galvanized iron sheets, for a comfortable
roofing material
o Wooden slats are for ideal flooring
o Concrete post will ensure durability since the
duration of the operation is longer
o Provision of feed box for the salt, concentrates, or
forage, and watering trough
o Provide at least 1.5 m elevation from the ground to
flooring to allow ventilation and ease in cleaning the area underneath
o Underneath area must be compacted to avoid forming of mud when urine and feces drain from
above.
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` The estimation of the total floor area of the goat house should be based on the number of breeding
females and their reproductive parameters.
ASSUMPTIONS:
o Conception rate of 80%
o Kidding interval of eight months for 1.5 kidding per year
o Average kidding size of 1.5 kids per kidding
o A disposal age of one year for grower animals
o Annual replacement rate of 18% for female breeders
o 80% livability rate from birth up to one year of age

Table1. The recommended floor space area for goats at different ages

Category Floor Space ( m2)

Breeding female (doe) 1.5
Breeding male (buck) 2.0
Young stock (up to one year old kid) 1.0

For any expansion, you have to consider the layout of the goat house:

Here is a sample computation that a goat raiser can use when deciding to know the total
floor area of the house if the doe population is 25. Please refer to the assumptions given and use
Table 1 for the space requirement.

Example: 25-doe level

Breeder female (doe)
25 does x 1.5 m2 doe

= 37.5 m2 Breeder male (buck)

1 buck x 2.0 m2 buck = 2.0 m2 Young stock
25 x 80% conception x 1.5 kids/kidding x
1.5 kidding/year x 80% livability rate
= 36 offspring /year x 1.0 m2 animal

= 36.0 m2 Total floor area

=75.5 m2

Total number of goat =62 headsSpace

Requirements for Sheep
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Table 2. Recommended housing space (square feet) for sheep

Dirty Open Confinement Confinement
lot Shed (dirt floor) (slatted floors)
Bred Ewe 20 8 12 – 16 8 – 10
Ewe with lambs 25 12 16 – 20 10 – 12
Ram 20 8 20 – 30 14 – 20
Feeder lamb 15 – 20 6 8 – 10 4–6
Source: Midwest Plan Service, Sheep Housing and Equipment Handbook,1982

Less space is required if the sheep are raised on slatted floors or if

they have access to an exercise area or pasture. Shearing before housing will also allow stocking rates in the
barn to be increased by up to 20%.

Pens and Partitions (Goats)

The house is separated into four
(pens) according to different physiological
stages:
1. Kidding and rearing pen – This is a
pen that is allocated for does that are
ready to give birth. It should be located
at the farther end of the barn to give the
pregnant animals a quiet environment
during kidding. It also accommodates
Kidding Pen
newly-born kid/s for rearing. (Photo courtesy of Solana Breeding
Station, Solana, Cagayan)
2. Buck pen – It is located beside the pen of dry does and doeling for the presence of the buck near
dry does has a positive effect on the occurrence of heat on them. However, the partition of this pen
should be made of durable material and have a height of 1.35 – 1.5 m to discourage the buck from
jumping over to prevent untimely breeding with doelings. This pen accommodates male breeders
based on a male to female ratio of 1:20-25.
3. Dry does and doeling pen – This is a pen intended for non-lactating female, or a female that has
kidded before and stopped and for female goat under 1 year old.
4. Grower pen – This accommodates all the male and female goats weaned at three
(3) months old. If the male goats had not been castrated before weaning, they should be separated
them the others to avoid untimely breeding.

Roof and Its Design

The design of the roof should be considered to ensure adequate ventilation.
• A goat house with a 2-3 meters high roof from floor, and sloping to 1.5 meter behind is suggested.
• Indigenous roofing materials, such as anahaw, nipa, or cogon leaves, may be used.
• If galvanized iron (G.I) sheets are to be used for roofing, these must be properly attached to provide
maximum comfort for the animals.
• The open-roof type (monitor type) is recommended.
Under Philippine conditions, the open-roof type is recommended. This type allows the warm air
inside to flow out of the building. The improved circulation of air inside the building provides fresh air to the
goats and prevents build-up of odors from their waste.

Activity 1
Directions: Identify the parts of the two (2) pictures below. Choose the correct answer
from the given choices below the pictures. Write the answers in your activity notebook.
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Picture A Picture

Galvanized Feed trough Ladder Brooder box Lumber slabs

iron roofing
Hay rack Waterer Bench Wire mesh
Slatted flooring

PRACTICE
Activity 1
Directions: Make a list of comparison and contrast between the following projects.
Backyard or small scale Semi-commercial or
project Commercial scale

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

EVALUATION
Activity 1
Directions: Construct or repair a simple goat house in your goatery project using durable and locally-found
materials in the locality. This house is intended for a pair of native goats. Compute for the floor area by
applying the [Link] or picture your work. Save in a flash drive or paste it in your activity notebook.
The following is a rubric to score the outputs:

RATING
Criteri S
a Excellent Very Satisfactory Fair
Satisfactory
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100% - 93%-87% 86%-81% 80%-

94% 75%
1. Use appropriate
tools
2. Use appropriate PPE
3. Apply safety
procedure
4. Use durable
materials
5. Observes
cooperation
6. Cleaning and storing
tools
7. Provides proper
disposal of waste
materials
PPE: Personal Protective Equipment

POST-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct letter of your answer from the given choices and write on your activity
notebook.
1. Why is elevated flooring a requirement when constructing a house for goats?
a. It is the decision of the owner.
b. It is more economical in nature.
c. It facilitates the cleaning of manure.
d. It is an ordinance from the municipality.
2. What is the total area needed to house a pair of goat?
a. 4 sq. m c. 6 sq. m
b. 5 sq. m d. 7 sq. m
3. The following are used as roofing materials for small scale goat’s house except:
a. anahaw b. cogon c. galvanized iron d. nipa
4. In constructing goat house, bamboo is mainly used as .
a. partition b. post c. roof d. sidings
5. Why is concrete post more preferable to use than wooden post in commercial scale farming?
a. It provides durability. c. It facilitates proper ventilation.
b. It is the choice of the owner. d. It protects the building from soil-borne organisms.

Housing is a basic requirement in goat/sheep production. This protects animals from inclement
weathers and predators. House for backyard scale does not need to be expensive. Locally-found materials
like cogon, anahaw and bamboo are excellent resources for these ruminants. The design should be in
accordance with the needs of the animals for them to be productive. Likewise, elevated house is preferable
to construct to keep proper ventilation inside the house and to permit periodic cleaning of waste matter
underneath. In constructing house, the welfare of the animals is the primary consideration.
16

Lesson 3. PROVIDE EQUIPMENT AND OTHER FACILITIES IN GOAT/SHEEP PROJECT

INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the different equipment and facilities in a goat/sheep project. Equipment
such as feeding trough, waterer and mineral box are identified in this topic. It also gives an overview on
various facilities like loafing and isolation areas and the significance of installing perimeter fence of the
project.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify important equipment and facilities needed by goat/sheep;
2. discuss the importance of the different facilities in that goat/sheep project;
3. construct simple equipment for the animals; and
4. provide and install durable perimeter fence to enclose the project.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your activity notebook.

1. It is an equipment that contains feeds for the animals.

a. Feeding trough c. Kid box
b. Hay rack d. Waterer
2. These are materials which are cut into halves and holds water for the animals to drink in.
a. Boxes c. Pails or drums
b. Feeders d. Racks
3. Why is it needed to provide kid box inside the rearing pen?
a. To protect kids from buck
b. To maintain proper ventilation inside the pen
c. This is where the kids are confined when sick
d. This protects kid from catching pneumonia during cooler months
4. This is a feeding facility made from bamboo tube that contains ordinary salt for the goat to lick on.
a. Feeding trough c. Hay rack
b. Fodder rack d. Mineral box
5. Which of the following is a place for sick animals to avoid spread of diseases?
a. Buck pen c. Kid boxes
b. Isolation area d. Loafing area
6. What is the main function of a loafing area?
a. A special area for diseased animals
b. An area where in-heat animals are kept before breeding
c. It is where pregnant does are confined before giving birth
d. An area for gathering all animals before and after letting them loose in pasture
7. The following are considered as a good fencing materials for goat except one because it might cause bruise to
the animals:
a. Barbed wire c. Ipil-ipil
b. Hog wire d. Kakawate
8. A frame or stand where forages or fodders are stored under a shed adjacent to the goat shed.
a. Fence area c. Kid box
b. Hay rack d. Mineral box
17

9. What is the ideal feeding space area for a mature goat?

a. 20 cm b. 30 cm c. 40 cm d. 50 cm
10. In a loafing area, how many heads can be accommodated into 100-150 sq. m?
a. 30 heads c. 50 heads
b. 40 heads d. 60 heads

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Feeding Equipment and Other Facilities in the goat project
1. The feeding trough can be constructed along the alleys and/or at the side of the house. Feed
wastage minimization and contamination, and ease in feeding and cleaning the trough should serve as the
guidelines in the construction.
o The cross-sectional dimension of the feeding trough should follow a half-trapezoidal form measuring
20 cm at the bottom x 15 cm at the lower perpendicular side x 40 cm at the higher slanted side.
o Provide a feeding space of about 40 cm for each mature animal.
o Its bottom should be made of wooden planks so that it can be utilized for concentrated feeding.
o The bottom of the trough should be elevated off the floor to discourage the kids from jumping into it.
o The lower perpendicular side of the trough that will be fastened at the outside of the wall will have
partitions of vertical spacing enough for the goat to put its head through during the feeding.
2. For drinking water, water containers such as plastic basins, pails or drums cut into halves, can serve the
purpose.
o This should be located and attached outside the pen in such a way that the water remains clean, is
not spilled, and it remains free from manure or urine contamination.
3. Movable kid boxes measuring 20 cm deep x 30 cm wide x 45 cm long can be constructed and placed
inside the rearing pen. This will provide them protection from catching pneumonia, especially during the
cooler months.
4. Fodder rack elevates the feeder 1 foot above the floor and is attached to the goat shed from outside.
5. The Mineral box is a bamboo tube with two or more slits at the bottom to serve as container for the
ordinary table salt for the goats to lick. The bamboo tube must be hanged inside the house.
6. The Hay rack serves as a storage for fodder/forage. It is under a shed adjacent to the goat shed.

Isolation/Quarantine Area
It is necessary that a separate shelter measuring 3 m2 be constructed for the isolation of sick
animals. This should be located away from the main goat house to control the spread of a highly infectious
disease. The provision for footbath should be located at the entrance of this facility.

Loafing Area
A fenced loafing area beside the animals’ house must be provided (100-150 sq. meter/50 heads).
This area functions as an exercise lot and an area for gathering all the animals in one place before letting
the goats loose in the pasture or during the midday break of herding. It secures the animals during this idle
time. Additionally, a semblance of animal control can be implemented when the goats are about to be driven
back to their respective pens.

Fencing
Among the animals, goats are considered the hardest to confine because they have the ability to
climb and walk on slopes, hence, provision for fencing is one way of controlling them in the pasture.
The height of the fence should be at least 1.5 meters to confine the animals successfully. Bamboo slats
nailed to a wooden post at a distance of 0.15 meter (6 inches) or a circuited wire mesh nailed to wooden
posts make good fences. If theposts are concrete, mesh wire should be used. Bigger posts should be used in the
corners to stand the pressure of the stretched mesh wire. The post base should be buried deep enough to prevent it
18

from falling or sliding. The posts should be staked every 3 to 4 meters. Planting ipil-ipil or madre de cacao trees
between wooden posts to serve as replacement when the posts rot and fall is a good practice.
Cassava plants also make good fences. These should be planted very close to one another. When
the plants reach a desirable height, bamboo slats should be used as braces to keep the plants together.
Before the goats are allowed inside the fence, the plants should be tall enough so that the leaves will not be
eaten by the goats. During the dry season, when forage is scarce, coating the trunk of the plants with
carabao dung will discourage the goats from nibbling the barks of the plants.
Pasture lots inside the fenced
area can also be divided into parts to
allow the goats to browse on one
section while forage grows in the
other section.
Barbed wire is not
recommended as fence or for any
purposes in any place where you keep
your goats/sheep. This may possibly
cause wounds and bruises on the
animal’s body. Always consider the
safety and well-being of the animals.
Simple Fencing of a goat ranch
(Photo courtesy of RDC Farm, Angat, Bulacan)

Directions: Rearrange the jumbled letter to form a word that is being asked in each
item.
PRACTICE
Write the correct word on the space provided at the end of each statement.

1. DFEINEG RTOGUH – This equipment is used to minimize feed wastage.

2. LAPSCIT ASBIN – This is used as water container for the animal to drink.

3. DKI OBX – It is a movable facility that protects the kid during cooler months.

4. ROFDDE ARCK – It is a frame where fodder or silage are kept.

5. MENRIAL XOB – It is a container for the ordinary table salt for the goats to lick on.

6. YHA CARK – It tis where the fodder/forage is being stored.

7. OISLTIAON EARA – This a place where sick animals are kept.
8. LOAGIN RAEA – It is an area or lot for the animals to exercise.
9. CEFNE – It is a facility that enclosed animals inside the project.

EVALUATION

Directions: Discuss the function of the following equipment, materials

and important facilities.
1. Feeding trough

2. Waterer
19

3. Kid boxes

4. Fodder rack

5. Mineral box

6. Hay rack

7. Isolation area

8. Loafing area

9. Fence

POST-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on your
activity notebook.
1. It is an equipment that contains feeds for the animals.
a. Feeding trough c. Kid box
b. Hay rack d. Waterer
2. These are materials which are cut into halves and holds water for the animals to drink in.
a. Boxes c. Pails and drums
b. Feeders d. Racks
3. Why is it needed to provide kid box inside the rearing pen?
a. To protect kids from buck
b. To maintain proper ventilation inside the pen
c. This is where the kids are confine when sick
d. This protects kid from catching pneumonia during cooler months
4. This is a feeding facility made from bamboo tube that contains ordinary salt for the goat to lick on.
a. Feeding trough c. Hay rack
b. Fodder rack d. Mineral box
5. Which of the following is a place for sick animals to avoid spread of diseases?
a. Buck pen c. Kid box
b. Isolation area d. Loafing area
6. What is the main function of a loafing area?
a. A special area for diseased animals
b. An area where in-heat animals are kept before breeding
c. It is where pregnant does are confined before giving birth
d. An area for gathering all animals before and after letting them loose in pasture
7. The following are considered as a good fencing materials for goat except one because it might cause
bruise to the animals:
a. Barbed wire c. Ipil-ipil
b. Hog wire d. Kakawate
8. A frame or stand where forages or fodders are stored under a shed adjacent to the goat shed.
a. Fence area c. Kid box
b. Hay rack d. Mineral box
9. What is the ideal feeding space area for a mature goat?
a. 20 cm c. 40 cm
b. 30 cm d. 50 cm
20

10. In a loafing area, how many heads can be accommodated into 100-150 sq. m?
a. 30 heads c. 50 heads
b. 40 heads d. 60 heads

Even considered as the hardest animal to confine, goats should also be provided the necessary
equipment and facilities. These provisions are intended for the welfare of the animals especially during rainy
season when animals should be confined because they are prone to pneumonia, a disease that usually
occurs during wet months. A fence is also vital to safeguard the animals from predators like stray dogs.

FOR MODULE 1: PROVIDING COMFORTABLE HOUSING

Housing is a basic necessity for goat/sheep. This secures the animals from inclement weather, stray
animals and other predators, and from thieves. Housing goat/sheep is not necessarily constructed with
expensive materials. Locally-found materials as such cogon, nipa, and bamboo are good sources for a goat
house. Equipment and materials are installed inside the house to serve the needs of these animals such as
waterer, feeder, and hay rack. Other facilities that support the growth and efficiency of the animals should
be considered. These are isolation area, loafing area, and fence.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NCII

SMALL RUMINANTS

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates an The learner independently selects breeds
understanding of goat and sheep breeds of small ruminants based on their
based on industry specifications. characteristics.

MODULE NO. 2 SELECTING AND MANAGING BREEDER GOATS AND SHEEP

INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to effectively select and
manage breeding stocks.

OBJECTIVES

After completing this module, you should be able to:

1. identify suitable and superior breeds of goats and sheep based on industry standards;
2. detect signs of heat among sexually mature does and ewes;
3. detect signs of pre-heat, standing heat and post-heat states;
4. mate breeder does and ewes with genetically superior rams/bucks;
5. diagnose and confirm pregnant animals;
6. house breeder buck/rams and does/ewes;
7. feed bucks and rams;
8. perform regular grooming; and,
9. cull unproductive buck/ram and does/ewes.
21

DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT FOR MODULE 2

Directions: Choose the right answer from the choices. Write the letter of your answers in your
activity notebook.
1. Breed is defined as
a. a product of two animals that were bred.
b. a process of improving genetic make-up of an animal.
c. a procedure of eliminating undesirable breeder in the herd.
d. a stock of animals within species having a distinctive appearance.
2. This breed has originated from England and is believed to be one of the ancestors of the Philippine sheep.
a. Merino c. Suffolk
b. Shropshire d. Priangan
3. How are you going to select the best breeder from your stock?
a. Through body weight only c. Through the advice of your friend
b. Through record or pedigree d. Through the color and body markings
4. The following are guides on how selection is done, except:
a. Select kids that have undesirable traits.
b. Select kids that are found in the locality.
c. Select kids from does that breed regularly.
d. Select animals that are large for their ages among their herd mate.
5. Breeding is defined as .
a. the capacity to reproduce twins.
b. the reproduction or multiplication of animals.
c. the removal of animals with undesirable traits.
d. the process of choosing the best animal in the herd.
6. If you are going to cross a 100% Purebred Boer to a (75% Anglo Nubian x 25%Native), what is the probable
bloodline of the produced progeny?
a. 50% Boer – (12.5% Anglo Nubian – 37.5% Native)
b. 50% Boer – (25.0% Anglo Nubian – 25.0% Native)
c. 50% Boer – (37.5% Anglo Nubian – 12.5% Native)
d. 50% Boer – (37.5% Anglo Nubian – 20.5% Native)
7. Which of the following is not a sign of estrous among breeder does?
a. Bleating c. Develops good appetite
b. Vulva is swollen d. Mucus discharge from the vulva
8. The following are breeds of goat, except:
a. Alpine c. Saanen
b. Anglo-Nubian d. Suffolk
9. This breed is known to have the longest milking period.
a. Alpine c. Saanen
b. Anglo-Nubian d. Toggenburg
10. It is a breed of sheep that is characterized by the black color on its under part that completely extends up
to neck and the inside of the legs.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Priangan
b. Merino d. Shropshire
11. This breed is known to be the finest wool producer.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Merino
b. Boer d. Priangan
12. A breed of sheep that has originated from Merino breed.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Priangan
b. Philippine Sheep d. Suffolk
13. Selection Is best defined as .
a. the process of sorting different breeds of goat.
22

b. the useful determinants to improve various traits.

c. the traits that can be achieved through proper breeding management.
d. the systematic way of choosing the desired characteristics of goat/sheep for breeding purposes.
14. What best defines pedigree?
a. The record about the eating habit of each animal.
b. The record that shows the growth rate of young animals.
c. It is the record of bloodlines of the ancestors of the animals.
d. The list of feed ingredients for each stages of growth of the animals.
15. The following are ideal characteristics of animal carcass except:
a. Minimum amount of bone c. Optimum amount of fat
b. Maximum amount of muscle d. Maximum amount of water
16. Which of the following does not directly affect the milk yield of a lactating does/ewes?
a. Body size c. Stage of lactation
b. Color and other markings d. Udder size
17. Which of the following is not an important trait for selection?
a. Carcass quality c. Milk yield
b. Color and size of ears d. Reproductive efficiency
18. It contains a systematic, brief and ideal description of the different body parts of the animal and their
numerical values.
a. Journal c. Record book
b. Health record d. Score card
19. This is the cheapest breeding system that aims to increase the exotic bloodline of usually native breed.
a. Crossbreeding c. Purebreeding
b. Inbreeding d. Upgrading
20. When a 100% Anglo-Nubian buck is mated with a doe which is 50% Anglo Nubian – 50% Native, what is the
probable bloodline of their offspring?
a. 100% Anglo-Nubian
b. 75%Anglo-Nubian – 25%Native
c. 50%Anglo-Nubian – 50%Native
d. 25%Anglo-Nubian – 75%Native
21. What is the primary aim of a breeder when he practices purebreeding system in his farm?
a. To produce hybrid animals
b. To produce improved bloodlines
c. To maintain the purity of his stock
d. To avoid the occurrence of any abnormalities or deformities
22. This breeding system involves the mating of two animals belonging to different breeds.
a. Crossbreeding
b. Inbreeding
c. Purebreeding
d. Upgrading
23. Which of the following signs of estrous could give the best result in breeding?
a. Bleating
b. Restlessness
c. Swelling of the vulva
d. Standing still when being mounted
24. Which of the choices is not a sign of pregnancy?
a. Frequent urination
b. Develops good appetite
c. Enlargement of abdomen
d. Cessation of estrous period
25. This is the average gestation days of goats.
23

a. 140 days
b. 150 days
c. 160 days
d. 170 days
Lesson 1 IDENTIFYING DIFFERENT BREEDS OF GOAT/SHEEP

INTRODUCTION
This lesson focuses on the different breeds of goats and sheep that exist under local
conditions. It also discusses the types of each breed and their prominent characteristics such
as body conformation, colors and markings, mature weights, average milk production per day
and average lactation days.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. identify suitable breeds of goats/sheep and describe each breeds’ characteristics;
2. select breeding stocks based on industry standard; and
3. appreciate the value of proper selection.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct of your answer from the given [Link] your answer in your
activity/assessment notebook.

1. The following are breeds of goat, EXCEPT:

a. Alpine b. Anglo-Nubian c. Saanen d. Suffolk
2. A breed of goat with long, wide and pendulous ear.
a. Alpine b. Anglo-Nubian c. Saanen. d. Toggenburg
3. This breed is known for their erect ears and a remarkable two white strips down to the muzzle.
a. Alpine b. Anglo-Nubian c. Saanen d. Toggenburg
4. This breed is known to have the longest milking period.
a. Alpine b. Anglo-Nubian c. Saanen d. Toggenburg
5. A breed of goat raised mainly for its meat.
a. Boer b. Philippine goat c. Saanen d. Toggenburg
6. It is a breed of sheep that is characterized by the black color on its under part that completely extends up
to neck and the inside of the legs.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Priangan
b. Merino d. Shropshire
7. A breed of sheep known for the wool and meat that it produces.
a. Merino b. Philippine goat c. Priangan d. Suffolk
8. This breed is known to be the finest wool producer.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Merino
b. Boer d. Priangan
9. This breed has originated from Indonesia and primarily raised for ram fighting.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Merino
b. Boer d. Priangan
10. A breed of sheep that has originated from Merino breed.
a. Barbados Blackbelly c. Priangan
b. Philippine Sheep d. Suffolk
24

MOTIVATION
Breed refers to the distinct characteristic of an animal within a specie which are transferred from one
generation to generation. On the other hand, Type is defined as a group of animals raised to serve a certain
purpose. A breed is a good guide in deciding the purpose of animals to be raised.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

These are the Different Types of Goat

o Meat type – intended for the production of chevon.
Example: Boer
o Dairy type – intended for the production of milk
Examples: Saanen, Toggenburg, Alpine
o Dual purpose type – raised for both meat and milk Examples: Anglo-Nubians
Different Breeds of Goats/Sheep and Their Characteristics
Here in the Philippines, several breeds and grades can be successfully raised by farmers.

1. Anglo-Nubian
Characteristics:
o Leggy and as tall as Saanen
o Long, wide and pendulous ears
o Convex roman nose
o Less tolerant of the cold but do well
in hot climates

Color and markings:

Black, gray, cream, white shades of tan, brown and rich, reddish brown; lighter ears, facial strips,
muzzle, crown and/or undertrim; overall light or dark colored spots or patches of any size.

Approximate mature weight: 60 - 75 kg Average lactation (days): 165

Average milk production:

o 1.5 L/day
o 3.6 % fat

2. Toggenburg
Characteristics:
o Sturdy, vigorous and long-life
o Ears are erect and are carried forward
Color and markings:
o Light fawn to dark chocolate with
distinct white markings; white ears
with dark spot in the middle; two
white strips down the muzzle and
hind legs from hock to hooves;
forelegs white from knees
downward; a white triangle on either side of the tail; white spot in the area of
the wattles.
25

Approximate mature weight: 60 - 80 kg Average lactation (days):

220 Average milk production: 1.5 – 1.75 L/day

3. Alpine
Characteristics:
o Alert breed from medium to large size with
upright ears
o Face is straight
Color and markings:
o Varies from black fawn to white
but the preferred color is black;
clear pure white markings at each
side of the belly; white legs below
the knees
o Hair is medium to short
Approximate mature weight: 60 kg
Average milk production: Average lactation (days): 200
o 1.5 L/day
o 4.0% fat

4. VCDTR564R
Characteristics:
o Well-built milky head and neck
o Known to have the longest milking period
o Straight nose and erect ears

o Known as “Queen of Dairy Goat”

o Color and markings:

o Cream to white
Approximate mature weight: 65 - 75 kg Average milk production:2.0 L/day
4.3% fat

5. Boer
Characteristics:
o With half-drooping ears
o Has distinct Roman nose and a prominent forehead
26

o A meat-type breed
o Thrives in a well-drained hilly to rolling areas.
Color and markings:
Head, neck and the tip of tail are brown to reddish brown; rest of the coat is white
Approximate mature weight: 70 – 90 kg Average milk production: 1.0 – 1.5 L/day
Average lactation (days): 280
Average lactation (days): 200

6. Philippine Native Goat

Characteristics:
o Small , stocky, and low-set
o Found throughout the country,
o Thrives in all Agro Economical Zone (AEZ).
Color and markings:
Coat color is red, white or black or a
combination of three colors.
Approximate mature weight: 18 - 20 kg

Different Breeds of Sheep and Their Characteristics

1. Barbados Blackbelly

Origin: Barbados Island with African ancestry

Characteristics:

o Adapted to a wide range of environment

o High reproductive efficiency (2 lambs/litter)
o Sweet mutton
o Black color covers under part completely and
extend up to the neck and the insides of
the legs
Type: Hair type

2. Shropshire

Origin: England
Characteristics:
o Believed to be one of the ancestors
of the Philippine sheep

Type: Wool-type
27

3. Suffolk

Origin:
England

Characteristic:
o Dark colored faces and legs
o Used for meat production

Type: Wool-type

4. Merino

Origin: Spain
Characteristics
:
o The other ancestor of Philippine
sheep
o Finest wool producer
Type: Wool-type

5. Priangan
Origin:
Indonesia
Characteristic:

o Primary for ram fighting

o Used for meat production
o Thin-tailed
o Often lacks external ears

6. Philippine Sheep
Origin: Originated from the Merino
breed which was imported during the
Spanish era
Characteristics:
o Male is generally horned and
Roman-nosed
o Female is either straight or Roman-
28

nosed, polled and thin- tailed

o Pre-dominant color is white,
although brown and brown-white
are common
o Ears of both sexes are erect

EVALUATION
Activity 1. Directions: Fill in the columns with specific breed under goat and sheep. The different
breed of ruminants are listed inside the box below. You may write your answer on your activity
notebook.
Anglo- Shropshire Suffolk Toggenburg Priangan Alpine
Nubian
Philippine Barbados
Sheep Blackbelly Merino Saanen Native Goat Boer

Breeds of Goat Breeds of Sheep

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.

Activity 2. Directions: Identify the different breeds of goat and sheep. Indicate some of their special feature.

1. Name of breed:
•
•
•

2. Name of breed:
•
•
•

3. Name of Breed:
•
•
•

4. Name of Breed
•
•
•
29

5. Name of Breed:
•
•
•

7. Name of Breed:
•
•
•

8. Name of Breed:
•
•
• /
9. Name of Breed:
•
•
•

10. Name of Breed:

•
•
•
11. Name of Breed:
•
•
•
12. Name of Breed:
•
•
•

Breed is a good guide when choosing the type of animals to be raised. In raising goat, Boer is reared
for meat production. Saanen, Toggenburg and Alpine are dairy type while the Anglo-Nubian breed serves as a
dual purpose type. Likewise, sheep are also raised for different purposes. The Barbados Blackbelly and the
Priangan are raised for their meat, while Shropshire, Suffolk and Merino are known for wool production.
30

Lesson 2 SELECTING ANIMALS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE

INTRODUCTION
This lesson presents the fundamentals in selecting animals to be raised. It focuses on the
use of score card which considers mostly the good and weak points of the animal being judged.
However, a brief description of the important economic traits and tips for selection were
given as guide when choosing animal according to purpose.

OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. define selection;
2. enumerate and discuss important traits to be considered during selection; and
3. appreciate the importance of using score cards in the selection process.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct letter of your answer from the given choices. Write the answers on your
activity notebook.
1. Selection is best defined as .
a. the process of sorting different breeds of goat.
b. the useful determinants to improve various traits.
c. the traits that can be achieved through proper breeding management.
d. the systematic way of choosing the desired characteristics of goat/sheep for breeding purposes.
2. What best defines pedigree?
a. The record about the eating habit of each animal
b. The record that shows the growth rate of young animals
c. It is the record of bloodlines of the ancestors of the animals
d. The list of feed ingredients for each stages of growth of the animals
3. The following are ideal characteristics of animal carcass, except:
a. Minimum amount of bone c. Optimum amount of fat
b. Maximum amount of muscle d. Maximum amount of water
4. Which of the following does not directly affect the milk yield of a lactating does/ewes?
a. Body size c. Stage of lactation
b. Color and other markings d. Udder size
5. Why birth weight is an important trait of animals?
a. Because it reduces feed cost
b. Because this is one basis for giving birth of twins
c. Because this gives the animal optimum protection against parasite infestations
d. Because this is directly related to the survival rate and growth performance of young animals
6. The following traits are considered to be low or not heritable at all except:
a. Birth weight c. Gestation length
b. Estrus cycle d. Litter size
7. Which of the following is not an important trait for selection?
a. Carcass quality c. Milk yield
b. Color and size of ears d. Reproductive efficiency
8. Which of the following characteristics of native does is not preferable for breeding purposes?
a. Teats are uniform c. Has a complete set of teeth
b. Lumps at the udder area d. Weight not less than 25 kilograms
9. The following choices are considered when selecting for breeder buck, except:
a. Heaviest among the herd
31

b. Active and ready to breed in-heat does

c. Most capricious based on feeding record
d. Capable to transmit good quality to its progeny
10. It contains a systematic, brief and ideal description of the different body parts of the animal and their numerical
values.
a. Journal c. Record book
b. Health record d. Score card

MOTIVATION
Selection of Stock
The systematic way of choosing goats/sheep with desirable characteristics for breeding
purposes is called selection. This ensures the choice of the best animals for reproduction. Most of the
productive and reproductive traits are greatly influenced by the kind of breeding stock in the herd, since
everything will start from the parent animals. Moreover, pedigree or the record of bloodlines of the ancestors
of the animal, performance or production record, health and disposition should be given consideration.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Important economic traits to be considered during selection:

a. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) – this is the ability of a particular breed to efficiently convert feeds into
meat.
b. Reproductive efficiency - can be measured by fertility, prolificacy, fecundity and survival
([Link] htm , 10-06-14)
c. Growth rate – it is the capacity to make rapid gain, this varies among breeds
d. Carcass quality characteristics - The ideal carcass has a minimum amount of bone, a maximum
amount of muscle and an optimum amount of fat. A certain proportion of fat is desirable to reduce
drying out of the carcass. On the other hand, too much fat is undesirable.
([Link]
/[Link] 11-15-14)
e. Milk yield – The amount of milk harvested from a milking doe/ewes. The volume varies due to
different factors which affect the animal such as body size, weight, parity, stage of lactation, udder
size, litter size, nutrition, breed and kidding/ lambing season. ([Link]
/Handbook/Handbook
_PDF/Chapter% 2010_%20Sheep%20and%20Goat%20Products%20and%[Link] 11-15-
14)
f. Birth weight - Birth weight is an important trait and is related to survival and growth performance of
young animals. ([Link]
%20Bulletin %20 [Link] 11-15-14)
g. Structural traits such as heart girth, body length and withers size
 Moderate to Highly Heritable Traits
o Birth weight
o Growth rate
o Structural traits, such as heart girth, body length, and withers size
 Low or not Heritable Traits
o Estrus cycle
o Gestation length
o Litter size
o Incidence of multiple birth or twinning
Selection Tips:
Select ruminants that are large for their age among their herd mates. They should grow rapidly from birth to
weaning.
32

Select kids from does that breed regularly and prefer does that kid at least 3 times in 2 years.
Consider multiple birth as a criterion in selection. Choose breeding does that have given birth to twins or
triplets.
 Where conditions are highly unfavorable, select goats for high fertility and viability rather than for
rapid growth. However, if it is possible to provide high levels of feeding for the kids up to 6 months
old, selection for growth rate would be justified.
 Select for high milk production and persistency of lactation.
 Select replacement stock on the basis of parental performance such as growth rate, high milk
production, easy milkers, and others.
 Select a breed that is most common in the locality. There is no best breed in all conditions. An
animal thrives in the existing local condition could give a better performance.
 Grades or native animals are more practical to start with. There is less investment involved and they
are not as sensitive as the purebreds in their requirements such as feeding, housing, and rearing.
THE SCORE CARD
A score card is a method of judging which contains a systematic, brief, and ideal description of the
different body parts of an animal with their numerical values based from industry standard. The total
numerical point is always 100. For the beginners to use this effectively, an anatomy of external parts has
been provided in each animal according to their purpose.
Steps:
1. Identify the animal to be scored or judged.
2. Stay near the animal for a better inspection and closer examination.
3. Examine each part thoroughly following the sequence appearing in the score card.
4. Use your hand to feel and inspect the parts to be judged.
5. Write the score next to the perfect score following its order and sequence.
6. Deduct from the perfect score the deficiency the judge may find in the specific parts of the animal.
7. Add the total score. This will be the final rate or score of the animal.
Through this, good and weak point can be evaluated, thus improves the whole herd by eliminating
unproductive animals and retaining only the productive ones.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Dairy Goats
The doe largely determines the success
of your dairy goat enterprise. Hence, it is very
important that you select her with care. Here
are some points to remember when choosing
milking does.
 These should be
purchased from a
locality or area with
similar climatic
conditions;
 Native or graded does should External parts of a doe
 not be less than 25 kilograms;
 Udder should be palpated for size,
 detection of lumps, and other
abnormalities;
 Teats should be
uniform in length,
and large enough for easy milking;
 These must have good appetite, possess alert eyes and well-formed pupils;
33

 The middle of the doe should be long and the rib well-sprung, allowing room for
roughage and 2 or more kids;
 The floor of the chest should be wide enough for the front legs to be set apart;
 They should have the capacity to reproduce and to mother kids; and
 They should have normal genitals, sound legs and a complete set of teeth.
The Philippines Recommends for Goat Farming PCARRD Technical Bulletin Series No. 24-A

Bucks
One half of the blood composition of the herd comes from the buck; the improvement of the herd
depends much on it. Consider the following when selecting a breeder buck.
 One year old buck that has successfully mated once is desirable;
 Acquired bucks should be accompanied by a pedigree record;
 The buck should be the heaviest in the herd;
 It should be capable of transmitting its good qualities to its progeny;
 It must have a good producing line, based on farm record;
 Buck must come from a doe with high twinning rate;
 Buck must be active and ready to breed in-heat does.
External parts of a buck

For both sexes of breeders, consider the large size, straight and strong legs, bright eyes, high feeding
capacity, and resistance to diseases for these are desirable characteristics.
Activity 1
Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and O if incorrect. Write your answer in your activity note.
1. Selection is a way of choosing animals with desirable characteristics for breeding purposes.
2. The so-called Pedigree is also the market records of animals.
3. A good breeder could efficiently convert feeds into meat.
4. An animal that thrives in the existing local condition could give a better performance.
34

5. Purebreds are better to raise than grades or native animals.

6. Female breeders that have been detected for lumps at udders should be discarded from the breeding
herd.
7. One of the criteria for selection of breeders is the completeness of teeth.
8. In crossing two breeds, one third (1/3) of the blood composition of the progeny will be inherited from
the buck.
9. A good breeder has clear, bright eyes and a large open nostrils.
10. Resistance to diseases is not always considered when choosing an animal for breeding purposes.

Activity 2
Directions: Determine whether the following traits are considered to be Low or Not
Heritable Traits or Moderate to Highly Heritable Traits:
a. Birth weight e. Heart girth
b. Estrus cycle f. Twinning
c. Litter size g. Growth rate
d. Body length

Low or Not Moderate to

Highly Heritable
Heritable Traits
Traits

PRACTICE

A. Directions: Draw a goat and identify the body parts. Then briefly discuss the positive
traits that the animal [Link] your answer in your activity /assessment notebook.
B. Directions: Discuss briefly some of the important economic traits to be considered
during selection:
1. Feed Conversion Ratio
35

2. Reproductive Efficiency

3. Growth Rate

4. Carcass Quality Characteristic

5. Milk Yield

6. Birth Weight

Good breeding stock is essential for the most profitable goat/sheep enterprise. This greatly
influenced the production of the herd. This is the reason why a goat/sheep raiser aims to
bring together the breeding stock that could produce a productive animal. In the selection of
breeder animals, emphasis must be placed upon the productiveness of the animals in terms
of prolificacy, growth rate, milk yield and the quality of carcass produce.
Lesson 3 PROPER FEEDING, GROOMING AND CULLING AMONG
BREEDER ANIMALS

INTRODUCTION
This lesson presents proper feeding and grooming bucks/rams. It also gives insight in culling
undesirable and unproductive breeders in the herd.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. feed the bucks/rams properly;

2. groom the animals for comfort;
3. discuss culling and its importance;
4. identify undesirable traits of animal for culling; and
5. appreciate the value of proper feeding, grooming and culling.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in your activity notebook.

1. This is the season when a buck is drained of its vitality and vigor.
a. Breeding season c. Feeding period
36

b. Culling season d. Selection period

2. Aside from green feeds, what are these concentrates offered to the buck to supplement its diet?
a. Corn and rice bran c. Silage
b. Roughages d. Table salt
3. Why do goats need grooming?
a. It affects the carcass quality of goats.
b. This enhances growth rate among slaughter type of goat.
c. It adds comfort to the animals and reduces lice infestation.
d. It has a positive effect on the breeding performance among breeder animals.
4. Culling is defined as .
a. process of producing quality breeders
b. process of selling slaughter goats in the market
c. process choosing the best among breeder animals
d. process of eliminating undesirable and unproductive animals in the breeding herd
5. The following are considered as unwanted traits of breeder animals, except:
a. Poor mothering ability
b. Does with complicated kidding
c. Bucks that can no longer mount due to old age
d. Breeders that produce progenies with desirable traits

MOTIVATION

Feeding the Bucks/Rams

Because it is a breeding animal, the buck is usually drained of its vitality and vigor during breeding
season. It needs special attention especially in its feeding. Besides green feeds that the buck gets from the
barn or pasture, rice bran or ground corn it highly recommended as supplement to the animal’s diet. To
make the ration richer in protein, a fair amount of copra meal may be incorporated. If leguminous seeds, like
monggo, are plentiful and cheap, they may be used in place of copra meal. Rice bran, which is cheaper than
corn, may be used as long as the buck likes it. Mix common table salt and oyster shell powder with the
grains- one part salt and one part oyster shell powder to 100 parts of the concentrate feeds.
Give the buck/ram roughage, like leguminous vines that are found in the place. Goats/sheep readily eat
peanut hay. Whenever it is possible, allow the buck in the pasture, where he can eat the plants that he likes.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Grooming
Even goats raised purely as utility animals need grooming. Clip the hair
of the buck, wash its face with soap and water to reduce odor and control lice. This management practice
adds to their comfort, health, and good appearance. Give your goats also at least one good brushing a week,
this will reduce dirt on the animal’s body. A body brush used for horses may be used.

Culling
Culling is also an important way to improve production efficiency and
complement selection method. It is the process of eliminating undesirable and unproductive animals in the
breeding herd. Without culling, poorly performing animals may be bred and consequently produce
undesirable offsprings. Culled animals should be recommended for market.

Guidelines in Culling
Removal of unwanted animals can be based on any of these traits or combination of these:
37

 Does/Ewes that do not settle in spite of repeated mating with a proven buck if that mating was properly
timed.
 Does/Ewes with poor maternal instinct (mothering ability). They lose their kids from natural causes such
as lack of milk or refusal to nurse their kids.
 Does/Ewes that have difficult or complicated kidding.
 Does/Ewes with bad udders, broken mouths, or those that did not raise a lamb or kid.
 Does/Ewes with prolapsed uteruses or ruptured abdomens.
 Breeders producing progenies with undesirable hereditary traits.
 Breeders that are found positive of infectious diseases, such as brucellosis.
 Sterile or old bucks/rams.
 Breeders that have deformities and abnormalities.
The following pictures show examples of typical deformities and abnormalities among
goats:

Excessive scrotal split Inflamed udder

Sickle or cowhock legs

Goat with cleft palate

Cryptorchidism
Goat with overbite

PRACTICE
Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and O if it is wrong. Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
1. The feeding of buck should be given special attention during breeding season.
2. Monggo and copra meal are best sources of carbohydrates for bucks.
38

3. Peanut hay is an example of leguminous vines that a buck can feed on.
4. Giving one good brushing per week is good to goats.
5. Culling is the process of eliminating undesirable and unproductive animals in the herd.
6. Culled animals should be retained in the project.
7. Does/ewes that do not settle in spite of repeated mating with a proven buck should be culled.
8. Breeders with deformities should be recommended for culling.
9. Does/ewes that have difficulty in kidding will be given a chance to stay in the herd.
10. Prolapse uterus in does/ewes is a good reason for culling.

EVALUATION
Directions: Cite important points with regards to the following practices:
1. Feeding the buck/ram

2. Proper grooming

3. Culling

Culling is a continuous process. This is done based on the reproductive performance

of the animals, physical appearance and health status of the breeders. It should be done
periodically to maintain the farm efficiency.

FOR MODULE 2: SELECTING AND MANAGING BREEDER GOATS AND SHEEP

There are several breeds of goats and sheep that could exist in Philippine
condition. These different breeds of animals are based on the type of animal to raise. In selecting the stock
to raise, feed conversion ratio, reproductive efficiency and growth rate are just several traits that are of
economic importance in this venture. To meet a higher efficiency, native breeds are mated with purebreds to
upgrade the bloodlines. The offsprings of these parent stocks are comparable to those purebreds in terms of
birth weight and weaning weight. To maintain the productivity of the project, periodic culling is programmed
to eliminate undesirable and unproductive animals in the herd.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II SMALL RUMINANTS

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently provides

on the proper management of female proper management to female breeders and
breeders and their young. their young.
39

MODULE NO. 3 MANAGING DOES/EWES AND THEIR PROGENIES

INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required in managing breeders and
their progenies.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. monitor signs of approaching kidding/lambing;
2. dispose placenta and dead kids/lambs properly;
3. assist kids/lambs to suckle colostrum;
4. identify kids/lambs through ear tags/notches;
5. disbud growing kids/lambs appropriately;
6. dehorn and castrate growing small ruminants;
7. wean lambs/kids properly at 3 months from birth;
8. keep lactating goats and sheep in a clean and quiet environment;
9. separate lactating goats from the breeder males; and
10. provide forage grasses, concentrates, other feed supplements, and adequate water supply.

DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT FOR MODULE 3

Directions: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of your answer and write it in your activity
notebook.
1. Kidding is the act of giving birth among .
a. goats b. sheep c. kids d. lambs
2. These are considered as good bedding materials for a newly-kidded doe.
a. Legumes and tree barks
b. Rice straw and fresh grasses
c. Tree barks and banana leaves
d. Dried rice straw and banana leaves
3. The following choices characterize an ideal and comfortable pen for a doe that is about to kid, except:
a. Damp stall c. Thoroughly cleaned
b. Disinfected d. Well-lighted
4. Which of the following options is not considered during the preparation of materials for the doe prior to
kidding?
a. Clean cloth c. Germicidal soap
b. Sharp knife d. Anti-tetanus toxoid
5. What possible action should a raiser be done when he/she observes that a doe experiences difficulty in
kidding?
a. Apply caesarian section
b. Send the doe to a clinic
c. Do the manual extraction
d. Inject Vitamin B complex to stimulate uterus contraction
6. The process of putting ear tag into the ear of a goat.
a. Ear cutting c. Ear notching
b. Ear docking d. Ear tagging
7. The process of removing testicles among male kids/lambs.
a. Castration c. Ear tagging
b. Ear notching d. Tail docking
8. Disbudding is best defined as .
40

a. removal of hoof. c. removal of horn bud.

b. removal of the tail. d. removal of the testes.
9. Which among the tools below is used in docking the tail of a lamb?
a. Dehorner c. Ear tagger
b. Ear notcher d. Elastrator with rubber band
10. Tail docking is usually done best at:
a. Day old c. 7 – 10 days old
b. 3 – 5 days old d. 10 – 15 days old
11. To identify animals, we need to
a. disbud the kid.
b. hoof trim the goat. .
c. castrate the animals.
d. put markings or ear tag.
12. Disbudding is done
a. to tame the kid.
b. to identify the animals.
c. to facilitate record keeping.
d. to prevent injury among animals.
13. The following are tools that can be used in hoof trimming, except:
a. Chisel
b. Elastrator
c. Knife
d. Pruning shear
14. This is known as a “bloodless” method of castration through the use of an instrument that crushes the
blood vessels in the spermatic cord.
a. Burdizzo Method
b. Chemical Method
c. Elastrator Method
d. Knife Method
15. Weaning is best defined as .
a. process of hand feeding the kid
b. separating the kids from the herd
c. separating kid from its mother doe
d. giving solid food to a kid at 3 months of age
16. Why is colostrum important to newly-born kid?
a. It reduces feed cost.
b. It is readily available when needed.
c. It is easy to prepare when kid is hungry.
d. It contains antibodies that protect kids from infections.
17. In case doe dies after kidding, what preparation should be given to the orphaned kid as substitute to
colostrum?
a. Plenty of fresh water
b. Liberal feeding of skim milk
c. Little amount of milk with the white of fresh egg
d. Small amount of succulent grasses with molasses
18. Based on the dentition of a goat/sheep, how many permanent incisors should be seen in a 1year-old
animal?
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
19. Why should a buck kid be separated from the kid herd?
a. To minimize feed cost
b. To prevent cannibalism
41

c. To avoid bullying among the herd

d. To prevent doe kid from being bred too young
20. How much crude protein should be allotted to lactating does?
a. 14 – 16%
b. 15 – 17%
c. 16 – 20%
d. 17 – 20%
21. Why should we separate the buck from the milking herd?
a. To avoid tainting in the milk
b. It bullies the suckling kids in the pen
c. Bucks are capricious and difficult to herd
d. Bucks are carrier of ticks that might irritate the milking doe
22. Which is not considered if a raiser wants to get the best milking results?
a. Aggressiveness c. Quietness
b. Gentleness d. Regularity of milking process
23. These are the main feeds for does or ewes.
a. Concentrates c. Protein supplements
b. Leaf meals d. Roughages
24. Which of the following is not included in preparing the doe before milking?
a. Comb or brush the goat well
b. Wash hand well before milking begins
c. Excite the doe before the process starts
d. Clean the udder using soap and lukewarm water
25. To increase the milk production, doe should be given concentrates containing
a. 13% – 16% CP c. 16% - 20% CP
b. 15% - 18% CP d. 17% - 21% CP

Lesson 1 MONITORING AND ASSISTING KIDDING/LAMBING

INTRODUCTION
This lesson focuses on the proper management of kidding/lambing in doe/ewe. It includes the
preparation of materials needed prior to kidding, care for the doe before and after kidding,
correct procedure when the animal experiences difficulty in kidding and the care for the newly-born kid.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the signs of animal that is about to kid;
2. assist the doe during kidding;
3. follow the correct procedure to be done when doe experiences difficulty in kidding; and
4. appreciate the importance of proper management for the doe and its young.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct answer from the given options and write it in your activity
notebook.

1. Kidding is the act of giving birth among .

a. goats b. sheep c. kids d. lambs
2. These are considered as good bedding materials for a newly-kidded doe.
a. Legumes and tree barks
b. Rice straw and fresh grasses
42

c. Tree barks and banana leaves

d. Dried rice straw and banana leaves
3. The following choices characterize an ideal and comfortable pen for a doe that is about to kid, except:
a. Damp stall c. Thoroughly cleaned
b. Disinfected d. Well-lighted
4. Which of the following options is not considered during the preparation of materials for the doe prior to
kidding?
a. Clean cloth c. Germicidal soap
b. Sharp knife d. Anti-tetanus toxoid
5. What possible action should be done by a raiser when he/she observes that a doe experiences difficulty in
kidding?
a. Apply caesarian section
b. Send the doe to a clinic
c. Do the manual extraction
d. Inject Vitamin B complex to stimulate uterus contraction
6. Which of the options below is first to be considered when manual extraction is to be done?
a. Put oil or any lubricant into your hand.
b. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
c. Disinfect hands and arms up to the elbow with alcohol.
d. Trim nails to avoid tissue lacerations inside the birth canal.
7. What is the ideal length when cutting an umbilical cord?
a. 0.5 – 1.0 cm from the base of the navel
b. 1.0 – 1.5 cm from the base of the navel
c. 2.0 – 3.0 cm from the base of the navel
d. 3.0 – 3.5 cm from the base of the navel
8. This is the first milk that should be taken by the newly-born kid from its mother doe.
a. Colostrum b. Creep feed c. Meconium d. Skim milk
9. How should a raiser keep the excess colostrum for future use?
a. Store it in freezer c. Store it in room temperature
b. Store it in a warm place d. Store it inside a sterilizing pan
10. The following are good management practices for the newly-born kids when lactating does are intended for
milking purposes, except:
a. Individually hand-fed the kids with milk
b. Keep the beddings of the kids wet and muddy
c. Treat the kids with kindness during feeding time
d. Observe the health condition and development of the kids

MOTIVATION
Kidding/Lambing
Kidding is the act of giving birth or parturition among does, while lambing is the
term apply for parturition among ewes

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Management Practices during Kidding
Prior to the expected date of kidding, provide the pregnant doe a comfortable pen. This should be well-
lighted and thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. You may use clean and dry rice straw or dried banana leaves
for bedding materials.
Materials to be prepared prior to kidding/lambing:
 a piece of string
 clean cloth
43

 sharp knife or blade

 tincture of iodine and small bowl or cup in which to dip the umbilical cord
 oil/lubricant (petroleum jelly) if you need to insert your hand and arm to assist with the delivery
 germicidal soap
 drench for the doe
 sanitized milk bottles in case the doe won’t allow the offspring to feed

Care for the doe before and during kidding

 Separate expectant does from the rest of the herd 1 week prior to delivery for close observation
 Observe the signs of approaching kidding to manifest, placing the doe in a bedded dry stall
 Check the doe every 30 minutes but allow it to kid without assistance if no problem is detected
The signs of approaching kidding are as follows:
 The water bag appears on the outside;
 The water bag expands until it ruptures;
 The appearance of second bag called amniotic bladder with the fetus appear;
 Straining causes amniotic bladder to break;
 Presentation follows next.

The kid/lamb should be born within an hour after the doe begins to have strong labor contractions. If this
does not occur, examine the doe for any kidding/lambing difficulty.

Steps to undertake when the doe experiences difficulty in kidding through manual extraction:
 Trim your finger nails.
 Wash your hands with soap and water.
 Using, disinfect hands and arms up to the elbow.
 Put oil or any lubricant into your hand.
 Gently and slowly insert your hand into the birth canal and feel for the head, legs, and tail.

As soon as the kid/lamb is expelled, the following steps should be done:

 Wipe its body and remove mucus clogged in the nose of the newly born kid/lamb.
 Tie a string around the umbilical cords about 2-3 cm from the base of the navel.
 Cut cord after the knot and dip the navel in tincture of iodine.
 Place kids in a kidding box and if possible, expose them under the sunlight to dry-off.
 Assist newly-born kid to suck the first milk or colostrum which provides it antibodies.
 Dispose placenta and dead kids properly.
 Usually, the doe eats the expelled placenta. This contains nutrients and helps stop bleeding. If the doe
does not eat the placenta, dispose it properly to keep the area clean.
 If in case, placenta (afterbirth) is not expelled within 24 hours after the delivery of the last kid, inject
pitocin or oxytocin (a substance that hasten contraction of the uterus) as indicated to avoid uterine
infection.
 Call a veterinarian whenever necessary.

Care of the kid

It is important for the kid/lamb to receive the first milk or colostrum. This milk is essential because it
is not only a laxative; it also give nutrients and contains antibodies. After several hours, a full udder indicates
that the kid/lamb has not yet suckled its first milk supply. Tie and lead the kid/lamb direct towards the teats.
If for any reason the kid/lamb cannot be fed colostrum or the mother died while kidding/lambing or
suffered from mastitis, give the animal a liberal dose (from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful) of any vegetable
44

oil or a little milk mixed with the white of fresh egg. This is to start the bowels to function normally. It may
become necessary at this time to give an enema by using a syringe.
In farms where the electricity and refrigeration are available, store excess colostrum in freezers. To
feed the weak kids or those born from does with inadequate colostrum, thaw the frozen milk by slow heating,
then feed the lukewarm to those kids.
Allow the kids to run with the does/ewe for 3-5 days. If the lactating mothers are intended for twice-a-
day milking, keep the kids/lamb in the pen and individually hand feed with milk. The same person should
care for the kids/lamb and supervise their daily feeding. Treat the kid/lamb with patience and kindness to
enable them to react to friendly handling and to avoid excitement.
Observe their condition and development closely. Guard against wet bedding in pen. Beddings may
seem dry on top but wet underneath. Change bedding two or three times daily.
In a less intensive production or if milking is only once-a-day, allow the kid/lamb to run with the older stocks.
However, keep them in the night shelter where creep feeds and fresh water are available. Protect
kids/lamb from predatory animals.

PRACTICE
Activity 1

Directions. Identify the word being asked/described in each item. Choose the right word inside the boxes
below and write it on your activity notebook.
lambing water bag amniotic bladder
colostrum dried banana leaves oxytocin
1. This is considered as good bedding material for newly-born kids.
2. When a doe is approaching to kid, this material usually appears on the outside of the rear part
(vulva) of the animal.
3. This is the second bag which appear significantly with the fetus after the first bag ruptures.
4. This is the first milk that is very important to a newly-born kid to suckle because of its beneficial
content.
5. It is the act of delivery in sheep.
Direction: Research further for the following sub-topic and present the output through power point
presentation. Send your output in the GC. The sub-topic are as follows:
1. Signs of approaching kidding
2. Step to undertake manual extraction
3. Steps as soon as kid/lamb is expelled
4. Care of the newly-born kid/lamb

Proper monitoring of does/ewes during kidding is a must although these animals do not
need so much assistance at this phase. Support is only given when the kidding/lambing animal experiences
difficulty. However, correct procedure should be followed to avoid complications to arise.
Lesson 2 PERFORM DIFFERENT PRACTICES FOR GROWING KIDS/LAMBS

INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the different practices for growing kids/lambs. It includes ear tagging,
ear notching, dehorning, disbudding, hoof trimming, tail docking, weaning and castrating
kids/lambs. It also shows how the age of an animal is determined through dentition.
45

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. discuss the different practices involve for growing kids/lambs;
2. perform ear tagging, ear notching, dehorning, disbudding, hoof trimming, tail docking, weaning
and castrating kids/lambs;
3. determine the age of goats through dentition; and
4. appreciate the importance of ear tagging, dehorning, disbudding, tail docking, hoof trimming, weaning
and castrating kids/lambs.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Choose the correct letter from the options and write it on your activity notebook.

1. The process of putting ear tag into the ear of a goat.

a. Ear cutting c. Ear notching
b. Ear docking d. Ear tagging
2. The process of removing testicles among male kids/lambs.
a. Castration c. Ear tagging
b. Ear notching d. Tail docking
3. The following are reasons why kids and lambs are castrated, except:
a. Castration prevents inbreeding
b. Castrates are docile, thus safe to herd
c. Castration preserves the bloodline of the breed
d. Castration eliminates undesirable odor in male animals
4. Disbudding is best defined as .
a. removal of hoof. c. removal of horn bud
b. removal of the tail. d. removal of the testes
5. Why is it needed to dehorn a mature animal?
a. It reduces the goaty smell of a buck
b. It facilitates identification of animals
c. To avoid injuries during fighting among animals
d. This is recommended by a licensed veterinarian
6. Which among the tools below is used in docking the tail of a lamb?
a. Dehorner c. Ear tagger
b. Ear notcher d. Elastrator with rubber band
7. The following are the positive results of trimming the hooves, except:
a. Prevent foot rot
b. Prevent abnormal gait
c. Prevent animal from moving
d. Prevent malformation of the toes
8. Weaned kids at the age of not less than three months should be given solid food such as:
a. Skim milk c. Frozen colostrum
b. Concentrate and roughage d. Mineral block
9. Based on the goat’s dentition, a goat with four large front teeth is estimated to be a:
a. Less than a year c. Two years old
b. One year old d. Three years old
10. Tail docking is usually done best at:
a. Day old c. 7 – 10 days old
b. 3 – 5 days old d. 10 – 15 days old
46

MOTIVATION
Care and Management Practices for Growing Kids/Lambs
Small ruminants are easy to raise because of their size, yet they must be managed to attain their potentials
and produce profitably. Before any care practice is provided, be sure that all tools and instruments to be
used are cleaned and disinfected.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

1. Marking/Identification
Each goat of the herd, when purchased or born into your herd, should be permanently marked for some
reasons:
o To identify ownership.
o To distinguish animals of the herd for record-keeping purposes.
o To facilitate easy selection, medication, segregation, culling and disposal.
There are two modes of marking the goats: ear tagging and ear notching.

 Ear tagging – entails placing a marker into the ear. This ear tag is usually
made up of plastic or light metal and is pre-numbered before it is placed
into the ear.

Ear tag at the middle of the ears

 Ear notching is accomplished by providing a v-shaped cut on the edge of
the ear by using an ear notcher. Each cut represents a number as indicated
in the ear notching code.
Hundreds Thousands

Tens Ones
47

Ear Notching Code

2. Castration
Castration is the process of removing testicles among male kids/lambs through surgical procedure
with the use of knife and through bloodless method with the use of Burdizzo and elastrator. This procedure
is done when they are young, preferably at the age of 2 – 4 weeks to prevent stress and wound heals easily.
Why castrate goats and sheep?
 Castration eliminates tainted or undesirable odor in male animals
 Castrates are docile thus safe to herd.
 Prevents inbreeding, because this breeding system contributes congenital defects and poor growth.
 Passing of undesirable traits from inferior breeders which may result to unproductive progenies is
avoided.
 Prevents unwanted pregnancies among very young females.
Three (3) Methods of Castration:
I. Burdizzo Method
This is known as “bloodless” method
because wounding or cutting is not applied,
instead, the operation is done with the use of
Burdizzo, an instrument designed to crush
blood vessel in the spermatic cord preventing
blood supply to descend in the testicle. Since no
method in castration is absolutely painless, this
technique is the least painful to apply.

Burdizzo

Steps:
a. Restrain the animal properly,
let it lie in its back and firmly
hold its four feet to refrain it
from paddling.
b. Hold and push its scrotum
downward and then trace for
the spermatic cord.
c. Place the Burdizzo on the
upper part of the scrotum and
clamp the cord. A clicking
sound can be heard as the cord
has been crushed. Leave the
instrument close at 20-25
seconds.
Crush locations for Burdizzo method
d. After the given time, release
the scrotum and locate the other side of it.
48

e. Repeat the procedure as what you did with the first one.
II. Elastrator Method
This method includes the use of a heavy-
duty rubber band and elastrator, an instrument
intended to stretch the durable band and be placed
on the neck of the scrotum or above the testes. Let
the band stay on the testes for 2 – 4 weeks until it
eventually fall off.
This procedure is effective for young animals
specifically at 7 – 10 days up to 6 weeks from birth
when scrotal materials are not yet developed.
However, animals may suffer from stress due to An elastrator with the
intense pain and discomfort especially for the first 10 – heavy-duty bands
15 minutes after the band has tightly constricted the
neck of the scrotum.

Steps:
a. Use band or ring not more than 1
year from its manufacture to assure
tight fit and strong enough to cut off
blood flow, if not, scrotum will
swell.
b. Restrain the animal carefully by
letting it lie on its back and properly
hold its four feet to prevent it from
paddling.
c. Let the scrotum or testes pass
through the stretched hole but not
over the rudimentary teats.
d. Displace the ring or band from the
prong.
e. Inject tetanus antitoxin. This
prevents the tetanus organism to
enter through the irritated tissue
Proper sites for the heavy-duty
constricted by the ring or band.
band
f. Check for the ring if it is still intact
and properly placed, and for any signs of infection that may occur.

III. Knife Method

This method involves the removal of testicles through surgical operation. Materials needed include
sterile and sharp knife, surgical blade, warm water, iodine or 3% creoline solution as disinfectant, syringe and
needle, tetanus antitoxin, antibiotic and fly repellant.

While this method is the cheapest among the techniques, it is considered the most painful and has the
49

greatest potential for infection and fly infestation.

Steps:
a. Let an assistant restrain
the animal properly
b. Draw the hind legs
forward.
c. Wash your hand with
soap and water.
d. Wash the scrotum with
soap and water
thoroughly and
disinfect it and its
surrounding area with
3% creoline solution or
tincture of iodine.
e. Cut across the tip of
scrotum carefully then
Cutting the tip of the scrotum
slowly push the
testicles out. Grasp the testis or spermatic cord tightly not to slip-up your
hand and go back into the scrotum, once you touched it, avoid inserting
your finger into the cut area because this increases the chance of
infection to develop.
f. Cut two connecting tissues with a sterilized knife or blade.
g. If a tissue protrudes below the cut area, removed it with the knife. This
is to avoid disease-causing organisms to adhere and cause infection.
h. Apply tincture of
iodine over the
wound. In areas
where tetanus is
known to occur, a
preventive dose of
tetanus anti-toxin
(TAT) is
recommended.
i. Inject the kid with
antibiotic. Fig 2.
j. Spray the wound
with fly repellant.
k. The cut area
Injecting penicillin to buck kid
50

should remain open to allow drainage after castration.

l. Place the animal in a draft-free confinement.

2. Disbudding
This process refers to the removal of horn-buds on kid as raiser decides to
allow the animal to be hornless as it grows. The kid may be disbudded using the
following method. It is advised to beginners that these be done by experienced hand
since neither of the two method is easy.
A. Chemical Method (potassium
hydroxide stick or caustic stick) –
this is used only in 2-week old kids.
Steps:
a. Wrap the caustic stick with
paper to protect hand from
burn.
b. Restrain the animal properly
to lessen stress.
c. Clip the hair around the base
of the horn-bud.
d. Apply Vaseline on the
clipped area. This prevents
the chemical from flowing
down the eyes or burning the
skin.
e. Hold the pre-wrapped stick Disbudding a kid applying Chemical
and dip one end tip in water. Method
f. Apply the stick into one of the horn-buds in circular motion, about 2.5 cm
in diameter until the horn tissue is burned-off. Do the same thing on the
other horn-bud.
g. After the process, rub ample amount of Vaseline to sooth the burnt spot
and down the side of the head.

B. Hot-iron cautery
Method Steps:
a. Heat the disbudding
iron to a bright
cherry-red.
b. Restrain the animals
properly and firmly
to avoid
unnecessary
burning.
Disbudding a kid using Hot-iron Cautery
Method
142
51
52

a. Clip the hair around the base of the horn-bud.

b. Hold the pre-heat disbudding iron and apply it exactly over the horn- bud.
Let it stay on the area for six seconds-no more, no less. Do the same on
the other bud.
c. The iron may be reheated once or twice for each horn until they have
disappeared completely.
d. Cover the burnt area with Vaseline.

3. Dehorning
It is a process of removing horn among adult or mature animals since horned animals could possibly
harm other animals during goat fighting as well as caretakers. This can be done on the first 2 to 4 months of
age from birth. The procedure is a risky operation, so it is wise to consult a veterinarian or expert especially
on the administration of anesthesia.
Steps:
1. Heat the disbudding iron.
2. Restrain the animal properly.
3. Administer anesthesia.
4. Use a dehorning instrument or a small-toothed sharp saw to cut the horn.
5. Saw-off the horn very close the base.
6. Cauterize the wound using the pre-heated disbudding iron to prevent excessive bleeding.
7. If profuse bleeding occurs, dust the wound with iron sulfate until blood flow stops.

4. Docking in newly-born kids/lambs

Docking or cutting off

part of the tail is one of the first
management practices
performed after lambing. This
will keep the animal hygienic
since droppings sticks to its tail
and wool. The process is done
between seven and ten days of
age. The tail is cut off at the first
or second joint or about 1 to 1.5
inches (2.5-3.8
Tail-docking in lamb using elastrator with
rubber band

cm) from the body. This can be done with

a knife, burdizzo, elastator, emasculator,
or hot docking iron.
53

5. Hoof Trimming
This practice aims to prevent malformation of the toes, abnormal gait and to prevent foot rot that
results from getting manure inside the untrimmed hoof. A sharp knife, pruning shears, or a broad
sharp chisel can be used.
Trimming is easily done in damp cold weather when the hooves are more pliable. Brittle hooves
need a hoof ointment, or else, these by letting the goat stand on damp floor for several hours
before hoof trimming.
How to Trim the Hoof:
 Hold the feet of the goat between your knees.
 With a sharp-cutting object, trim down the excess hoof until the feet are like those of a newly born kid.
 The edges of the hoof must be of the same level as that of the frog (the soft part at the center).
 Whittle the frog with utmost care since this is the most sensitive part of the hoof.



Photo courtesy of Fortunato F. Halili Hoof Trimming

National Agricultural School, Sta.
Maria, Bulacan.

6. Weaning
Weaning kids depends on the system of management and operation under which goats are raised.
For dairy purposes, kids may be weaned or separated totally from does immediately or after colostrum
feeding, and then raised by hand feeding.
For the purpose of raising goat for its milk, wean the kids at the age of not less than three months. By
this time, the kids must have experienced consuming solid foods, particularly concentrates and roughages. At
weaning,separate the buck kids from the kid herd. This would prevent some of the doe kids from being bred too
young. Breeding those very young kids stunts growth.

Determining the Age of Goat/Sheep

Aside from the record kept, the age of a goat can be estimated by looking at the teeth. For animal
younger than one year, the set is complete but these small, and sharp incisors are still temporary. Two
permanent front incisors can be seen in yearlings but the rest are still temporary. A two-year old goat has four
large front teeth while a three-year old goat has six teeth. At the age of four, a complete set of eight front
incisors on the lower jaw can be seen. As goats grow older, teeth become worn out, spread far apart, become
loose and finally drop off.
54

Dentition in goats

Two permanent teeth replace two temporary

incisor teeth in the center.
.
1- 1-year age

Two additional permanent teeth appear for a

total of four permanent teeth.
2- year age

Six permanent teeth are present, with the last

two found on either side of the two-year old
teeth.
3- year age

Full mouth. There is a complete set of

eight permanent teeth.

4- 4-year age

Estimated age for sheep and goats with different numbers of erupted permanent incisors

Estimated age range

No. of permanent incisors Sheep Goat

0 pair Less than 1 year Under 1 year

1 pair 1-1½ years 1-2 years
2 pairs 1½-2 years 2-3 years
3 pairs 2½-3 years 3-4 years
4 pairs More than three years. More than four years
Broken mouth Aged Aged
Dentition showing the estimated ages of sheep and goats (Adopted from Vatta et al. 2006)
([Link] 11-15-14)
55

PRACTICE
Activity 1
Directions: Match Group A to Group B. Write the correct letter of your choice in your activity notebook.
Group A
a. docking f. selection
b. castration g. weaning
c. dehorning h. marking
d. ear notcher i. hoof trimming
e. sharp chisel j. disbudding
k. ear tag
Group B
1. Identifies ownership
2. A pre-numbered plastic as identification
3. Used to make notches on the ear
4. Removal of testicles of the male kids
5. Removal of horn buds
6. The removal of horn in mature goat
7. The trimming of hoof to prevent foot rot
8. A tool used to trim hoof
9. Cutting part of the tail
10. Separation of kid/lamb from the mother
Activity 2
Directions: Discuss the importance of the following management practices involved in
growing kids/lambs.
1. Marking/Identification

2. Castration

3. Disbudding

4. Dehorning

5. Tail docking

6. Hoof trimming

7. Weaning
56

Activity 3
Directions: Estimate the age of a goat or sheep based on the dentition of the animal.
Write the answer on your activity notebook.

1. 2. 3.

4.

EVALUATION
Activity 1
Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.
1. State the difference between ear tagging and ear notching.
2. Compare and contrast the Burdizzo Method and the Knife Method of castration.
3. Determine the difference between the Burdizzo Method and the Elastrator Method of
castration.
4. Compare and contrast disbudding and dehorning.
5. Determine the difference between the chemical method and hot-iron cautery method of
disbudding.

Goats/sheep are easier to raise because they are smaller in size compared to cattle and
carabaos. Nevertheless, different practices such as hoof trimming, castration, dehorning,
disbudding, ear marking, and tail docking should be done to attain their potentials and produce
profitably. Always bear in mind that before doing the job, see to it that all instruments needed
are thoroughly cleaned and sanitized to avoid infections.
57

Lesson 3 PROVIDE CARE AND MANAGE LACTATING DOES/EWES

INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals with the care and management of lactating does/ewes. It also provides insights
on the hygiene and sanitation inside the lactating pen and proper milking procedure.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. feed the lactating does properly;
2. separate lactating does from the herd;
3. observe proper hygiene in lactating goat pen;
4. perform proper milking procedure; and
5. appreciate the importance of proper sanitation in the milking area.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the correct letter of your answer from the given choices.

1. Why should we separate the buck from the milking herd?

a. To avoid tainting in the milk
b. It bullies the suckling kids in the pen
c. Bucks are capricious and difficult to herd
d. Bucks are carrier of ticks that might irritate the milking doe
2. Which is not considered if a raiser wants to get the best milking results?
a. Aggressiveness c. Quietness
b. Gentleness d. Regularity of milking process
3. These are the main feeds for does or ewes.
a. Concentrates c. Protein supplements
b. Leaf meals d. Roughages
4. Which of the following is not included in preparing the doe before milking?
a. Comb or brush the goat well
b. Wash hand well before milking begins
c. Excite the doe before the process starts
d. Clean the udder using soap and lukewarm water
5. To increase the milk production, doe should be given concentrates containing

a. 13% – 16% CP c. 16% - 20% CP

b. 15% - 18% CP d. 17% - 21% CP

MOTIVATION
Feeding the doe/ewes
Roughage is the main feed for these animals. Pasture and good-quality legume or grass-legume hay
are used for this purpose. One of these legumes is Centrosema. Guinea and Paragrass are also good for the
does. Silage may be used in place of hay. Corn grain and sorghum are commonly used as concentrates.
Protein supplements are not needed if good quality legume pasture or hay is available. If needed, protein
supplements to use include soybean oil meal, cotton seed meal, linseed meal, and peanut meal.
58

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Feeding Lactating Doe

Forage alone cannot increase milk production among lactating does. For milk production, the does
should be fed with good quality forage and concentrates containing 16–20% crude protein at the rate of
about 0.5 kilograms per liter of milk produced. Enough vitamin-minerals and salt are indispensable in their
ration.
Care of Lactating Does
Keep lactating goats in a quiet environment before and during milking. Noise and the sight of strangers could
cause extreme excitement that may adversely affect milk ejection.
Clip hair in the udder regularly. This prevents contamination of the milk during milking.
To get the best milking results, the following are important points to consider:
 quietness
 gentleness
 regularity of milking process
During milking, provide concentrate to minimize distraction/extreme excitement of the doe during the course
of milk ejection.
Preparing the doe before milking
 To make the milking process easier, provide a milking stand or goat holder.
A goat X – holder is used when milking goat in a squatting position. Use bamboo
in making the holder.
 Comb or brush the goat well.
 Clean the milk bucket thoroughly. A stainless steel or hard plastic bucket is preferred.
 Wash hands well.
 Clean the udder by using soap and lukewarm water just before
 milking.
 Dry the udder with clean towel or soft cloth.

Goat Holder for milking goat in a squatting position

59

Milking periods must be established and strictly adhered to. If milking is done twice a day, e.g.
6:00am and 6:00pm, the process should not be delayed or advanced. If possible, the same personnel should
be used. Unnecessary changes in the routines should be avoided so that lactating does can sustain their
ability to provide milk.

Proper Steps in Milking a Doe

1. Wash hands with soap and water and 2. Do the same on the udder and
dry them before starting to milk. parts around it.

3. Grasp the teat with the thumb 4. Close the second finger and milk
and first finger. will squirt out. Discard the first
stream for it is high in bacteria.
60

5. Close the forefingers and 6. Close the little finger and tear
press a little steadily. with the whole hand.

7. Release the teat so that it will be 8. Feel the teat again if it is already
filled with milk. filled with milk

9. Again grasp the teat with your 10. Run your fingers down to the
thumb and first finger. teat to force milk to come out.

PRACTICE

Activity 1
Directions: Copy the activity below in your activity notebook. Answer it by ticking √ to what classification does
each feed belong.
Feed Grass Legume Concentrate Protein
Supplement
1. Centrosema
2. Guinea Grass
3. Corn grain
4. Soybean meal
5. Paragrass
61

Activity 2
Directions: Copy the following in your activity notebook. Read and understand each activities found at the middle
column. If you think that the activity is supposed to be done, then mark √ under Do’s opposite the activity, if the
activity is not proper to do, then mark √ under Don’ts opposite the activity.

Do’s Routinely Activities for Lactating Does Don’ts

1. providing enough vitamins and mineral
2. clip hair in the udder regularly
3. noise and strangers are observed
4. irregularity of milking
5. gentleness of the milker
6. comb and brush the goat well
7. wash hand well before milking the doe
8. clean the udder with plain water
9. dry the udder with clean towel after washing
10. milking is not delayed or ahead of time
11. shifting of milkers is regularly observed
12. discard the first squirt of milk

EVALUATION

Directions: Rearrange the following milking procedure into proper sequence. Write your answer
in your activity notebook.

• . Close the forefingers and press a little steadily.

• Feel the teat again if it is already filled with milk

• Release the teat so that it will be filled with milk.

62

• Close the second finger and milk will squirt out. Discard the first
stream for it is high in bacteria.

• Close the little finger and tear with the whole hand.

• Run your fingers down to the teat to force milk to come out.

• Grasp the teat with the thumb and first finger.

• Again grasp the teat with your thumb and first finger.

• Do the same on the udder and parts around it.

• Wash hands with soap and water and dry them before starting to
milk.

Lactating does need proper feeding to increase their milk yield. During this phase, the animal should
be separated from the rest of the herd because noise and other untoward incidence could affect the milk let
down. Sanitation and hygiene should also be observed inside and vicinity area of the milking parlor.

FOR MODUEL 3 MANAGING DOES/EWES

AND THEIR PROGENIES
There are several care and management that should be provided to pregnant does as they near
kidding until the time their young will be weaned to live on their own.
Pregnant does, though not needing close attention, still has to be given necessary management,
especially before and after kidding. Newly-born kids are given enough attention especially on feeding
management. As kids grow, several practices are provided for them to be productive. Lactating does should
not be neglected especially when these animals are intended for milk production. Feeding them nutritious
63

feedstuffs and giving them enough care make these animals more productive.

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II SMALL RUMINANT

FEEDING SMALL RUMINANTS

Content Standards Performance Standards

The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently practices
on proper pasture management and proper pasture management and feeding
feeding practices based on the recommended practices according to industry standards.
standards set by the Bureau of Animal Industry.

MODULE NO. 4 PROVIDING PROPER FEEDING MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
This module will teach you how to feed small ruminants properly, particularly goats and sheep.
Likewise, it will help you understand how to establish and maintain pasture areas for the herd
including distinguishing the different pasture grasses, legumes and fodder trees which are essential in
feeding management and in the health and nutrition of goats and sheep.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
1. establish a feeding guide following the animals’ nutritional requirements;
2. determine the feeding system for small ruminants;
3. provide forages, concentrates, and feed supplements;
4. make water available to animals;
5. establish and maintain a pasture area for the herd; and
6. search for alternative feed resources.

DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT

A. Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity notebook.
1. This is the best, yet economical method of managing a herd and flock.
a. Constructing shed and houses
b. Consulting a veterinarian everyday
c. Providing the herd and flock with security
d. Providing herd and flock with fresh water, grasses and legumes
2. Ideally, how many heads of goats can be fed in a one-hectare well-developed pasture?
a. 15 to 25 goats c. 35 to 45 goats
b. 25 to 35 goats d. 45 to 55 goats
3. These are chemical compounds included in animal rations but which do not supply nutrients to the
animals.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral Supplements
b. Feed Additives d. Vitamin Supplements
4. This is a by-product of rice milling that can be used as goat feed.
a. Corn bran c. Rice bran
b. Copra meal d. Soy bean Oil Meal
5. This first milk secreted by the goat after kidding that contains high antibodies.
a. Colostrum c. Minerals
b. Milk d. Vitamins
64

6. The following are examples of common grasses for goats EXCEPT ONE.
a. Alabang X c. Pinto peanut
b. Para grass d. Star grass
7. These microorganisms are present in the root nodules of legumes which enables them to manufacture
their own nitrogen requirements.
a. Pseudomonas solanacearum c. Rhizoctonia solani
b. Rhizobium d. Xanthomonas vesicatoria
8. Ad libitum is a term given in feeding animals means .
a. feeding once a day c. feeding in gradual manner
b. feeding three times a day d. feeds available at all times
9. These forage species with narrow leaves and pointed apex grows in vacant lots and along road-sides and
paddy fields.
a. Fodder trees c. Herbages
b. Grasses d. Legumes
10. Mang Jose is looking for economical yet nutritious fodder tree as supplement to grasses for goat feeds.
Which among the tree species would be the best?
a. Acacia c. Ipil-ipil
b. Gmelina d. Papaya
11. The rate of weight gain per day of goat and sheep is .
a. 30-40 grams/day c. 70-80 grams/day
b. 40-60 grams/day d. 80-90 grams/day
12. These are feeds containing relatively large amount of fiber that provide bulk to fill up the rumen.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral Supplements
b. Feed Additives d. Roughages
13. These include all grains and many by-products of grains and animals such as rice bran, ground corn, soy
bean oil meal, copra meal and bone meal and molasses.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral Supplements
b. Feed Additives d. Roughages
14. These are organic compounds needed by the animal’s body in small amount for maintaining vigor,
health, and productivity.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral additives
b. Feed additives d. Vitamin supplements
15. The following are examples of concentrates EXCEPT
a. Copra meal c. Napier
b. Molasses d. Rice bran
16. The function of this is to supply NH 2 for the rumen microbes to synthesize microbial protein for the
animal
a. Cement c. Salt
b. Rice bran d. Urea
17. This ingredient improves palatability and source of sodium and chlorine.
a. Cement c. Salt
b. Rice bran d. Urea
18. It is the process of preservation of the succulent or high quality forage under anaerobic condition or the
exclusion of air principally oxygen from the ensiled forages.
a. Concentrate Ration c. Silage
b. Rapid Rotational Grazing d. Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block
19. What is the quality of the silage if it has acid odor and taste; absence of molds, with green color, pH
value of 3.5 – 4.2, and ammonia nitrogen is less than 10% of total nitrogen?
a. Fair c. Poor
b. Good d. Very Good
20. This feeding technology contains 30% more energy and twice more protein compared to untreated one.
65

a. Rapid Rotational Grazing c. Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block

b. Silage d. Urea Treated Rice Straw
21. Pinto peanut, siratro and centrocema are examples of .
a. grasses c. shrubs
b. legumes d. trees
22. The following are advantages of zero grazing EXCEPT ONE
a. It facilitates manure handling.
b. It requires high management skills.
c. It maintains uniform growth and quality of grasses.
d. The goats are less exposed to communicable diseases and worm infestation.
23. These are broadleaf species, noted for their high protein content and these have root nodules with
microorganisms known as rhizobium, which enable them to manufacture their own nitrogen requirements.
a. Forages c. Legumes
b. Grasses d. Trees
24. In this system of pasture utilization, the goats are allowed to graze in the pasture area for at least eight
hours a day and are only kept inside the house during the unfavorable hours of the day and during bad
weather.
a. Grazing system c. Tethering
b. Silage making d. Zero grazing
25. It is a coarse leafy deep rooted perennial with a typical stool forming habit and its leaves are long and
broad and well distributed along the stem.
a. Centrosema c. Napier
b. Guinea grass d. Para grass
B. Direction. Distinguish the following forages into pasture grasses or legumes
1. Para grass
2. Soybean
3. Calopo
4. Guinea grass
5. Star grass
6. Napier
7. Pinto peanut
8. Centrosema
9. Alabang X
10. Siratro

Lesson 1. FEEDS AND FEEDING

INTRODUCTION
This lesson focuses on the discussion of feeds and feeding small ruminants. Particularly, it will
deal on feeding guides, common feed ingredients, feeding habits and feed requirements of small
ruminants
OBJECTIVES:After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define feeds and feeding;
2. show and explain feeding guides;
3. characterize the common feed ingredients for goats and sheep;
4. explain the feeding habits of goats and sheep;
5. enumerate feeding habits of goat and sheep;
6. state practical feeding guides for goats and sheep; and
7. compute for feed requirements for goat and sheep.
66

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. The rate of weight gain per day of goat and sheep is .
a. 30-40 grams/day c. 70-80 grams/day
b. 40-60 grams/day d. 80-90 grams/day
2. These are feeds containing relatively large amount of fiber that provide bulk to fill up the rumen.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral Supplements
b. Feed Additives d. Roughages
3. These include all grains and many by-products of grains and animals such as rice bran, ground corn,
soy bean oil meal, copra meal and bone meal and molasses.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral Supplements
b. Feed Additives d. Roughages
4. These are organic compounds needed by the animal’s body in small amount for maintaining vigor,
health, and productivity.
a. Concentrates c. Mineral additives
b. Feed additives d. Vitamin supplements
5. The following are examples of concentrates EXCEPT
a. Copra meal c. Napier
b. Molasses d. Rice bran
6. The following are examples of green roughage EXCEPT
a. Banana c. Guinea
b. Centrosema d. Napier
7. Banana, kakawate, ipil-ipil are examples of .
a. concentrates c. roughages
b. minerals d. tree leaves
8. These are practically all carbohydrates with only three percent (3%) of crude protein.
a. Copra meal c. Molasses
b. Corn bran d. Soy bean
9. It is a product of rice milling that contains an average crude protein of 10- 12%.
a. Corn bran c. Rice bran
b. Copra meal d. Sorghum
10. Salt, oyster shell, limestone and wood ash are examples of .
a. concentrates c. mineral supplements
b. feed additives d. vitamin supplements

MOTIVATION
Feeds and feeding are important factors in raising small ruminants. Proper nutrition is
essential for the health of all animals and is the basis of successful production system. The
nutrition of the goat is of paramount importance for successful goat production. Goats require
proper nutrition. They need six (6) groups of nutrients such as water, vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates
and protein to live and survive, to maintain body functions, to produce meat and milk, to grow and to have a
healthful pregnancy.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Feeding is one of the largest expenses of any goat operation. For sustainable and
67

profitable production, nutrients must also be provided in a cost effective manner. Goats raised for meat
need feeds most of the time and require an optimum balance of many different nutrients in order to achieve
maximum profit potential. Because of their unique physiology, meat-goat does not fatten like cattle or sheep.
Rates of weight gain are smaller ranging from 40 to 60 grams per day. Therefore, profitable meat-goat
production can only be achieved by optimizing the use of forages, grasses, and
strategically using expensive concentrate feeds. These can be achieved by developing a year-round forage
program allowing as much grazing as possible throughout the year.
Suggested Feeding Guide for Goats
Age Feed Amount per Day
Birth – 3 days Colostrum Ad libitum(3 to 5x feeding)
Whole milk (Goat milk) 0.5 – 1 L/kid divided into
3x feeding
4 days – 2 weeks
Vitamin-mineral Ad libitum

Water Ad libitum
Whole milk or milk replacer 0.5-1 L/kid divided into 2x
feeding

Grass-legume hay or quality Ad

fresh forages
libitum
2 weeks – 16 weeks
Vitamin-mineral

mix Water Ad libitum

Starter (22% CP)1 Ad libitum

Increasing amount without

causing digestive upset
Forages, vitamin-mineral Ad libitum
mix
4 months to kidding
Water Ad libitum

Concentrates (18-20% CP)2 Up to 0.5 kg/head

Forages, vitamin-mineral Ad libitum
mix
Dry, pregnant, bucks
Water Ad libitum

Concentrates (16-18% CP)3 0.2-0.7 kg/head

Forages, vitamin-mineral Ad libitum
mix

Lactating Water Ad libitum

Concentrates (16-18% CP) 0.3-0.5 kg/L milk

produced
1Whole milk can be goat or cow milk. Milk replacer can be used after 2 weeks.
68

2Formula I. Ground corn-12, Rice bran-24, Copra meal- 40, Soybean oil meal- 8, Meat and
bone meal-10, molasses- 5, and salt- 1kg.
3Formula II. Copra meal-50, Wheat pollard-32, Molasses-15, Bone meal-2, and salt-1kg.

Formula III. Coprameal-40, corn-25, soybean oil meal-15, rice bran-10, molasses-8,
bonemeal- 1, and salt-1kg.
Classification of Common Feed Ingredients for Goats
There are four types of goat feeds:
1. Roughage. These are feeds containing relatively large amounts of fiber that provide bulk to fill-up the
rumen. This group of feeds includes freshly cut grasses and legumes, hay, silages fodder and other green
herbages.
2. Concentrates. These are feeds with high digestibility. They are relatively low in fiber and include all grains
and many by-products of grains and animals, such as rice bran, ground corn, soybean oil meal, copra meal,
bone meal, and molasses.
3. Mineral Supplements. These supplements provide the goat with skeletal support. Salt, oyster shell,
limestone and wood ash are examples of mineral supplements.
4. Vitamin Supplement. These are organic compounds needed to maintain vigor, health and productivity,
such as Vitamins A, B, and C.

Commonly Used Ingredients for Goat Concentrates

The following are locally available concentrate ingredients for goats:

1. Corn. This is the second commonly used ingredient in formulating concentrate mixture. It contains about
8.9% crude protein and a high amount of energy (Total Digestible Energy) that makes it an ideal feed for
fattening.
2. Rice bran. It is a by-product of rice milling that contains an average crude protein of 10-12%. Locally
available rice bran is classified as first class (D1), second class (D2), and third class (D3). Like corn, it is also a
good source of energy for fattening animals.
3. Sorghum. This is very similar to corn in feed value with crude protein content ranging from 5-9%. It makes,
therefore, a very good livestock feed and substitute for corn because its price is lower than corn.
4. Copra meal. It is a by-product of copra production. This is what is left of the coconut meat after the oil has
been removed or extracted. It contains an adequate amount of carbohydrates but it is used mainly as
protein supplement due to its high crude protein (20-22%).
5. Soybean oil meal. This by-product feed is produced after extracting oil from soybean seeds. It contains
about 44% crude protein with very high feeding value.
6. Molasses. These are practically all carbohydrates with only three percent (3%) crude protein. It is a by-
product of sugar milling and is sold in dark and semi- liquid (thick) state.
7. Ipil-ipil Leaf Meal. This protein supplement is produced after flesh leaves of ipil-ipil has undergone drying
and grinding. Its crude protein content is about 19-21%.
List of Common Philippine Feedstuffs for Goat Production
Feedstuff Dry matter Total Crude Digestible
(%) Digestible Protei Crude
Nutrients n (CP) Protei
(TDN) (%) n
(%) (DCP)
(%)
Concentrates
Copra meal 89.6 78.5 20.6 14.50
Corn gluten feed 90.1 74.9 20.2 17.10
69

Corn, grain 88.8 84.2 08.1 07.70

Rice bran (Cono) 88.0 69.1 12.3 08.30
Rice bran (Kiskis) 89.0 46.6 06.2 04.50
Soybean oil meal 88.4 76.0 44.0 41.00
Molasses, cane 76.3 53.6 02.0 00.40
Corn bran 88.0 72.1 10.5 05.60
Green roughages
Napier grass 27.5 12.6 ---- 1.60
Para grass ---- 15.3 ---- 0.90
Guinea grass 20.4 16.0 ---- 1.40
Centrosema 24.2 11.8 ---- 3.16
Tree Leaf/ Browse Plant
Banana 94.0 ---- 9.80 5.70
Kakawate 25.3 ---- 6.52 ----
Ipil-ipil 13.30 ---- 27.80 22.50
Santan 27.68 ---- 4.02 ----
Caimito 48.32 ---- 4.98 ----
Camachile 34.78 ---- 9.96 ----
Gumamela 19.10 ---- 4.14 ----
Bamboo 42.00 ---- 7.60 3.54
Acacia 43.40 ---- 9.10 ----
Sources of Ca and P % Ca %P
Steamed bone meal 28.00 14.00
Dicalcium phosphate 28.00 14.00
Oyster shell powder 33.00 00.00
Source: Goat Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual, 2014
Goat Rations
List of Examples of Formula for 100 kg for Goat Concentrates
Kind of ration Ingredients Parts by
weight
(kg)
General purpose ration for all ages First class rice bran 80.0
of goats (not for milking does) Ipil-ipil leaf meal 0.0
(not balanced) Molasses 0.0
Salt 20.0
Homemade ration First class rice bran 50.0
(General purpose) Ipil-ipil leaf meal 30.0
(not balanced) Salt 20.0
Shelled corn 50.0
Copra meal 29.0
Milking ration # 1 Rice bran 20.0
Oyster meal 0.5
Salt 0.5
70

Ground yellow corn 33.0

Fine rice bran 33.0
Milking ration # 2 Copra meal 33.0
Salt 0.5
Ground oyster shell 0.5
Rice binlid 28.0
Rice tiki-tiki 20.0
Copra meal 30.0
Milking ration # 3 Molasses 8.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 8.0
Meat and bone meal 5.0
Salt 1.0
Tiki- 18.0
tiki
Rice binlid 11.5
Milking ration # 4 Ground corn 11.5
Copra meal 21.0
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 36.0
Limestone 1.0
Salt 1.0
Tiki- 77.0
Fattening ration tiki
Ipil-ipil leaf meal 15.0
Limestone 6.0
Salt 2.0
Source: Philippine Recommends for Goat Production, 2011.

Feeding Habits of Goats and Sheep

Goats and sheep differ in their feeding habits. Selection and intake of forage depends not only on the
available plant resources but also on the feeding behavior of animals. Knowledge of feeding habits that have
nutritional implications is important in improving goat and sheep nutrition. A comparison of the feeding habits
of goats and sheep is presented in the table below.
Goats prefer to consume a wide variety of feedstuffs. Goats are more selective and browse more,
especially under extensive conditions, than sheep. The selectivity of goats is reduced under intensive
management. Goats generally have better body condition compared to sheep under the same grazing
conditions, mainly due to their ability to select a nutritious diet.
Goats prefer to eat feed at a height of 20–120 cm. They have the ability to stand on their hind legs for
long periods and can even climb trees in order to reach parts of trees they prefer. They also have mobile
upper lips and tongue that enable them to consume leaves between thorns.
The preference of goats for consuming browse can be used in the control of invasive species on
grasslands. Keeping a mixture of browsers and grazers can maintain rangeland grazing areas rather than
allowing them to become overgrown with brush. The mixed species of livestock kept by pastoralists enable
simultaneous use of vegetation at different heights.
71

Additional observations regarding the feeding habits of goats:

a. Goats will accept a wide variety of feeds, but what is acceptable to one goat is not always acceptable
to others.
b. Goats do not thrive well if kept on one feed for any length of time but prefer to select from many
varieties of feeds and vegetation.
c. Goats generally refuse anything which has been soiled by other animals.
d. The appetite of the goat for any given concentrates or mixture of concentrates, fed in quantities of
over 0.45 to 0.91 kg/day, often decreases within a short period.
e. Goats have a higher tolerance to bitter taste as well as preference for a wide variety of chemical
compounds. These characteristics enable them to consume a wider range of plant species than either
sheep or cattle.

Comparison of Feeding Habits Between Goat and Sheep

Goat She
Parameter ep
Characteris
tic
Activity Can stand on its hind legs Walk shorter
to access browse; distances
Can walk longer distances
Feeding pattern Browser; more selective Grazer; less selective
Variety in feeds Preference greater Preference limited
Salivary secretion rate Greater Moderate

Recycling of urea in saliva Greater Less

Dry matter intake:
For meat production 3% of body weight 3% of body weight
For milk production 4–6% of body weight 3% of body weight
Digestive efficiency With coarse roughage Less efficient
higher
Retention time Longer Shorter
Water intake per unit dry Lower Higher
matter
Water economy More efficient Less efficient
Water turnover rate Lower Higher
Dehydration:
Feces Less water loss Higher water loss
Urine More concentrated Less concentrated
Fat metabolism Increased during periods Less evident
of water shortages
Source: Goat Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual, 2014

Practical Feeding Guides for Goats

Goat nutrition is a requirement for good health and reproduction, high milk yield and fast growth
rates.
Based on the technical assumption of the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
Research and Development, a 25-doe level needs ½ hectare of well-developed pasture to sustain
their feeding.
The following are the feeding guides for goats in the different age group level:
 Kids. Young kids which are still nursing may begin to eat non-milk foods at about six weeks of age.
72

They should be fed with high quality feeds to help them grow and get them used to eating food other
than their mother’s milk. The feeds need to be of high quality because kids can only eat a little. Kids
should be fed with the following:
 young forage with plenty of leaves, few stems
 tree leaves
 concentrate (adjust the amount needed according to how much the kids eat)
Moreover, the feeds should be in one partitioned part of the barn so that the kids can easily reach them.
This prevents the adult animals from eating the feeds intended for the young animals.
Feeding the Weaners. An offspring is weaned at three months of age. At this time, they can grow very fast with
high quality diet. Weaners should be fed with the following:
 Young forage with plenty of leaves
 Tree leaves (all they want)
 Concentrate (all they want). They can start with 50 to 70 gm. /day and the amount increases as they
grow.
 Young replacement females. After the animals have been weaned, select the best female young to
use for breeding. They need extra food for growth. Feed them as much grass as they want. These
animals need to receive tree leaves or legumes too. Some concentrates or by-products will also help
them grow so that they will be large and in good shape for breeding at 9 to 10 months of age.
 Feeding the dry doe. A dry-pregnant doe should be adequately fed with quality feeds in order to build
reserves and help in lactation. Good quality forage, whether fed cut and carry, or browsed in pasture
area will normally be sufficient to support daily nutritional requirement of the dry doe. However, if the
pregnant doe looks thin, she could be given about one-half to one kilo of concentrates every day.
 Feeding the milking doe. Provide ad libitum amount of good quality grasses and legumes. For every
liter of milk that a doe gives, feed her with one kilo of concentrates. Fresh water and mineral lick-
brick or loose coarse salt should be provided to the doe freely. If the doe does not consume all of her
concentrates, reduce the next day’s feeding by the amount she did not eat. From time to time
increase her feed to see if she needs more than what you are giving her.
 Feeding the buck. Your buck for breeding should be fed properly. When it is not being used, ad
libitum amount of good quality forage and 250-300 gram concentrate mix should be given daily.
However, do not overfeed the buck with concentrates for this will make him fat and non-aggressive.
But when he is scheduled for service, increase his concentrates to half kilo per day two weeks before
and during the breeding period in order to keep him fertile and in good condition.
 Feeding the young goats. The goal of feeding yearlings or young goats is to provide them nutrients for
maintenance and growth. Adequate space for exercise plus abundant quality grasses and legumes
are important for yearlings. Feed them with concentrates that is at least 1% of their bodyweight.
Bottle-feeding is recommended in these situations:
 the amount of milk produced by the doe is not enough for her kids, especially for purebreds and
upgraded animals;
 there are more than two kids from a doe;
 a doe cannot nurse her own kids due to sickness;
 a doe dies after delivery;
 goat’s milk is preferred for consumption or for sale.
The baby goat to be bottle-fed should be separated from its mother three to four days after birth.
Warm the milk to about 39.4oC- 40.6oC during the first week. Powdered milk may also be used to feed the
kids.
Computation of Feed Requirements for Goats
Milk Offered = Animal bodyweight x 10% of body
weight Example:
= 10 kg x 0.10
= 1 kg of milk per day
73

Fresh Roughages
*Determine Dry Matter (DM) requirement:
Animal bodyweight x 3% of body weight
= 30 kg x 0.03
= 0.9 kg DM per day

Convert DM requirement into fresh roughage (20% DM)

DM requirement ÷ DM of fresh roughage
= 0.9 kg DM ÷ 0.20
= 4.5 kg fresh roughage per day

Roughages + Legumes
Roughage to Legumes Ratio = 75%:25%
Determine DM requirement (follow formula*): DM requirement at 3% of body
weight
= 30 kg x 0.03 = 0.9 kg DM per day
DM (roughage) = 0.9 kg DM x 0.75 = 0.675 kg DM
DM (legumes) = 0.9 kg DM x 0.25 = 0.225 kg DM

Convert DM requirement into fresh roughage + legumes:

Roughage (20%) = 0.675 kg DM ÷ 0.2 = 3.375 kg per day
Legumes (25%) = 0.225 kg DM ÷ 0.25 = 0.9 kg per day

Fresh Roughage + 200 g Concentrate

Determine DM Requirement (follow formula*):
30 kg x 0.03 = 0.9 kg DM per day
DM from concentrate (87% DM) = 200g x 0.87 = 0.174 kg DM
from fresh roughage = 0.9 kg – 0.174 kg = 0.726 kg DM

Convert DM requirement into fresh roughage (20% DM):

0.726 kg DM ÷ 0.2 = 3.63 kg fresh roughage per day

PRACTICE
Activity 1

Direction. Identify the correct term based on the given definition. Choose your answer from the box [Link]
your answer in your activity/assessment notebook.

1. These are feeds with high digestibility and they are relatively low in fiber and include all grains and
many by-products of grains and animals.
2. It contains about 8.9% crude protein and high amount of energy (Total Digestible Energy) that makes it
an ideal feed for fattening.
3. This group of feeds includes freshly cut grasses and legumes, hay, silages, fodder, and other green
herbages.
74

4. It is a by-product of rice milling that contains an average crude protein of 10-12%.

5. It is protein supplement produced after fresh leaves are dried and grounded and its crude protein content
is about 19-21%.
6. These provide skeletal support; Salt, oyster shell, limestone and wood ash are examples of these.
7. These are organic compounds needed by the animal’s body in small amount for maintaining vigor,
health and productivity.
8. This by-product feed is produced after extracting oil from soybean seeds. It contains about 44% crude
protein with very high feeding value.
9. This is what is left of the coconut meat after the oil has been removed or extracted. It contains an
adequate amount of carbohydrates but it is used mainly as protein supplement due to its high crude protein
(20- 22%).
10. These are practically all carbohydrates with only three percent (3%) crude protein. It is a by-product of
the sugar industry and is sold in dark and semi-liquid (thick) state.

Concentrates Ipil-ipil leaf Meal Roughages

Copra Meal Vitamin Supplements Sorghum
Corn Molasses Soy Bean Oil Meal
Goat Ration Rice Bran Mineral supplements

EVALUATION
Activity 1
Direction: Compute the worded problems following the correct solution/s:Write your answer in your
activity/assessment notebook.
1. If the goat weighs 25 kg, how many kilos of milk it can offer per day?

2. How many kilograms of fresh roughages a goat will consume if it weighs 25

kg?

Activity 2. Essay. Answer the question below. Write your answer in your
activity/assessment notebook.

1. Why is feeding small ruminant important?

2. In your own opinion, why is colostrum necessary for a kid whose age ranges from birth
to three (3) days old?
75

Knowledge in feeds and feeding is important for goat and sheep raisers. This is the basis of having healthy
herd and flock which will lead to a successful production system.
There are four classifications of goat and sheep feeds namely: roughages, concentrates, mineral
supplements and vitamin supplements. The locally available concentrate ingredients for goat and sheep are
the following: corn, rice bran, sorghum, copra meal, soybean meal, molasses and ipil-ipil leaf [Link] and
sheep differ in their feeding habits on the following parameters: activity, feeding pattern, variety in feeds, salivary
secretion rate, recycling of urea in saliva, dry matter intake digestive efficiency, retention time, water intake per
unit dry matter, water economy, water turnover, rate dehydration and fat metabolism.
Goat and sheep nutrition is a requirement for good health and reproduction, high milk yield and fast
growth rates. Thus, feeding guides for goats and sheep in the different age group level was given emphasis.
The computation of feed requirements for goat was likewise included.
Lesson 2. FEEDING TECHNOLOGIES

INTRODUCTION
This lesson focuses on the discussion of different feeding technologies for small
ruminants. It also deals with the importance of nutrients specifically minerals. Included
also in this lesson is the recommended feed formulation for small ruminants.

OBJECTIVES

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1. enumerate and discuss the different feeding technologies for goats and sheep;
2. determine the effect of minerals in the development of the small ruminants; and
3. recommend feed formulation for goat and sheep.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. This involves dividing the pasture area into paddocks and allowing the animals to graze rotationally in
different areas.
a. Concentrate Ration c. Silage
b. Rapid Rotational Grazing d. Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block
2. Some limitations of Rapid Rotational Grazing are the following EXCEPT
a. Large area is required
b. Intake of more nutrients
c. Lesser anthelminthic residues
d. Prevention of more damage to crops and neighboring farm
3. Concentrate ration tends to .
a. avoid parasitism c. provide minerals
b. give protein and energy feeds d. provide vitamins
4. In Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block, the highest percentage in the composition of ingredients is .
a. molasses and urea c. salt and cement
b. rice bran and molasses d. urea and cement
5. The following are the important features of Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block EXCEPT.
a. Ingredients are expensive
b. Supply essential nutrients
c. Commercially feasible to produce
d. Increase microbial protein synthesis
6. The function of this is to supply NH2 for the rumen microbes to synthesize microbial protein for the animal.
76

a. Cement c. Salt
b. Rice bran d. Urea
7. This ingredient improves palatability and source of sodium and chlorine.
a. Cement c. Salt
b. Rice bran d. Urea
8. It is the process of preservation of the succulent or high quality forage under anaerobic condition or the
exclusion of air principally oxygen from the ensiled forages.
a. Concentrate Ration c. Silage
b. Rapid Rotational Grazing d. Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block
9. What is the quality of the silage if it has acid odor and taste; absence of molds, with green color, pH value of
3.5 – 4.2, and ammonia nitrogen is less than 10% of total nitrogen.
a. Fair c. Poor
b. Good d. Very Good
10. This feeding technology contains 30% more energy and twice more protein compared to untreated one.
a. Rapid Rotational Grazing c. Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block
b. Silage d. Urea Treated Rice Straw

MOTIVATION

Feeding small ruminants requires technologies in order to meet the required nutritional
requirements intended for goats and sheep.
In this module, five feeding technologies will be presented for you to understand.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Feeding Technologies

1. Rapid Rotational Grazing (RRG)

Rotational grazing or tethering involves dividing the pasture area into paddocks and allowing the animals to
graze rotationally in different areas. Parasitic infection is minimized because the life cycle of the parasites is
broken.
Recommended Practices
The concept of RRG can likewise be applied to tethering one to five goats. In this approach, tethered
goats are transferred to 9 – 10 different paddocks in a month. The objective is not just to
provide the daily requirement for forage but also to minimize parasitic infection.
A rope, about 5 m long, is tied around the neck of each mature goat in a way that allows it to move
easily. All available and possible grazing areas are divided into 9 -10 paddocks. In dividing the pasture
into paddocks, it is important to consider the amount of available forage more than the size of the area.
Start tethering the animals in the first paddock; move the pegs around during the day to allow them
maximum access to forage. After 3 ½ days, move the animals to the next paddock and do not allow them
to go back to the first
paddock for 30 days. Continue moving the animals to
other paddocks every 3 ½ days until they have returned
to the first paddock. As earlier pointed out, this
rotational grazing is done to minimize parasitic
infestation among the goats and allow uniform
grazing of pasture areas.
77

Requirement for Adoption

The minimum requirements for adoption are:
 Sufficient and appropriate space for grazing
 Availability of labor to transfer animals at least
twice a day within the paddock and after every
3 ½ days to other paddocks
 Water for the goat
 A 5 m long rope

Benefits and Cost of Adoption

By applying the 3 ½ day-rotational tethering, the following benefits may be realized:
 Minimize exposure of goats to parasite
 Reduced dependence on anthelmintic chemical
 Less anthelmintic residues and resistance
Decreased cost of parasite control
 Sustained pasture quality because of better utilization
and prevention of overgrazing
 More intake of nutrients by the animals
 Heavier animals at market weight
 Ease in animal retrieval by
 the raiser at the end of the day, or during inclement
 t weather, or when the heat of the sun is intense
 Prevention of damage to crops and neighboring farms

Reservations/Limitations of Use

 Raisers are not particular with the practice, as animals are allowed to graze on their own or tethered on
the same spot for convenience of the owner.
 Labor availability must be considered
 Large area is required
 Expensive fencing materials
 This practice can be applied to mature goats only
 There is danger or exposure to thieves, predators (like dogs), and sudden changes of weather.

2. Concentrate Ration

Concentrate feeding is seldom practiced because it increases farm inputs. However, it is important to
give high protein and energy feeds during late pregnancy finishing stage. Concentrate improves the condition
of the microbes in the rumen and provides the goat with bypass nutrients (nutrients that pass through the
rumen without microbial digestion). Therefore, concentrate supplementation will improve the level of
productivity.

Ingredients Parts by Cost/kg Total Cost

wt (Php) (Php)
(kg)
78

Rice Bran 35 6 (5) 210 (175)

Corn 14 14 (5) 196 (70)
Copra Meal 34 7.50 255
SBOM 5 (7.4) 18 (5.5) 90 (44)
Molasses 10 6 60
Salt 1 20 20
Dicalphos 1 16 16
Total 100 87.5 847 (289)
Source: Goat Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual, 2014
3. Use of Urea in Goat Diets
Under a confined feeding program, mineral deficiencies usually occur in farms. Salt blocks intended
for cattle have been used. Because goats have shorter tongues they can lick smaller amounts of salt. Hence,
a loose form of vitamin-mineral supplement is recommended to satisfy the goat requirement from the few
grabs. The following is an example of a loose form of vitamin-mineral mix:
5 parts salt
1 part lime or oyster shell
½ part commercial vitamin-mineral mix
Likewise, occurrence of urinary calculi or stones has been traced to low salt- mineral intake and
subsequent low water intake. The loose form of supplementation can solve the problem. Addition of iodine
to the diet especially in highland areas is recommended.
Goats are efficient in utilizing the non-protein nitrogen in the diet. The capacity of microorganisms to
transform nitrogen into microbial protein makes it possible to incorporate a small amount of urea in the
ration of goats, primarily to increase utilization of low-quality roughages. Urea as supplement for goats must
be used with caution. For a high concentration of ammonia in the blood is toxic and fatal to ruminants. For
efficient utilization of urea as non-protein nitrogen source, adequate amount of energy (molasses, corn, etc.)
and minerals, particularly sulfur, in case molasses are used, should be made available to the animal. If
possible, provide a daily allowance of urea in small amounts throughout the day, instead of just one feeding.
Urea is equivalent to 281% CP (45% N x 6.25).

Safe usage of urea in the diet can be achieved following any of these
restrictions:

- 1% of the ration (DM basis), or

- 2-3% of the concentrate mixture (air-dry basis), or
- 25-30% of the total dietary protein (one third of the protein in the ration)

The use of Urea-Molasses-Mineral Block (UMMB) is highly recommended during lean month feeding
or when goats are fed with low quality forage materials. The UMMB is a cheap source of mineral supplement
in the form of lick-block. Aside from mineral elements, the UMMB provides non-protein nitrogen and energy
due to the presence of urea and rice bran, respectively.

The UMMB has the following composition:

Ingredient Part by Cost/kg Total

Weight (Php) Cost
(kg) (Php)
79

Rice bran (D1) 38 5 190

Molasses 38 7 266
Urea 10 7 70
Cement 10 3 30
Salt 1 20 20
Dicalcium phosphate 3 15 45
Total 100.00 6.31 631
Source: Goat Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual, 2014

Important Features of the UMMB

 Increases microbial protein synthesis
 Supplies essential nutrients
 Causes no toxicity
 Easy to handle and transport
 Commercially feasible to produce
Functions of the Ingredients
 Molasses. A source of readily available energy; makes the block palatable to the animal.
 Urea. Supplies NH3 needed by the rumen microbes to synthesize microbial protein for the animal.
 Cement, calcite powder, Sodium (Na) bentonite. Serve as binder for the block; source of calcium and
sodium.
 Rice bran. Provides by-pass protein and fermentable energy; serves as carrier of other ingredients.
 Salt. Improves palatability; source of sodium and chlorine.
 Trace Minerals. These are sources of macro and micro minerals.
Mixing Procedure
1. Place the weighed individual ingredients into the bucket.
2. Mix urea and molasses into the cement mixer until the urea is dissolved.
3. Dissolve cement in a little water and mix with urea-molasses solution through continuous mixing.
4. Add salt, trace minerals, and bone meal one after the other into the solution, and allow mixing for 15
minutes.
5. Add the rice bran gradually until a homogenous mixture is attained. Allow another 10 minutes mixing
until the mixture forms a dough-like product.
6. Unload the mixture and put into the molder with the tamper.
7. Allow the product to cure for two weeks before packing and selling.
Feeding the Block
The UMMB can be fed ad libitum to goats. Mature goats can lick 50-80 grams per day.
Precautions
 Do not offer the UMMB to animals younger than 6 months old, and to those pregnant animals on their
last trimester of pregnancy.
 Drinking water should be available (free choice) when feeding with UMMB.
 Avoid feeding the block along with rain water.
4. Silage
Feeds used by the commercial raiser are based largely on the silage, or sugar cane tops and chopped sugar
cane with rice
bran and copra meal tapioca, pine apple pulp, local cottonseed meal, wheat pollard, and brewery spent grain.
Plant materials that can be made into silage:
a. sugar cane tops
b. grasses
c. corn
d. sorghum
Sorghum Plant
Goat Project: Fortunato F. Halili
National Agriculttural School
80

e. farm by-product
f. mixture of grasses and legumes

The basic process of silage making or

ensiling is the preservation of the succulent or high quality forage under the anaerobic
condition or the exclusion of air, principally oxygen, from the ensiled forages.

The transformation of the green forage into silage takes place in the silo where the green forage is placed in a
compact mass. The plant cells and the aerobic organisms continue to respire, thus, rapidly consuming the
oxygen in the entrapped air and in turn giving carbon dioxide. When the oxygen is totally consumed by the
bacteria, aerobic activities stop creating oxygen-free atmosphere inside the silo.

Steps in Silage Making

1. Harvest grass just before the flowering stage. Corn and sorghum should be cut at the semi-dough
stage.
2. If moisture content of the harvested plant is higher than 70%, reduce moisture by wilting from 60-
70% to minimize or reduce nutrient loss through seepage.
3. Chop plant materials into 1-2.5 cm length.
4. Fill up the silo in one continuous operation; press the materials well to form a compact mass.
Exclusion of much of oxygen is essential. Rapid filling and packing in the silo is essential for good
silage.
5. Add silage conditioner (molasses, by-product concentrate) if the original plant material is of poor
quality. Molasses diluted 1:1 with water can be sprinkled over the prepared material before loading at
2-4% by weight.
6. Cover the silage with plastic sheet to protect it from rain, and place some weight on top. The silo must
have a roof to prevent entry of rain water.
7. After one month, silage is ready for feeding.
8. Continuous feeding of silage should be followed after opening the silo to avoid excessive spoilage of
the exposed materials.
Qualities of Silage
 Very Good : has acid odor and taste; has no molds; shows green color; has no
butyric acid; has a pH value of 3.5-4.2; has ammonia
nitrogen less than 10% of total nitrogen.
 Good : has acid odor and taste; exhibits trace amounts of butyric acid; has
a pH value of 4.2-4.5; has ammonia nitrogen equivalent to 10-
15% of total nitrogen.
 Fair : shows presence of butyric acid; shows presence of molds; has a
pH value of 4.5-4.8; has ammonia nitrogen equivalent to 15- 20% of total
nitrogen.
 Poor : has an amount of butyric acid; is slimy; shows presence of molds;
has pH value of 4.8; has ammonia nitrogen equivalentto
20% higher.
5. Urea-Treated Rice Straw
Rice straw can be better utilized by goats when treated with urea. For urea- treated rice straw
contains 30% more energy and twice more protein, compared to untreated rice straw (CASREN, 2003). This is
prepared by mixing 10 kg dissolved rice straw with a solution 600 g of urea into 10 liters of water. The
81

mixture should then be stored in anaerobic condition for 7 to 14 days. Before feeding, expose the treated
straw for one day.

Activity 1
Direction. Select the words in Column B that are associated with the words in Column
A. Write the answers in your activity notebook.

Column Column
A B
a. 9-10 paddocks
b. 5m rope
1. Rapid Rotational Grazing
c. Space for grazing
d. Cement
a. Rice Bran
b. Corn
2. Concentrate Ration
c. Copra Meal
d. Ipil-Ipil
a. Rice bran (D1)
3. Urea-Molasses Mineral Block b. Molasses
c. Vitamin A
d. Cement
a. Corn
b. Grasses
4. Silage
c. sugar cane tops
d. 5 m long rope
a. Urea
b. Rice straw
5. Urea-treated Rice Straw
c. Water
d. Molasses

Activity 2
A. Direction. Arrange the proper mixing procedure of Urea-Molasses Mineral Block using
numerical symbol (1 – for the first step; 7 – for the last step).Write your answer in your
activity/assessment notebook.
Unload the mixture and put into the molder with the tamper.
Mix urea and molasses into the cement mixer until urea is dissolved.
Allow the product to cure for two weeks before packing and selling.
Dissolve cement in a little water and mix with urea-molasses solution with
continuous mixing.
Weigh the individual ingredient into the bucket.
Add salt, trace minerals and bone meal one after the other into the solution, and
allow mixing for 15 minutes.
Add the rice bran gradually until homogenous mixture is attained. Allow another 10
minutes mixing until the mixture form a dough-like product.
82

B. Direction. Arrange the steps in Silage Making using numerical symbol (1 – for the first
step; 8 – for the last step).Copy the format and write your answer in your
activity/assessment notebook.
After one month, silage is ready for feeding.
Chop plant materials into 1-2.5 cm length.
_Fill up the silo in one continuous operation, pressing the materials well to form a
compact mass. Exclusion of much of oxygen is essential. Rapid filling and packing
in the silo is essential for good silage.
_ Continuous feeding of silage should be followed after opening of the silo to avoid
excessive spoilage of the exposed materials.
_ If moisture content of the harvested plant is higher than 70%, reduce moisture by
wilting from 60-70% to minimize or reduce nutrient loss through seepage.
_ Harvest grass just before the flowering stage. Corn and sorghum should be cut at
the semi-dough stage.
_ Add silage conditioner (molasses, by-product concentrate) if the original plant
material is of poor quality. Molasses diluted 1:1 with water can be sprinkled over
the prepared material before loading at 2-4% by weight.
_______Cover the silage with plastic sheet to protect from rain and place weight on top.
The silo must have a roof to prevent entry of rain water.

EVALUATION
Activity 1.
Direction: Discuss the following questions below. Write your answer in your activity/assessment
notebook.

1. If you are a goat raiser, what feeding technologies will you adopt? Why?

2. Discuss the illustration presented adjacent to items 2 and 3. (Rapid Rotational Grazing)

3. What is your idea about the presented illustration?

4. What is the main purpose of Rapid Rotational Grazing?

83

There are five feeding technologies introduced in the lesson that can be followed by small ruminant
raisers to meet the nutritional requirements of goat and sheep. These are: rapid rotational grazing,
concentrate ration, urea in goat diets, silage and urea-treated rice straw.

Lesson 3. FORAGE AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
This lesson provides information on forage and pasture management. Basically, this
lesson is included because of its importance in small ruminant production. Knowledge of this
will help sustain source of feeds for your livestock.

OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
2. enumerate and discuss different forages and pasture species;
3. characterize forages and pasture;
4. bring to the class different forages and pasture species;
5. explain the needs of managing pasture/forage area;
6. discuss pasture/forage area utilization;
7. compare and contrast the three (3) systems of feeding; and
8. establish own pasture/forage as source of feeds for small ruminants.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. These are narrow leaf species that easily grow on vacant lots and denuded areas where the topsoil is very thin,
with mechanism of adaptation to high temperature and high light intensity.
a. Forages c. Legumes
b. Grasses d. Trees
2. It is a coarse leafy deep-rooted perennial with a typical stool forming habit and its leaves are long and broad
and well distributed along the stem.
a. Centrosema c. Napier
b. Guinea grass d. Para grass
3. It is a creeping perennial plant with stout above the ground runners which root fully at the nodes and grows
well under the warm moist conditions thus, it is most suitable for the lower flat lands and any area where poor
drainage is a problem.
a. Centrosema c. Napier
b. Guinea grass d. Para grass
4. It is a robust perennial species reaching the height 2-5 meters when mature and it is spread by short stout
underground stem to give stool up to 1 meter across.
a. Centrosema c. Napier
b. Guinea grass d. Para grass
5. These are broadleaf species, noted for their high protein content and these have root nodules with a
microorganisms known as rhizobium, which enable them to manufacture their own nitrogen requirements.
a. Forages c. Legumes
b. Grasses d. Trees
6. In this system of pasture utilization, the goats are allowed to graze in the pasture area for at least eight hours a
84

day and are only kept inside the house during the unfavorable hours of the day and during bad weather.
a. Grazing system c. Tethering
b. Silage making d. Zero grazing
7. In this system of pasture utilization, the goats are tied each to a rope about 6 to 10-meter long.
a. Grazing system c. Tethering
b. Silage making d. Zero grazing
8. In this system of pasture utilization, the forage is cut and chopped in the field each day by a farmer and hauled
to the goats and sheep. The house for this system could be designed in such a way that the goats could be
classified according to their production of milk, condition, age, etc.
a. Grazing system c. Tethering
b. Silage making d. Zero grazing
9. Pinto peanut, siratro and centrocema are examples of .
a. grasses c. shrubs
b. legumes d. trees
10. The following are advanatges of zero grazing EXCEPT ONE
a. It facilitates manure handling.
b. It requires high management skills.
c. It maintains uniform growth and quality of grasses.
d. The goats are less exposed to communicable diseases and worm infestation.

MOTIVATION
Forage and Pasture Management
With the demand of fresh roughages and legumes and with the necessities of these in the different
feeding technologies for small ruminants, forage and pasture management is essential task of a goat farmer.
Likewise, it is a fact that successful goat and sheep enterprise lies in the sustainable supply of
abundant and high quality forage.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Forage refers to grasses, herbaceous legumes and shrubs/trees legumes that can be
used for feeding animals (Cruz, E., 2014).
According to Beltran (2014), the development of forage crop is one way of making affordable
improvements to the quantity and quality of feeds available to goats.
Forage crop may:
 improve the total supply of bulk feed available to goats
 improve the quality (digestibility and protein of feed)
 compensate for seasonal fluctuations in quality and quantity of feed.
Moreover, growing forage crops is beneficial for it may:
 reduce soil erosion
 provide a source of green manure for food crops
 provide firewood and building materials
 reduce the labor required to feed goats
 provide shade
The areas that may be considered for forage production are:
 around the house
 along edge of a field, including bunds in a rice field
 a strip of land in the field area
 underneath an established annual crop
 underneath a perennial crop
 communal grazing areas
85

The following are the consideration when growing forage species:

 desired characteristics: annual/perennial; tree, bush, grass, creeping
 availability of planting material: seed, cutting, splits
 rainfall
 temperature
 soils
Features of Major Types of Forage
Forage Type Quantit Digestibilit Protein Other
y y Uses
Tree legumes Low High High Firewood
Timber
Green
manure
Shade
Herbaceous Medium High High
legumes
Grasses High Medium Low Thatching
Weaving
Source: Goat Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual, 2014

Common Forage Species and their Characteristics

Scientific Common Seeding Tolerance Tolerance Establish Nutritive
Name Name Rate to to ment Value
(kg/ha) Drought Waterlogging Method
Grasses
Panicum Guinea grass 2-6 Good Poor Seed Good
maximum
Pennisetum Elephant Splits Good Poor Splits Good
purpureum Napier grass
Brachiara Para grass 2-6 Fair Very good Seed/ Fair
mutica splits
Herbaceous
Legumes
Centrosema Centro 3-5 Fair Fair Seed Very
pubescens good
Desmanthus Desmanthus 1-2 Good Fair Seed Good
virgatus
Desmodium Desmodium 1-2 Fair Good Seed Very
intortum good
Stylosanthes Graham stylo 3-6 Fair Fair Seed Good
guianensis
Tree
Legumes
Gliricidia Gliricidia; Cutting/ Fair Fair Cutting/ Good
sepium kakawate seed seed
Leucaena Leucaena; 20-50 Very good Poor Seed/ Good
leucocephala ipil-ipil seeds/m seedling
Sesbania Sesbania; 20-50 Good Good Seed Good
grandiflora katuray seeds/m
Source: Goat Production and Entrepreneurship Training Manual, 2014

A. Common Forage and Pasture Species

1. Grasses. Grasses are narrow leaf species that easily grow on vacant lots and denuded areas where
86

the topsoil is very thin, with mechanism of adaptation

to high temperature and high light
intensity (Roxas, 2006).

 Guinea grass (Panicum maximum)

It is a coarse leafy, deep rooted

perennial with a typical stool- forming
habit. The leaves are long and broad
and well distributed along the stem. It
can survive long droughts but shows
best performance in a humid
environment. It is adaptable to a wide
variety of soil but will not tolerate
poorly drained soil.
 Para grass (Brachiaria mutica)
It is a creeping perennial plant
with stout above the ground runners
which root fully at the nodes. Because it
grows well under the warm, moist
conditions, it is most suitable for the
lower flat lands and any area where poor
drainage is a problem. Photo courtesy of Birbira High
 Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) School, Camiling,
Tarlac
It is a robust perennial species, reaching a height of 2-5 meters when mature. It is
spread by short,
stout underground stem that gives
stools up to 1 meter across. Its leaves are
broad and tapering with a strong midrib;
its flower is cylindrical, golden yellow
and grows from 10-25cm long. It is
advisable that the grazing frequency be
adjusted so that the Napier stands are
grazed whenever the grasses reach 75-
100 cm long. A month Photo courtesy of Tarlac College of Agriculture,
of interval would assure Camiling, Tarlac
production of forage of desired quality.

2. Legumes. Legumes are broadleaf species noted for their high protein content. Their root nodules have a
microorganism known as rhizobium, which enable them to manufacture their own nitrogen requirements.
Legumes dominate pasture in partly shaded areas such as coconut and other fruit tree plantations.
Creeping Legumes
a. Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi)
87

b. Centrosema (Centrosema pubescens)

c. Siratro/Purple Bean (Macroptilium atropurpureum)
d. Calopo (Calopogonium mucunoides)

Centrosema (Centrosema pubescens) Pinto peanut (Arachis pintoi)

Photos courtesy of Birbira High School, Camiling, Tarlac

Tree Legumes

Ipil –Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla)

Acacia (Samanea saman ) Malunggay (Moringa oleifera)

88

Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) Camachile (Pithecellobium dulce)

Photos courtesy of J. Francisco of FFHNAS, Sta. Maria, Bulacan.

B. Pasture/Forage Area Establishment and Management Managing Pasture and Forage Crops
It is easier and cheaper to establish pasture and forage crops by using seeds than by using
vegetative planting materials. Production of pasture and forage seed crops is comparable with other crops in
terms of return and economic investment.
 Preparing the seed beds
o Choose areas with well-drained soil of moderate fertility to prevent problems with weeds. Thoroughly
prepare seedbeds to kill existing vegetation.
o Sow seeds in rows, 0.74 – 1.0 m apart. For broadcast sowing, use 3-5 kg pure live seeds (PSL)/ha
for small seeds; for large seeds, use 6-10kg PSL/ha. Spray with pre-emergence herbicide.
 Fertilization
o Fertilize grasses with 50kg N/ha. Apply phosphorous and potassium as required. For legumes,
fertilize with 30-60kg P2O5/ha. Add lime if needed.
 Control of weeds and pests
o Hand weed during the first 60 days after sowing legumes.
o Control insects and diseases by the judicious use of insecticides, and by crop hygiene.
o Encourage dense tillering by early mowing or grazing, and by careful use of nitrogen fertilizer to
promote the development of reproductive shoots.
C. Pasture/Forage Utilization
 Grazing system
As the term implies, the goats
are allowed to graze in the pasture area for at
least eight hours a day. They are kept inside the
house only during the unfavorable hours of the
day and during bad weather. This system can be
used for both milk and meat production.
Advantages:
a. Feeding in the pasture is more natural
for the goats and will also provide
them desirable exercise. Photo courtesy of RDC Farm,
b. Feeding is not laborious as in zero Angat, Bulacan
grazing because the goat themselves are the ones going to the pasture area to
look for their feeds.
89

The forage area is less expensive to prepare because there is no need to provide partitions as in the case of
zero grazing system.
Disadvantages:
a. The goats will be more exposed to internal parasite infestation, especially when they are allowed to
graze continuously on contaminated pasture areas.
b. Since goats do not like rain, they go hungry when there is rain for a day or two unless supplementary
grasses are provided.
c. The space requirement will be larger, approximately ½ hectare for every 6 does and one buck.
d. If goats are being used for milk, the amount of milk produced is less than by zero grazing goats.
e. Goats are exposed to dogs and are easily stolen.
f. Fencing is very expensive.

 Tethering or staking
When only one or two goats
are being raised, this system can be utilized.
Goats are tied to a rope about 6 to 10-meter
long. Always make it a point to reduce the
discomfort of the animal. Make the collar fit the
goat’s neck comfortably so that it does not
irritate the neck. Tether the goat in such a way
that it can roam around the tethering pin
without winding itself short up to the pin by the
rope itself. Likewise, do not tether it
Photo courtesy of P. Francisco of Sta.
within the reach of obstructing trees or bushes. Maria, Bulacan
 Zero Grazing (Cut and Carry)
The forage is cut and chopped in the field each day by a farmer and hauled to the goats. The house
for this system could be designed in such a way that the goats could be classified according to their
production of milk, condition, age, etc. This is especially true when you already have a quite large herd of
animals.
Advantages of zero grazing:
a. It facilitates manure handling.
b. It maintains uniform growth
and quality.
c. The goats/sheep do not
require high management
skills.
d. The goats are less exposed to
communicable diseases and
worm infestation for they can
conserve their energy due to Photo courtesy of RDC Farm,
Angat, Bulacan
their limited movements.
e. The animals are generally heavier and produce more milk for they can
conserve their energy due to their limited movements.
f. The land space requirement is minimal, estimated to be one-fourth hectare
(1/4) of improved pasture for six does and one buck. But with good
varieties of forages, which are well-managed, the number could reach
90

fifteen does and one buck.

g. Close attention can be given to animals because they can be easily
observed in pens.

PRACTICE

Activity 1. Write your answer in your activity/assessment notebook.

1. List down available common feed ingredients available in your community.

2. Fodder trees are alternative feeds for goats. What are the economic values of these to the goat raisers?
3. List down available pasture grasses, legume crops, fodder trees and herbages in your community.
Activity 2
Direction: Observe a goat that is confined and a goat in a free range system. As much as
possible, take photos/pictures for this activity. Describe how they differ in their physical
characteristics.

DESCRIPTION OF GOATS (Physical

Appearance)
Pasture Confined
1.
2.
3.
4.

Evaluation
Activity 3. Look! Smile! Click! Photos….

Direction: Take photos of different forages, legumes, field crops, fodder trees and shrub
species for small ruminants. Have these photos compiled in a portfolio type using recycled
materials. Submit your output to your teacher on the date he/she will be requiring you.

In order to sustain the feed requirements, forage and pasture management are very
essential and necessary tasks of small ruminant raisers. Management of these is a
way of improving quality and quantity of feeds available for goats and sheep.
The major types of forage are tree legumes, herbaceous legumes and grasses. Tree legumes include
gliricidia, leucaena and sesbania. Herbaceous legumes include centro, desmanthus, desmodium and graham
stylo. Grasses include guinea grass, napier grass and paragrass.
Managing pasture and forage crops include preparing the seedbed, fertilization, and controlling of
weeds and pests Grazing system, tethering or staking and zero-grazing are examples of forage and pasture
utilization.
FOR MODULE 4 PROVIDING PROPER FEEDING MANAGEMENT
Feeds and feeding are essential management practices in a goat and sheep raising project.
Primarily, feeds are essential in the growth and development of goats and sheep because of their nutrients.
There are lots of available feed sources in the community that can be consumed by our goats and sheep.
The different systems of feeding goats and sheep may be applied, depending on the various factors such as
number of heads, size and area of the land, and others.
91

ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II SMALL RUMINANT

Content standard Performance standard
The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently identifies
on the various diseases and parasites that and applies preventive measures with
attack goats and sheep. respect to the different diseases and
parasites that attack goats and sheep.

MODULE NO. 5 IMPLEMENTING HERD HEALTH PROGRAM

INTRODUCTION
This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes to help the learners understand the
correct practices regarding herd health programs and their strict implementation.

OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the different diseases and parasites attacking the goats;
2. apply preventive measures for the different diseases and parasites;
3. follow the medication and vaccination program designed by the Bureau of Animal Industry and/or as
prescribed by veterinarians;
4. appreciate the importance of keeping the animals healthy;
5. properly dispose dead animals and manure; and
6. treat sick animals.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
A. Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. This is the term for any departure from normal state of health that may bring abnormal condition of any or all
tissues of the body.
a. Bacteria c. Health
b. Disease d. Microorganism
2. This is a classification of disease wherein it is readily communicable to susceptible individuals.
a. Acute c. Non-contagious
b. Contagious d. Peracute
3. The following are signs of unhealthy goats and sheep EXCEPT .
a. shiny skins
b. runny eyes
c. lack of appetite
d. pale mucous around eyes and in mouth
4. A professional that gives service when it comes to animal health.
a. Dermatologist c. Physician
b. Ophthalmologist d. Veterinarian
5. The normal pulse rate of an adult goat ranges from .
a. 60-70 beats/minute c. 90-100 beats/minute
b. 70-80 beats/minute d. 100-110 beats/minute
6. Why is herd health management important?
a. It recognizes diseases
b. It keeps the herd healthy
c. It prioritizes treatment of sick animals
92

d. It minimizes loss due to disease and parasites

7. Under what physical symptoms do coughing and difficulty in breathing associated?
a. Attitude c. Respiratory signs
b. Appetite d. Reproductive organ
8. This is caused by direct infection by ingestion of infective stage (oocyst) that thrives in moist, damp and
unsanitary areas.
a. Coccidiosis c. Pneumonia
b. Liverfluke d. Tapeworm
9. Parasitic gastroenteritis, parasitic pneumonia, tapeworm and liver fluke are examples of .
a. external parasites c. internal parasites
b. infectious diseases d. metabolic diseases
10. The symptoms of this disease are signs of colic such as uneasiness, difficult breathing, bloating and rumen
movements.
a. Anemia c. Milk fever
b. Bloat d. Urinary calculi
11. To prevent the goat from urinary calculi, what should be done?
a. Feed straw or fibrous diets
b. Give Commercial anti bloat
c. Puncture the rumen with large needle
d. Give prophylactic Vitamin A supplement
12. Constant scratching and rubbing of skin is a sign of .
a. Anthrax c. Tetanus
b. Lice infestation d. Urinary calculi
13. Because of these external parasites, the goat or sheep may terminate in death due to systemic toxemia,
gangrene or septic absorption.
a. Bow flies c. Mites
b. Lice d. Ticks
14. Removing and disposing manure and garbage will prevent
a. foot rot c. spreading of disease
b. flies and maggot build-up d. damp and wet condition
15. What should be done to animals where there is an outbreak of disease?
a. Keep astray/free c. Quarantine
b. Kill all animals d. Vaccinate
16. Regular grooming of animals is an opportunity to the following EXCEPT ONE.
a. Smell goaty odor
b. Remove dirt and unnecessary hairs
c. Check the teeth and gums abnormalities
d. Examine closely the condition of the animals
17. These are parasites found on the external surface of the animal body such as skin and hairs.
a. Caterpillars c. Endoparasites
b. Ectoparasites d. Worms
18. These are parasites found in the internal parts of the animal body
a. Caterpillars c. Endoparasites
b. Ectoparasites d. Worms
19. The following are sources of safe drinking water for the animals EXCEPT ONE.
a. Sanitary wells c. Sanitary stream
b. Flowing water d. Stagnant ponds and pools
20. Among the following examples, what is the most reliable material as disinfectant?
a. cold water c. hot water
b. lukewarm water d. tap water
21. The following are the properties of disinfectant EXCEPT ONE.
93

a. High toxicity to animal [Link] stabilityand permeability

b. Broad antimicrobial activity d. Readily available atreasonable cost
22. How often should be the collection of animal waste/manure?
a. Once a week c. Once a year
b. Once a month b. Twice a year
23. Rapid Rotational Grazing is recommended in order to minimize parasitism among goats. This explains the
importance of .
a. Quarantine program c. Parasite control program
b. Practicing sanitation [Link] of adequate housing
24. If the goat’s waste is intended as manure for crops, what should be done?
a. Soak it in water c. Ferment it for two weeks
b. Allow it to decompose [Link] it dry until it becomes solid
25. When the area is not possible for scrubbing, what should be done to disinfect it?
a. Use pail to wet the area c. Use high pressured water
b. Use sprinkler to rinse it d. Use water hose to rinse the area
B. Directions: Identify the term being described in each statement by writing the answer on the space provided
before each item. Choose the answer in the box below. (1 point each)
1. The state of complete physical well-being and the absence of disease or infirmity.
2. The field relating to leadership management of health for the animals.
3. This is the hygienic means of promoting health.
4. This is the process of giving an anthelmintic drug to an animal to get rid of it of intestinal parasite,
such as roundworm or tapeworm.
5. A disease characterized by infertility abortion.
Nutrition Nutrients Health Management
Health Sanitation Brucellosis

B. Enumerate five common diseases of goats and give symptoms of each disease.
Disease Symptoms

Lesson 1. HEALTH MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION
This lesson includes the importance of keeping the herd healthy. It focuses on the
discussion of parasites and diseases prevention and classification of diseases of small
ruminants.

OBJECTIVES

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define health, nutrition and management;
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2. discuss the program of diseases and parasites prevention;

3. define a disease; and
4. classify the different diseases of small ruminants.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. This is the term for any departure from normal state of health that may bring abnormal condition of
any or all tissues of the body.
a. Bacteria c. Health
b. Disease d. Microorganism
2. This is a classification of diseases wherein it is readily communicable to susceptible individuals.
a. Acute c. Non-contagious
b. Contagious d. Peracute
3. The following are signs of unhealthy goats and sheep EXCEPT .
a. shiny skins
b. runny eyes
c. lack of appetite
D. pale mucous around eyes and in mouth
4. A professional that gives service when it comes to animal health.
A. Dermatologist c. Physician
B. Ophthalmologist d. Veterinarian
5. The normal pulse rate of an adult goat ranges from .
a. 60-70 beats/minute c. 90-100 beats/minute
b. 70-80 beats/minute d. 100-110 beats/minute
6. Why is herd health management important?
a. It recognizes diseases
b. It keeps the herd healthy
c. It prioritizes treatment of sick animals
d. It minimizes loss due to disease and parasites
7. Under what physical symptoms do coughing and difficulty in breathing associated?
a. Attitude c. Respiratory signs
b. Appetite d. Reproductive organ
8. The following are symptoms associated with vital signs EXCEPT
a. Heart Rate c. Respiration
b. Rectal temperature d. Weight
9. The following are factors involved in the occurrence of a disease EXCEPT ONE.
a. Agents of disease c. Environment
b. Animal host d. Feeds
10. The term associated with disease which is caused by virus.
a. Bacterial disease c. Protozoan Disease
b. Viral disease d. Parasite

MOTIVATION
A healthy goat and sheep will provide good products either meat milk or wool. This is the
reason why goat and sheep farmers should make their goats and sheep healthy.
Disease and health problems are closely associated with management and nutrition.
To be a goat and sheep farmer, you should know how to identify the goat and sheep diseases. You should
also tap the services of animal health experts such as a veterinarian and an animal technologist/scientist.
Keeping an accurate health records will also help you in improving the ruminants’ overall health program.
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Goat gets afflicted with various diseases which are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and other non-
infectious agents. Hence, the diagnosis of the diseases of goat not based on the clinical symptoms is
difficult because many diseases resemble one another.
The important clinical symptoms of common diseases could help you and the farmers to detect the sick goat
at the earliest stage. Remember, however, that treatment may not be complete in cases of serious disease
problems of the goat. You may need professional help to prevent deterioration in the condition of the
animals. For the serious ailments, this can be prevented or minimized if timely preventive health care is
adopted.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
A Program of Disease and Parasite Prevention
The following steps are important for you to ensure a disease-free and parasite-
free herd:
1. Bring only healthy animals into the herd. Many serious diseases can be detected
through a test for the diseases. A veterinarian may prevent serious losses if he/she
is asked to examine the animals before they join the herd.
2. Keep the area dry and free of stagnant water. Paved lots aid in keeping animals
out of the mud and filth.
3. Isolate all animals that are known to have a contagious disease. Animals that have
been purchased or acquired later than the herd should be isolated until they are
certified to be free from diseases.
4. Have the breeding herd tested at least once a year for brucellosis and other
diseases for which tests have been developed.
5. Vaccinate the animals for any disease prevalent in the community if such vaccines
exist.
6. Disinfect housing and equipment regularly.
7. Treat open wounds and navels of newly-born animals with reliable disinfectants.
8. Provide plenty of exercise for the breeding herd.
9. Spray or dust animals against external parasites such as flies and mites. Eliminate
manure piles and other filth accumulations where flies breed.
10. If animals give birth in a place other than clean pastures, be sure that the area is
well bedded and disinfected.
11. Avoid cold floors and drafty housing quarters for young animals delivered during
the cold weather.

Disease
Disease is defined as any departure from the normal state of health. Anything that they may bring about
an abnormal condition of any or all tissues of the body is a disease-producing agent.
Classification of Diseases
A. According to Cause
1. Bacterial disease – caused by bacteria.
2. Viral disease – caused by virus.
3. Protozoan disease – caused by protozoa.
4. Parasite – caused by parasites.
B. According to infectiousness
1. Infectious – caused by the entrance of infectious agents and which may spread the disease.
2. Noninfectious – those induced by poor nutrition.
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c. According to Transmissibility
1. Contagious –diseases readily communicable to susceptible individuals.
2. Non-contagious – those that are not readily transmitted to others.
D. According to Duration
1. Peracute – the brief duration of a disease condition characterized by death within a very short period.
2. Acute – a disease with violent symptoms terminating either in death or recovery after a brief period.
3. Subacute – disease that runs for a longer period, like tuberculosis.
E. According to Occurrence
1. Sporadic – occurrence of an epidemic in which the disease is not widespread but is found only in a few
isolated places.
2. Endemic – occurrence of an epidemic in which the disease is spread throughout a district or locality.
3. Epizootic – occurrence of a widespread epidemic disease.
Signs of poor health in your goats/sheep:

 Isolates itself from the

group
 Lacks appetite
 Decline milk production
(for milking does)
 Shows dehydration
 Manifests above or below
normal temperature
 Has pale mucous around
eyes and in mouth
 Has runny eyes
 Limps when walking An example of lactating doe suffering from Anemia
 Shows an abnormal general posture and manner of walking
 Hair falls out or has rough appearance
 External changes in the different parts of the body
 Is emaciated (in advanced cases)
Normal pulse rate, respiration rate, and body temperature of sheep and goat
Anima Pulse rate Respiration rate Temperatur
l (beats/minute) (beats/minute) e
(oC)
Goat – adult 70 – 80 12 – 16 38.5 – 40.0
Kid – 1 month to 6 months 100 – 120 12 – 20 38.5 – 41.0
Sheep – adult 70 – 80 12 – 16 38.5 – 40.0
Lamb – 1 month to 6 months 95 – 115 16 – 18 38.5 – 40.5

Activity 1
Direction. Write TRUE if the statement conforms to disease and parasite prevention
otherwise FALSE if it does [Link] your answer in your activity/assessment notebook.
1. Always provide exercise for the animals.
2. Vaccinate prevalent diseases in the community.
3. Contagious disease should be given attention.
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4. Disease-infected herd has no effect on the production.

4. Be a keen observer at all times especially to the herds.
6. A veterinarian’s advice is important in herd health management.
7. The kidding or lambing area must be disinfected and bedded properly.
8. Cold floors are essential for young animals especially during cold season.
9. Newly purchased animals should be mixed with the herd at a later time after buying.
10. The house of the goats and sheep should be clean and free from mud and wilt.

Activity 2
Direction. Identify the definition in Column A with its correct terminology in Column B. Write only the correct
letter in your activity notebook.

Column Column B
A
[Link] duration of a disease condition a. Acute
characterized by death within a very short period. b. Peracute
_2. An abnormal condition manifested by violent c. Subacute
symptoms terminating either in death or recovery
after a brief period.
3. An abnormal condition of the body in which the
disease runs for a longer period like tuberculosis.

Activity 3
Direction. Identify the definition in Column A with its correct terminology in Column B. Write only the correct
letter in your activity notebook.
Column Column B
A
1. This is occurrence of an epidemic in which the a. Endemic
disease is not widespread but is found only in a few b. Epizootic
isolated places. c. Sporadic
2. This is occurrence of an epidemic in which the
disease is spread throughout a district or locality.
3. This is occurrence of an epidemic in which the
disease is widespread because it spreads fast.

Activity 4.
Direction: Discuss the questions below and write your answer in your activity/assessment notebook.
1. Why is setting of standards in herd health management important to small
ruminant production?

2. What are the importance of having knowledge in vital signs of goat and sheep?
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EVALUATION

Activity 1. Ready… CLICK… Go!

Directions: Capture photos of a healthy and sickly goats and sheep. Compile these in a portfolio. Differentiate
the goats and sheep by characterizing them in their physical appearances.

It is an important task for a goat and sheep raisers to prevent the affliction of diseases to the animals. To
make this possible, program for diseases and parasites prevention is a must.
Disease is defined as any departure from the normal state of health. It is classified according to
cause, infectiousness, transmitability, duration and occurrence. Likewise, knowledge in the vital signs is
essential such as the pulse rate, respiration rate and body temperature of sheep and goat.

Lesson 2. COMMON DISEASES OF GOATS

INTRODUCTION
This lesson broadly discusses the causes of diseases, their signs, modes of transmission,
prevention and treatments. Likewise, information regarding parasites of goats and sheep are
included.

OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
1. enumerate the different diseases of small ruminants based on their categories;
2. explain the cause/s, mode/s of transmission, symptom/s and prevention of the different diseases of
small ruminants; and
3. realize the importance of knowing the common diseases of goats and be able to prevent them.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer in your activity
notebook.
1. Parasitic gastroenteritis, parasitic pneumonia, tapeworm and liver fluke are examples of .
a. external parasites c. internal parasites
b. infectious diseases d. metabolic diseases
2. The symptoms of this disease are signs of colic such as uneasiness, difficult breathing, bloating and
rumen movements.
a. Anemia c. Milk fever
b. Bloat d. Urinary calculi
3. To prevent the goat from urinary calculi, what should be done?
a. Feed straw or fibrous diets
b. Give Commercial anti bloat
c. Puncture the rumen with large needle
d. Give Prophylactic Vitamin A supplement
4. Constant scratching and rubbing of skin is a sign of .
a. Anthrax c. Tetanus
b. Lice infestation d. Urinary calculi
5. Because of these external parasites, the goat or sheep may terminate in death due to systemic
toxemia, gangrene or septic absorption.
a. Bow flies c. Mites
b. Lice d. Ticks
6. This is caused by direct infection by ingestion of infective stage (oocyst) that thrives in moist, damp and
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unsanitary areas.
a. Coccidiosis c. Pneumonia
b. Liverfluke d. Tapeworm
7. Aulinol, Tympanol, and Bloat guard are examples of .
a. commercial antibloat c. potassium
b. minerals d. Vitamin A supplement
8. Hemorrhagic septicemia can be treated with .
a. blood tests
b. application of antiseptics
c. application of action guard lotion
d. parenteral antibiotics and sulfa drugs
9. To prevent milk fever, this should be injected to the affected animal.
a. Calcium c. Potassium
[Link] d. Zinc
10. This disease is caused by low-level hemoglobin or red blood cells.
a. Anemia c. Bloat
b. Anthrax d. Urinary calculi

MOTIVATION
Knowledge of common infectious and metabolic diseases and parasites is very important. In this
module, causes, mode of transmissions, symptoms and preventions will be presented to you.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
A. Common Infectious Diseases of Goats

1. Bacterial scours in kids

Cause: Enteropathogens  Kid weak with sunken eyeball
Transmission:  Unsteady gait
 Direct infection from infected or  Rough hair coat
contaminated udders.  Mortality due to dehydration
 Navel infection;
 Genital or intrauterine infection of dam. Prevention:
 Contaminated environment.  Proper nursing in clean dry environment
Symptoms: - (Occurs as early as 24 hours after  Colostrum especially for newborn kids.
birth)  Antibiotic treatment.
 Pasty yellowish white feces later becoming  Fluid replacement by parenteral means for
more liquid with early cases (requires technical assistance)
 fermented or pungent odor
2. Pneumonia
Cause: - Pneumopathogens  Respiratory distress
Transmission: - Maybe in the bacterial scours.  Gradual emaciation (may terminate as that
Symptoms: leads to pneumonia-enteritis)
 Fever Prevention:
 Inability to suckle  Proper nursing in clean, dry environment
 Nasal discharge  Antibiotic.
 Coughing
3. Infectious Arthritis
Cause: confinement.
 Multiple bacterial agents Transmission:
 Dirty or unsanitary pens and areas of  Direct-through mouth, skin.
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 Open wounds.  Loss of appetite

 Via Umbilicus. Prevention:
Symptoms:  Minimize infection by treating wounds
 Swollen knees; (castration) and dressing the navel
 swollen joints like the hock, knee, elbow,  Hygienic management especially in areas of
stifle; confinement.
 lameness, and pain if pressure is applied on  Treat with wide spectrum anti-biotic and
affected joint; sulfa drugs.
 Fever
 Being recumbent.
4. Mastitis
Cause: clots
Multiple bacterial agents  Fever
o Mycoplasma;  Loss of appetite
o Streptococcus;  Depression
o Pasteurella;  Dehydration
o Corynebacteria;  Unsteady gait or movement is affected
o Nocardia; Prevention:
o Candida;
 Intramammary infusion of antibiotics. (Early
o Escherichia spp.
and
 Sores or wounds on the teat, physical  repeated treatment needed to prevent
damage to the udder, oral infection in
complications such as gangrene and toxemia)
kids, such as sore mouth or scabby
 Proper treatment of injured teats with
mouth, unsanitary milking.
antiseptics.
Transmission:
 Disinfecting udders for milking and proper
 Direct or indirect.
milking technique.
Symptoms: - Hot, painful and swollen udder
becoming red due to inflammation; changing to  Surveillance to detect early cases for
dark reddish-blue indicating necrosis of udder immediate isolation and treatment.
tissue
 Sometimes blood stained milk, with flakes or
5. Contagious Ecthyma/Sore Mouth (Orf) Cause: - Virus
Transmission: Prevention:
 Direct contact, indirect through contact with  Vaccination.
fomites  Application of astringent lotions (alum)
Symptoms:  Application of antibiotic ointments to
 Scabby lesions in the lips, muzzle, eyelids, prevent secondary complications.
udder,teats and feet
 Warty growth in some areas which maybe
deep and may become necrotic or ulcerous
6. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Cause: - Symptoms:
 Virus. Types identified in the Philippines are  Fever
A, O, C  Vesicles, erosion in between hooves,
Transmission: coronary band (junction between skin and
 Direct and indirect contact with naturally hoot), teats and udders, oral mucosa and
infected animals, carriers, implements and tongue
other infected materials.  Raw ulceration following rupture of vesicles
 Blister fluid, saliva and other highly infectious  Stringy or foamy salivation
bodily discharges  Smacking of the lips
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 Difficulty in feed ingestion (commercial disinfectant or lye caustic

 Staggering gait and lameness soda).
 Abortion in pregnant animals  Keeping animal on dry ground and treating
Prevention: lesions with mild antiseptic (5% formalin).
 Immediate notification of the authorities.  Mass immunization and effective restriction
 Designation of quarantine areas and restricted in movement of animals and carriers is
movement of animals. necessary.
 Disinfecting areas with virucidal agents
7. Brucellosis
Cause:  Retained placenta
 Bacteria  Persistent vaginal discharge
Transmission:  In males, swollen and painful testicles with
 Ingestion of contaminated feed and water. subsequent infertility/sterility
 Infection from aborted fetus, fetal membrane, Prevention:
placenta, urine, and uterine discharge  Blood tests
 Natural/artificial breeding with infested males.  Removal of infected animals
 Symptoms: Infertility  Vaccination may be tried
 Abortion
8. Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Cause:  Respiratory distress
 Bacteria (Pasteurella multocida)  Salivation
 Climatic stress  Nasal discharges
 Fatigue  Swelling of the throat
 Transport  Brisket congestion of mucous membrane,
 Nutritional and Parasitic stress  Bloody diarrhea
Transmission: Prevention:
 Ingestion or inhalation of infective agent  Prophylactic vaccination.
 Maybe normally present in the nasopharyngeal  Removal of predisposition when possible.
area but predisposition causes flare-up of  Early treatment with parenteral antibiotics and
infection sulfa drugs
 Symptoms: - High fever
 Loss of appetite
9. Anthrax
Cause: - Bacteria (Bacillus anthracis)  Colic
 Transmission: Biting flies;  Abortion in pregnant animals
 Direct ingestion of infected material.  Blood-stained discharges
 Indirect transmission through contact with  Convulsions
materials and carriers. Prevention:
Symptoms:  Vaccination in areas where anthrax is
 Sudden onset of fever endemic.
 Depression  Dead animal should be cremated or buried
 Loss of appetite deeply under a layer of lime.
 Swelling of chest, head, belly, and legs  Antibiotic treatment is effective only in early
 Bloody diarrhea and less acute cases.
 Death common in early stages
10. Tetanus
Cause: Bacteria (Clostridium tetani) organism in wounds.
Transmission:  Castration, old ulcerating wounds, dehorning
 Direct infection due to introduction of complications
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 Not contagious to other animals  Head and neck thrown back

Symptoms:  Hyperexcitability
 Early stages characterized by:  Tendency to be bloated
 Rigidity and stiffness of muscles Prevention:
 Stilthy gait  Treat wound with oxidizing antiseptic
o Late stages: (hydrogen peroxide) until completely healed.
 Titanic convulsions
 Prolapse of third eyelid
 Stiff tail
b. Metabolic Diseases of Goats
1. Bloat
Cause: - Occurs under ordinary condition of management especially when fed lush herbage
Transmission: - Non-contagious
Symptoms: -
 Swollen left flank which is resonant when tapped
 Colic signs such as uneasiness, difficult respiration, bloating
 Absence of rumen movements
Prevention:
 Feed straw or fibrous diets before turning loose on lush pasture.
 Puncture rumen with large needle (gauge 15-16) or trocar and canula.
 Oils and fats (mineral oil, vegetable oil or tallow) are satisfactory to prevent foaming in the rumen.
 Commercial antibloat preparations are Avlinox, Tympanol, Bloatguard.
2. Urinary calculi
Cause:  Shows still gait when moving with hind legs
 Associated with faulty mineral nutrition, under the body
confinement, and concentrate feeding  Making frequent but unsuccessful urination
 Inadequate water intake  Painful urination
 Vitamin A deficiency Prevention:
 Infections of the urinary tract with  Ensure ample water supply.
Mycoplasma and  Give prophylactic Vitamin A supplements.
 Ureaplasma  Correct mineral in the diet.
Transmission: - Non-infectious except when due to  Provide 3-5% salt in the concentrate to
urinary tract infections decrease magnesium and phosphate
Symptoms: deposition.
 Observed in adult male goats
 Animal is uneasy or restless
3. Milk fever
Cause: - Mineral deficiency specifically calcium and  For calcium, appears few days after kidding
Magnesium  For magnesium, occurs month after kidding
Transmission: - Non-transmissible Prevention:
 Symptoms: Loud breathing  Animal should be given feeds rich in
 Temperature of affected animals declines minerals
and collapses suddenly  Inject correct dose of calcium to the animal
 Sometimes coma is followed by death

4. Anemia
Cause:  Blood loss due to internal bleeding or
 low-level hemoglobin or red-blood cells external bleeding caused by external
 Iron and copper deficiency  Wounds
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Transmission: - Non-transmissible Prevention:

Symptoms:  Balanced diet especially the needed copper
 Lack of appetite and iron
 Weakness  Periodic deworming to eradicate blood-
 Tiredness sucking parasite
 Pale mucus membranes in the eye  Inject appropriate dose of Vitamin B12

C. Common External Parasites in Goats and Sheeps

1. Lice
Biting louse (Damalinia limbata)
Biting louse (Damalinia caprae)
Sucking louse (Linognathus africanus)
Cause: - Unthriftiness; poor coat anemic
Symptoms: Prevention:
 Constant scratching and rubbing to relieve  Use insecticide (Asuntol, Ciodrin, Neguvon,
itching and irritation etc.) In dust
 Scurfy coat (dandruff) and encrustation  form or solution.
 Exudation of scabby deposits  Treat within 10-14 days to kill all nymphs
 Loss of hair, raw skin, and bruises in severe which hatch out.
infestations  Spray pens and litter.
 Becoming unthrifty, poor thriving, weak and  Isolate treated from untreated animals.
2. Mites
Mange Mite (Psoroptes communis var caprae)
Mange Mite (Psorochorioptes sp. and Thrombidid sp)
Mange Mite (Sarcoptes scabiei var caprae)

Cause: - Mange or scabies

Symptoms:
 Marked itchiness and irritation with animals constantly - rubbing or licking affected areas;
 maybe patchy or generalized
 Skin becomes hairless, thickened or scabby
Prevention:
 Periodic examination to detect early cases.
 Regular spraying with effective acaricides such as Malathion, Trichlorfon,Fenthion;
 Interval of treatment should be 7- 10 days with 2-3 applications to destroy mites that
have hatched after each treatment.

3. Bowfly or Cutaneous myasis
Symptoms:
 Open wounds or sores with squirming maggots
 May terminate in death due to systemic toxemia gangrene or septic absorption
 Prevention: Proper cleaning and dressing of all wounds with antiseptics or with fly
repellants.
 For treatment, scraping to refresh old wounds and kill maggots. Applying dressing
as spray, ointments or solution on wounds. (Negasunt, Malathion, Lindane, etc.).
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4. Ticks
 Cause: - Tick worry
D. Common Internal Parasites in Goats and Sheep
1. Parasitic gastroenteritis
Cause: - Various species of parasitic nematodes in the digestive tract. (Young animals most susceptible)
Transmission:
 Commonly through direct infection with parasitic larval stages through herbages.
 Less commonly throughskin penetration and intrauterine infection in some cases.
Symptoms:
 Poor body condition
 Anemia
 Diarrhea
 Potbelly and weakness
Prevention:
 Regular deworming with effective anthelmintics (tetramisole, parbendazole, thibendazole, pyrantel,
etc.).
 Pasture rotation and improved feeding practices.
2. Parasitic Pneumonia
Cause: - Dictyocaulus spp. (adult stages in the bronchioles of lungs)
Transmission: - Infection with the parasite in the larval stage through herbage
Symptoms:
 As in parasitic gastroenteritis for general signs
 Persistent husky coughing
 Respiratory distress
Prevention:
 Regular deworming with Tetramisole, Albendazole or Oxfendazole.
 Pasture rotation and improved feeding practices.
3. Tapeworm infection
Cause: - Moniezia spp.
Transmission: -Through ingestion of plant mites which are intermediate hosts.
Symptoms:
 Parasitic gastroenteritis
 Passage of tapeworm segments in the feces
Prevention: - Regular deworming with Tetramisole, Albendazole or Oxfendazole
4. Liverfluke infection
Cause: - Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica. Requires intermediate host (Lymnea auricularia)
Transmission:
 Direct infection through ingestion of parasitic stage (metacercaria) attached in grasses. Presence of
this stage related to availability of snail host.
 Common in low-lying communities with water logged areas, rivers, streams and stagnant pools.
Symptoms:
 Poor body condition
 Anemia
 Diarrhea
 Potbelly and weakness

Prevention:
 Regular deworming with flukicides at proper intervals (3-4 times a year);
 Consultation with veterinarian for proper drug, dosage, and intervals
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 Control of snail hosts

 Pasture improvements
 Keeping animals away from known infected sources of herbage
5. Coccidiosis
Cause: - Protozoa (Eimeria spp.) generally not a primary condition but exist with other enteric diseases.
Transmission:
 Direct infection by ingestion (oocyst).
 Thrives in moist or damp and unsanitary areas.
Symptoms:
 Common only in kids
 Profuse and bloody diarrhea
 Dehydration
 Anemia
Prevention:
 Cleaning environment and maintaining general sanitation.
 Treating with sulfa drugs only.
 Proper nursing and supportive treatment with injectable electrolytes.
Practice
Activity 1.
Direction. Fill in the missing letters to form the correct terminology. Write your answers in your activity
notebook.
1. B_CT_R_AL S_O_ _S
This is caused by genital or intrauterine infection of dam.
2. P_E_M_N_A
The symptoms of this disease are fever, coughing and nasal discharge.
3. I_F_C_IOU_ A_TH_ITIS
This is caused by dirty pens and areas of confinement and the symptoms are swollen knees, lameness and
fever.
4. M_S_I_IS
The causative agent is mycoplasma and is characterized by sores or wounds on the teat.
5. C_N_AG_O_S E_T_Y_A
This disease is characterized by scabby lesions in the lips, muzzle, eyelids, udder, teats and feet.
6. F_ _T A_D M_U_H
This disease is caused by types A, O and C viruses characterized by fever and erosion in between hooves.
7. B_U_E_L_S_S
This disease is caused by bacteria and is characterized by infertility, abortion and retained placenta.
8. H_M_RRH_G_C S_PT_C_M_ _
This is caused by bacteria Pasteurella multicida and is characterized by high fever, loss of appetite and
respiratory distress.
9. _NTHR_X
This is caused by bacteria Bacillus anthracis and is characterized by sudden onset of fever, swelling of chest,
head, belly and legs.
10. T_T_N_S
This is caused by bacteria Clostridium tetani and is characterized by rigidity and stiffness of muscles and
prolapsed of third eyelid.

Activity 2
A. Direction: Identify the term being described in each statement. Choose the answer in the box below and
write it in your activity notebook. (1 point each)
1. The state of complete physical well-being and the absence of disease or infirmity.
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2. The field relating to leadership management of health for the animals.

3. This is the hygienic means of promoting health.
4. This is the process of giving an anthelmintic drug to an animal to rid of intestinal parasites such as
roundworm and tapeworm.
5. A disease as characterized by infertility abortion.
Nutrition Nutrients Health Management
Health Sanitation Brucellosis

B. Enumerate five common diseases of goats and give symptoms of each disease.
Disease Symptoms

EVALUATION

1. Explain the adage “Prevention is better than cure”. Relate this

statement in herd health management.

2. How are the following be prevented:

a. Bloat:
b. Urinary Calculi:
c. Milk fever:
d. Anemia:

Proper information about the diseases and parasites of goats and sheep is of equal importance.
Causes, mode of transmissions, symptoms and preventions of diseases and parasites are likewise necessary
competencies to be acquired by the farmer to control or prevent these health problems.
Diseases are divided into two: infectious and metabolic. Parasites are either internal or external.
Lesson 3. HYGIENIC MEASURE TO MINIMIZE HEALTH DISEASE PROLEMS

INTRODUCTION
This lesson deals primarily on the importance of hygiene of the livestock with the aim of
minimizing or preventing the disease problems of the small ruminants.

OBJECTIVES

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1. suggest ways on how to minimize health disease problems;
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2. recall measures on minimizing health problems; and

3. define and discuss parasites; modes of transmission and methods of control.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the questions carefully and write the letter of the correct answer your activity
notebook.
1. Removing and disposing manure and garbage will prevent
a. foot rot c. spreading of disease
b. flies and maggot build-up d. damp and wet condition
2. What should be done to animals where there is an outbreak of disease?
a. Keep astray/free c. Quarantine
b. Kill all animals d. Vaccinate
3. Regular grooming of animals is an opportunity to the following EXCEPT ONE.
a. Smell goaty odor
b. Remove dirt and unnecessary hairs
c. Check the teeth and gums abnormalities
d. Examine closely the condition of the animals
4. These are parasites found on the external surface of the animal body such as skin and hairs.
a. Caterpillars c. Endoparasites
b. Ectoparasites d. Worms
5. These are parasites found in the internal parts of the animal body
a. Caterpillars c. Endoparasites
b. Ectoparasites d. Worms
6. The following are sources of safe drinking water for the animals EXCEPT ONE.
a. Sanitary wells c. Sanitary stream
b. Flowing water d. Stagnant ponds and pools
7. The following are guidelines for vaccination EXCEPT ONE.
a. Vaccinate only healthy animals
b. Vaccinate during very hot or wet weather
c. Sterilize syringes and needles in advance
d. Avoid stressing on the animals during vaccinations
8. The entry point of this type of injection is in the muscles on the neck behind and below the ear.
a. Intramuscular c. Intravenous
b. Intranasal d. Subcutaneous
9. The entry point of this type of injection is in the vein.
a. Intramuscular c. Intravenous
b. Intranasal d. Subcutaneous
10. Control of immediate host, destruction of their environment, and breaking their life cycle will fall
under what method of controlling parasites?
a. Breeding control c. Feeds Control
b. Environmental control d. Grazing control

MOTIVATION
Like humans, goat and sheep need proper attention to prevent or minimize health problems.

Hygienic Measures to Minimize the Occurrence of Diseases

In cases where a disease is already present, hygienic measures can minimize the number of
animals that maybe infected and the number of deaths in the herd.
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 Clean and disinfect the house between batches.

o Remove the manures after vacating the house.
o Brush the floor, walls, and feeder with soapsuds to remove all dirt and rinse thoroughly with water.
o Keep the house empty for at least two days before putting the next batch.
 Drain holding area thoroughly.
o Night shed or holding area should be elevated to minimize damp and wet condition thus prevent foot
rot.
 Remove and properly dispose manures and garbages within premises.
o This prevents flies and maggots build up.
 Dispose dead animals properly.
o Proper disposal of dead animals prevents spreading of diseases especially those infectious diseases
that may cause death to animals.
o Bury the animals at least 6 ft. under the ground. Pour strong creoline solution over the dead body. Put
soil, rock or other heavy objects to keep stray dogs from digging it.
o Incineration is also applicable when materials are present in this process.
 Availability of clean drinking water.
o Water should be potable and free from contamination like pathogenic microorganisms.
o Sources of drinking water should be from sanitary wells, streams, and flowing water, not stagnant
ponds and pools.
 Quarantine animals during disease outbreaks.
o Confine sick animals to avoid contact with healthy ones to avoid spread of diseases.
 Regular grooming of animals.
o To remove dirt and unnecessary hairs, groom the ruminants regularly.
o Grooming provides the farmer an opportunity to examine more closely especially for lice and tick
infestation.
o Teeth and gum abnormalities can be checked also because these can cause poor appetite.

Regular Vaccination Program

Vaccines are preparations of live/dead/inactivated/modified/attenuated organisms designed to
induce immunity to a particular disease.
a. Live vaccine
Advantages of live vaccine:
 Strong and long-lasting immunity
 Convenience in administration for it can be given by non-parenteral route
 Stimulation of the best immune response
Disadvantage:
 The potential to engender disease because of residual virulence.
B. Killed vaccine:
Advantage of killed vaccine:
 Unlikeliness of the antigens to cause disease
Disadvantage of killed vaccine:
 Relatively poor immunogens
Guidelines for Vaccination/Use of Vaccines:
1. Vaccinate only healthy animals.
2. Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather.
3. Avoid stress on the animals during vaccination.
4. Do not buy or use expired vaccines.
5. Store vaccines (“live” or “killed”) in the refrigerator or at cold temperature (2oC
6. 6oC).
7. Transport vaccines in ice chest or styrofoam containers packed with ice.
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8. Prepare sterilized syringes and needles in advance.

9. Clean and wipe dry the surface of the rubber stopper of vaccine vial with sterile cotton before
inserting needle.
10. Use only approved diluents for vaccines.
11. Dispose and burn vaccine containers.
12. Be ready against allergic reactions.
Schedules for vaccination against common diseases of sheep and goat
Diseases Causative Vaccine Route of 1st 2nd Subse- Remarks
agent type adminis dose dose quent
- dose
tration
Foot and Aphthovirus (IM In FMD
Inactivat ) 2 4-5 Every
mouth types A, affected
ed Intra- months months six
disease O, C areas
muscular months
Phil.
Hemorrhagic Pasteurella (IM) Intra- 2 4
Bacterin annually ---
septicemia multocida muscular months months
(IM In
Bacillus Spore ) 4
Anthrax -- annually anthrax
Anthracis vaccine Intra- months
zones
muscular

Injection types for sheep and goat.

Type of Injection Placement Placement Tips

 Use a spot on the neck behind and
below the ear.
 Use proper needle size to ensure
Intramuscular (IM) Into the muscle
medication is deposited in the
muscles.
 Inject only into clean, dry areas.
 Use the loose flaps of skin in the flank of
young animals.
 Use the loose skin behind the ear of
Subcutaneous (SQ) Under the skin adults.
 Slide needle under the skin away from the
site of skin puncture before depositing the
compound.

 Use only upon veterinary instruction

Intravenous (IV) In the vein and guidance because serious injury to
the animal can occur.

Regular Parasite Control Program

Parasitism is claimed as the primary problem by farmers in the rural areas.
Factors contributing to the survival of parasites:
1. Distribution of rainfall and the humid environment are conducive to the growth, multiplication, and
perpetuation of parasites in the animals.
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2. A wide range of possible intermediate hosts coexisting with animal parasites permits the continuity
of the parasites’ lifecycle.
3. Tethering or staking system allows seeding of pasture with parasite eggs and eventual direct
infection through the soil, grass, and the animals themselves may carry the infective stage of the
parasite.
4. The upgrading of indigenous breed in the country resulted in increased susceptibility of animals to
parasites and diseases. Native breeds are observed to be resistant to parasitism.
5. Improper housing, grazing management, and stock movement may allow the growth of parasites.
Types of Parasites and their Effects on the Host

 Ectoparasites - these are found on

the external surface of the animal’s
body, such as skin and hairs.
Ex. lice, ticks, mites, and flies

Goats with mange and abscesses

caused by mites.

 Endoparasites – these are

parasites which affect the internal body
organs.
Ex. lungworms, liver flukes, kidney
worms, and intestinal worms

Liverfluke

Modes of Transmission
1. Ingestion of parasites in the infective stage through food and water
2. Ingestion of parasites in the infective stage through arthropods (mites, beetle, ants and
grasshoppers).
3. Ingestion of parasites in the infective stage through snails, slugs, and earthworms
4. Introduction of parasites in the infective stage through bites of arthropods ( ticks and flies)
5. Penetration of parasites in the infective stage through the skin
6. Ingestion of infective larvae through the milk
7. Transplacental transmission
Methods to Control Parasites

 Environmental Control
1. Control of immediate transport host
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Destruction of these intermediate hosts and their breeding places reduces their population and break the life
cycle of these parasites.
2. Sanitation and hygienic measures

Management Schemes
1. Housing and stall feeding
o Confine animals and provide cut-and-carry grasses that are wilted first under the sun prior to feeding
so that attached larvae fall off and die.
o Limit access to the infective forms of parasite which are usually found in the ground or in grasses.
o Protect the animals from inclement weather which may indirectly lower the animals’ defenses
against the effects of parasitism.

2. Grazing management
The grazing area is the main source of parasite infection in ruminants. An effective management will
control the life cycle of strongyles in goats. Goats and sheep pasture must:
o be divided into 10 paddocks and the animals should be moved every 3.5 days
o tether the animals in specific areas and allow for rotational grazing.

3. Controlled breeding
It is recommended that the does/ewes be bred in the months when the kidding time would fall within
the dry months. The kid/lamb to be born during rainy season maybe vulnerable to heavy infestation of
parasites.
4. Feed supplementation
Providing feed supplements boosts the animal’s body defenses against diseases. A mineral block
with dewormer, or known as medicated urea molasses mineral block (MUMMB) has proven to improve
nutrition while reducing the parasite load in small ruminants.

5. Stock movement
The arrival and transfer of animals may lead to the introduction and spread of parasite infection. It is
recommended that the newly purchased animals be quarantined first before introduction to the herd.
6. Management structure
Studies show that the susceptibility of animals to parasitic disease varies among different age groups.
Therefore, it may be beneficial to separate the animals according to their ages.
7. Stocking rate
To control overstocking, the space requirement of the animal must be followed. Overstocking forces the
animals to come in contact with grasses contaminated by feces and may result in higher vulnerability to
infective parasites.

Recommended Deworming Schedules

1. Kids and lambs should receive their first anthelmintic dose at 2 weeks – 1 month of age if
threadworm is a problem in the herd. This must be repeated 3 months after against almost all
internal parasites except liver flukes.
2. Animals more than one year of age should be dewormed with an anthelmintics that is effective
against all stages of the parasites a month before the onset of the rainy season.
3. Pregnant animals should be dewormed two weeks before the expected date of kidding.
4. In areas where fluke infection is high, breeders should be dewormed two weeks before they are bred.
An effective flukecide should be given every three months on the first year, every six months on the
second year, and yearly thereafter.
5.
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Proper Way of Drenching Animals:

Drenching the goats to expel internal parasites is a routine management practice that should be done
once or twice a year. Here is how it is done:
1. First, tie the goat, or get it in a corner. Hold its head towards your chest, tilted a little sideways and
back to allow the medicine to run slowly down its throat.
2. Put the mouth of the bottle into the corner of its lips and pour the liquid down slowly so that it will
drop down the throat.
3. If the goat coughs, stop at once and let the head free. When it has stopped coughing, continue
drenching it. Be careful that you do not pour the liquid into the wind pipe because this could cause
pneumonia.
4. If you are drenching a small unruly goat, it will help if you stand across it and hold it in place with
your knees. It will soon resign itself and give only a little trouble. You can then drench the whole herd
in a few minutes.
5. It would also help to make drenching easy if the person who does the drenching talks quietly and
handles the animal gently. The goat will becomesubmissive after sometime.

Drenching gun
Drenching a goat using a drenching
gun

Indigenous Worm Control Options for Goats

In view of the cost of chemical dewormers and the preference of consumers for organically
produced goats, most farmers resort to traditional ways of tackling worm problems.

 Drench of soy sauce. This drench is the common soy sauce made from the mixture of
soybean extract, water, iodized salt, natural caramel color and 0.1% sodium benzoate. If
animal raisers observe signs of parasitism in their animals, they may apply as a drench
a bottle of about 350ml soy sauce (per animal) to cattle and buffaloes. Goats are given
about half of this amount.

 Tree leaves and shrubs. The fresh leaves of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylus), ipil-ipil
(Leucaena leucocephala), madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium), camachile (Pithecellobium
dulce), and sow thistle (Streblus asper) are fed ad libitum for at least one (1) week. Sow
thistle stems are also used but are boiled first and the liquid is applied as a drench once
a day. In the same way, jackfruit leaves are also boiled and the liquid is given orally. The
jackfruit preparation is given again after a week. Young pods of Leucaena may also be
given ad libitum when they are available.
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Effectiveness
According to farmers in the Philippines, all these methods help to reduce if not control parasite loads
in their animals especially in goats. For one thing, leaves from shrubs and trees are often free from infective
larvae since they grow too high and are too dry to allow larval survival. Moreover, leaves of the plants listed
above are known to have anthelmintic properties.
An analysis of goat manure carried out by a diagnostic laboratory in Cebu, Philippines, showed zero
worms (eggs per gram) after the tree leaves and shrubs were given to the goats. Whether the effect
is due to better nutrition or the actual effect of the practice on the parasite is difficult to know. But
one thing is sure – these practices certainly helped reduce parasite infections in goats.
Source: PCARRD, MARID AGRIBUSINESS, Vol.22 No. 10, Feb.2012, p 38

Activity 1
Directions: Arrange the correct process in drenching animals. Use numerical symbol (1 for the
first step; 5 for the last step).Copy the format and write your answer in your activity/Assessment notebook.

• tie the goat, or get it in a corner. Hold its head towards your chest, tilted a little sideways and
back to allow the medicine to run slowly down its throat.

• If the goat coughs, stop at once and let the head free. When it has stopped coughing, continue
drenching it. Be careful that you do not pour the liquid into the wind pipe. This could cause
pneumonia.

• . If you are drenching a small unruly goat, it will help if you stand across it and hold it in place with
your knees. It will soon resign itself and give only a little trouble. You can then drench the whole
herd in a few minutes.

• Put the mouth of the bottle into the corner of its lips. Pour the liquid down slowly so that it will
drop down the throat.

• . It would also help to make drenching easy if the person who does the drenching talks quietly
and handles the animal gently. The goat will become submissive after sometime

Activity 2.
Directions: Write “DO THIS” in the box opposite the statement that tells hygienic measure
for goat and sheep otherwise, write “DON’T DO THIS” if the statement tells wrong
practice of managing the health of goat and sheep. Copy the format below and write your
answer in your activity/assessment notebook.

No. Your Statement

Answer
Kids and lambs should receive their first anthelmintic only
1
when threadworm is prevalent in the herd.
It is recommended that the newly purchased animals be
2
quarantined first before introduction to the herd.
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Clean and wipe dry the surface of the rubber stopper of

3 vaccine vial with sterile cotton before inserting needle to the goat
and sheep.
Drenching the goats to expel internal parasites is a routine
4
management practice and should be done every month.
Confine animals and provide cut-in-carry grasses that are
5 wilted first under the sun prior to feeding so that attached larvae
falls off and die.

Activity [Link] the questions below and write your answer in your activity/assessment notebook.
1. Why is drenching done to animals?

2. Cite two management schemes that deals primarily in controlling parasites and be
able to discuss each:
a.
b.

Hygienic measures can minimize the occurrence of disease problems. Common

practices related to these are cleaning and disinfecting the house between batches,
keeping the area well-drained, removing and disposing manures and garbages within premise, disposing
dead animals properly, assuring availability of clean drinking water, quarantining animals during disease
outbreaks and regular grooming of animals.
Regular vaccination program is also advised following the guidelines in doing it. Likewise, the farmers should
also consider regular parasite control program by knowing the types of parasites, mode of transmission and
methods to control parasites such as environmental control and management schemes.
If goats and sheep are infested with internal parasites, they are recommended for deworming
schedules. One method is through drenching the goat or sheep. Indigenous worm control is also a good
option of deworming small ruminants.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION NC II SMALL RUMINANTS

Content Standard Performance Standard

The learner demonstrates understanding The learner independently keeps and

on how to keep and analyze updated records analyzes updated records of raising small
of raising small ruminants based on ruminants based on organization
organization standards. standards.
MODULE NO. 6 ANALYZING RECORD
INTRODUCTION
This learning module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required in keeping
essential records of small ruminants production. It will give you needed information regarding
recording activity in the project from production up to marketing based on organization
standards.
115

OBJECTIVES
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. keep/ update records regarding raising small ruminants according to organization standards;
2. analyze the viability of the project based on your records; and
3. make sound management decisions based on your records.

DIAGNOSTIC/PRE-ASSESSMENT: MODULE NO. 6 ANALYZING RECORD

Direction: Answer these questions. Write letter of your chosen answer in your activity notebook.
1. This refers to management practices of maintaining history of one’s activity by entering data on
documents in files.
a. Bank Accounts c. Photo Documentation
b. Liability Report d. Record Keeping
2. This type of record includes the records of diseases and sickness observed from the ruminants.
a. Feed Records c. Production Records
b. Health Records d. Records of Loss
3. This record includes records incurred in feeding and the expenses relative to it.
a. Feed Records c. Production Records
b. Health Records d. Records of Loss
4. Record of the original number of stocks, newly purchased animals, goats sold, and deaths.
a. Good Health Record c. Livestock Inventory
b. Income Record d. Record of Project Expense
5. Which of the following is the list of information or activities gathered over a certain period?
a. Cost and Return Analysis c. Project Proposal
b. Financial Report d. Record
6. What is left after deducting the expenses from the gross sales?
a. Input c. Output
b. Liability d. Profit
7. Which of the following is not a quality of a good record?
a. Accuracy c. Incomplete data
b. Details d. Simplicity
8. Which record reflects the total number of stock in the project?
a. Individual record c. Record of inventory
b. Production record d. Sales record
9. This is a kind of record that reflects all inputs.
a. Individual record c. Record of inventory
b. Production record d. Sales record
10. Mang Jun is very keen on recording all the expenses he incurred in his small ruminants production.
What objective of record keeping is he observing?
a. Monitor project expenses
b. Find out the status of the business
c. Analyze the individual performance of the ruminants
d. Formulate appropriate measures when needed
11. Repair, maintenance and labor fall under what type of expenses?
a. Fixed investment c. Production Expenses
b. Operating Expenses d. Purchase of stock
12. Fixed investment includes the following EXCEPT .
a. Farm Tools c. Land
b. Goat house d. Veterinary drugs
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Identify the following record.

13. What record is shown below?
Particulars Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

TOTAL
a. Feed Record c. Production Record
b. Records of Expenses d. Sale disposal record
14. What record is shown below?
Kind of Feeds/Feedstuffs Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

TOTAL
a. Feed Record c. Production Record
b. Records of Expenses d. Sale disposal record

Review the table below and answer the questions that

follow: Technical Assumptions

Parameter Assumption
Production System Full Confinement
Stocks
Doe Upgraded
Buck Purebred Boer
Buck-to-doe ratio 1:25
Male-to-female ratio 1:1
Land Area for pasture (ha for 25-doe level) 0.5
Number of laborers per 50-doe level 1
Number of days of labor per year 183
Housing (m2 per head)
Doe 1.5
Buck 2
Fattener 1
Type of housing Semi-permanent
Useful life of housing (in years) 5
Conception rate
First two months of breeding 90%
Succeeding breedings 95%

15. What type of goat production system the farmer would like to follow?
a. Intensive system c. Full confinement
b. Semi-intensive d. Semi-permanent
16. How many goats will the farmer raise including the buck?
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a. 24 c. 26
b. 25 d. 27
17. If the number of goats exceeds 100, how many laborer/s will the farmer hire?
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
18. With 25 does, what is the total measurement of their space requirement?
a. 37.5 m2 c. 39.5 m2
b. 38.5 m2 d. 40.5 m2
19. What is the type of housing?
a. Intensive system c. Full confinement
b. Semi-intensive d. Semi-permanent

Financial Assumptions

Items Amount (Php.)

Farm Establishment Costs
Cost of permits and registration of business 10,000
Cost of one purebred Boer buck 20,000
Cost of one upgraded doe 3,000
Cost per m2 of housing 200
Cost per area of fencing 20,000
Cost of pasture establishment per ha 5,000
Direct Production Costs
Cost of concentrate feeds per kg 17
Cost of UMMB per kg 20
Cost of veterinary drugs and supplies/animal per month:
Kid 5
Growing 7
Breeder doe 15
Breeder buck 7
Labor cost/day 200
Cost of pasture maintenance/ha per year 1,000
20. If a goat project will need two Boer bucks, how much amount will you prepare?
a. 40, 000.00 c. 60, 000.00
b. 50, 000.00 d. 70, 000.00
21. How much is the cost of permits and registration of business?
a. 10, 000.00 c. 20, 000.00
b. 15, 000.00 d. 30, 000.00
22. With the given 25-doe level, how much will the farmer spend in buying the does?
a. 75, 000.00 c. 85, 000.00
b. 80, 000.00 d. 90, 000.00
23. How much is the total Farm establishment Cost?
a. 58, 200.00 c. 60, 000.00
b. 58, 000.00 d. 70, 000.00
24. In 183 days of working in the farm, what will be the total labor cost?
a. 36, 600.00 c. 36, 900.00
b. 36, 800.00 d. 37, 000.00
25. In marketing, this may be in the form of live goat whether for slaughter or for breeding, chevon,
milk or other goat products.
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a. Place c. Promotion
b. Price d. Pro
Lesson 1. RECORD KEEPING
INTRODUCTION
This lesson primarily deals on record keeping: its parts and types. This includes
samples of different records being used in small ruminant production.

OBJECTIVES
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. define record keeping;
2. state the importance of keeping farm records;
3. enumerate the different inclusions of a record;
4. recall the types of records; and
5. show examples of individual animal record and examples of records to keep.

PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the following questions. Choose the correct letter of your answer and write
your answer in your activity notebook.
1. Production records include the following EXCEPT ONE.
a. Average Daily Gain c. Date of birth
b. Birth weight d. Date of Kidding
2. In this type of record, date of kidding, date of service and buck used, and pregnancy diagnosis are
included.
a. Feed Record c. Production record
b. Health Record d. Reproduction/breeding record
3. Included in this kind of record are amount and kind of grain, roughage or forage feed consumed,
estimated composition of feeds and relative cost.
[Link] Record c. Production record
b. Health Record d. Reproduction/breeding record
4. Repair, maintenance and labor fall under what type of expenses?
a. Fixed investment c. Production Expenses
b. Operating Expenses d. Purchase of stock
5. Fixed investment includes the following EXCEPT .
a. Farm Tools c. Land
b. Goat house d. Veterinary drugs

Identify the following records

6. What record is shown below?
Particulars Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

TOTAL
a. Feed Record c. Production Record
b. Records of Expenses d. Sale disposal record
7. What record is shown below?
Kind of Feeds/Feedstuffs Quantity Unit Unit Cost Total Cost
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TOTAL
a. Feed Record c. Production Record
b. Records of Expenses d. Sale disposal record
8. What record is shown below?
Goat No. or name Date of Birth Birth weight (kg) Color
Sire Dam Sex Method Littermates: Single Twins Triplets Weight at Disposal (Kg)
of Disposal

Kid
Date of Date of No. Birth Milk Lact. Days Ave. Remar ks
Sire
Breeding Kidding and Weight Prod. Prod.
Sex

a. Feed Record c. Production Record

b. Individual Record d. Sale disposal record
9. What record is shown below?

Product Unit Quantity Standard/appraised Value

a. Individual Record c. Records of Expenses

b. Production Record d. Sale disposal record
10. What record is shown below?

(kg) Unit Total Consumer’s Mode os sale

cost name Cash Amount
Amount O.R. No.

=
TOTAL

a. . Production Record c. Records of Expenses

b. Records of Sale d. Individual Record
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MOTIVATION

Record Keeping
Good Record Keeping is the key to the success of any business operation. It keeps you informed of
the overall status of the project. These management practices are very important because most decisions in
the farm are based on records.
Record Keeping usually accounts for the success or failure of the farm enterprise. It should always be
simple, complete, and accurate.

INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY
Farm records help you:
 analyze the individual performance of the goats;
 formulate appropriate measures when needed;
 monitor project expenses; and
 find out the status of the business.
The records should include:
1. Animal Identification 5. Record of Management Practices
2. Daily/weekly Milk Production 6. Livestock Inventory
3. Breeding/Kidding Record 7. Expenses
4. Health Record 8. Income
Types of Records to be kept:
Production records
These may be growth records or lactation records. Growth records include date of birth, birth weight,
weight at three and eight months old, average daily gain (ADG), and mortality. Lactation records include
records of daily, weekly, or monthly milk and fat production of individual does, number of days of milking,
other information, such as permanent identification of doe, date of birth, its sire and dam, the number and
sex of its kids, and its dry dates.
Reproduction and/or breeding records
Include the date of kidding, date of service and buck used, pregnancy diagnosis and expected kidding
date, estrous period, birth type (single, twins, or triplets), and kidding interval.
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Herd health and disease control records.

Include observations on incidence of mastitis, brucellosis, kidding trouble, foot rot, scours, and parasitic
infestation. Also included are date and frequency of treatment and vaccination given.

Feed records.
Include the amount and kind of grain, roughage, or forage fed and consumed, estimated composition of feeds,
and their relative cost.

Herd inventory record

Displays the total population of animals in each classification, the beginning and ending balance in each month,
the number of animals acquired and sold out.
Others
Includes pasture production records, which cover harvesting, rotation
period, the animal dispersal record; monthly weights of animals in the herd; and expenses records.
PRODUCTION INPUTS
A. Backyard Operations
1. Investment a. Veterinary Medicines, Vaccines
a. Goat House b. Concentrates
b. Breeding Stock c. Additional Feed Supplements
2. Operating Expenses
B. Commercial or Large-Scale Operation
1. Fixed Investment
a. Land
b. Goat house and fences
c. Farm tools (like spade, wheelbarrow, and
ropes)
d. Pasture area and planting materials
e. Water pump
f. Feeding trough
2. Purchase of stock
a. Breeding does
b. Breeding bucks

3. Operating Expenses

a. Concentrate Feeds
b. Labor
c. Veterinary drugs, vaccines, supplements
d. Farm tools such as grass cutter/chopper,
wheel barrow, trailer
e. Light and water
f. Supplies (like packaging materials, stainless
steel, milk containers, ear tags and ear
tagger, dehorner, and
g. castration kit)
h. Repair and maintenance
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Record keeping is an indispensable management tool in evaluating production, farm inputs and
outputs, and the overall efficiency of the small ruminant raising enterprise. However, these records are
useless unless they are critically- analyzed and properly interpreted. It should be remembered that records
are the key to an efficient management of any enterprise.

PRACTICE

Activity 1

Direction: Write the examples of the following investments and expenses on your activity
notebook following the tabular format below: Copy the format below and write your
answer in your activity/assessment notebook.

Fixed Investments Operating Expenses

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.

EVALUATION

Activity 1. Discuss the questions below. Write your answer in your activity/assessment
notebook.

1. What is the importance of record keeping in small ruminant production?

2. What do you think will happen if the small ruminant raiser does not keep records
pertaining to the business?

3. How important is an income record?

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Record keeping is a key to success in any business operation. The importance of farm records include analyzing the
individual performance of goat and sheep, formulating appropriate measures when needed, monitoring project
expenses and finding out the status of the business.
A record should include: animal identification, daily/weekly milk production,
breeding/kidding record, health record, and management practices record, livestock
inventory, and expenses and income record.
MODULE NO. 6 ANALYZING RECORD
Record keeping is another important aspect of small ruminants raising. It keeps track of the status and
progress of the endeavor. Once a farm record-keeping system has been established, analyzing the records begins.
After analysis, the raiser makes decisions on both production and finances and their impact on profitability. A
number of financial analysis tools can be used when accurate and complete farm records are available. These tools
include the balance sheet, income statement and projected monthly cash flow statement. These three financial
statements provide information for making short and long term financial decisions.