ARVIND ACADEMY 1
Notes
Chap 1 Chemical
reactions & Equations
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IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS
No new substances is formed .Melting of ice
new substances with new properties formed
,lighting of bulb ,sublimation of Iodine
.Milk turning sour .rusting of iron ,fermentation
of grapes .cooking of food ,digestion of food
,repiration ,photosynthesis
whenever chemical changes occcurs a chemical reaction takes
place
1. Valency. The number of outermost electrons shared by an atom is called its valency. It is also called
the combining capacity of an atom, e.g. Cl atom can share one valence electron, its valency is l,
Oxygen can share two valence electrons, and its valency is 2. Nitrogen can share 3 valence
electrons, its valency is 3, Carbon can share 4 valence electrons, and therefore its valency is 4 and
so on.
It means if Carbon combines with Chlorine, Carbon will share four valence electron with four
Chlorine atoms, therefore the molecular formula of the covalent compound will be
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ARVIND ACADEMY 2
Element Cl
Valency 1 i.e. CCi4 is formula.
2.A chemical reaction is represented by a Chemical Equation:
Skeltal Equation Balanced equation
Equation which is not balanced equation in which atoms of various
or atoms of elements are equal elements are equal on reactant and
on reactant and product side. product side.
𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2
[Link] the number of atoms of each element on
both sids .
[Link] are 2 hyfrogen atoms on LHS ,3 on RHS
[Link] 𝐻2 𝑂 by 2 and NaOH by 2 to balance hydrogen
atoms
[Link] balance sodium atoms ,multiply Na by 2
hence : 𝟐𝑵𝒂 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝟐𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 + 𝑯𝟐
Chemical Equations. “A chemical equation is a symbolic notation that uses formulae of compounds and
symbols of elements to represent a chemical reaction”, e.g. Copper oxide reacts with Carbon to form
Copper and Carbon monoxide. The reaction may be represented as
CuO + C Cu + CO
(Carbon) (Copper) (Carbon monoxide)
(Copper oxide)
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ARVIND ACADEMY 3
2. Writing of a Chemical Equation.
I. The symbols of elements and the formulae of reacting substances (reactants) are written on the left
hand side and plus (+) sign is written between them.
II. The symbols and formulae of the substances formed (products) are written on the right hand side
with a plus sign (+) between them.
III. An arrow ( ) sign is put between the reactants and products, e.g.,
Magnesium + Sulphuric acid Magnesium sulphate + Hydrogen gas
Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
IV. The physical states of the reactants and products are also mentioned in a chemical equation. The
notations g, l, s, aq. Are written in brackets along with symbols/formulae of reactants and products.
These symbols stand for gaseous liquid, solid and aqueous solution respectively, e.g.,
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2
Zinc Sulphuric acid
The symbol ( ) may also be used to represent a gaseous product. The symbol ( ) is used to
represent the formation of a precipitate (water insoluble) or a sparingly soluble substance formed
during the reaction which generally settles down, e.g. ,
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl( ) + NaNO3(aq)
Sodium chloride Silver nitrate Silver chloride Sodium nitrate
V. Sometimes the temperature, pressure and catalyst of the reaction are indicated above or below the
arrow in the equation, e.g. ,
ZnO/Cr2O3
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
340 atm, heat
Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Methanol
VI. A chemical equation represents an actual chemical reaction in which the reactants and products are
known e.g. ,
2KMnO4(s) heat K2MnO4(s) + MnO2(s) +` O2(g)
Potassium Potassium Manganese Oxygen
Permanganate manganite dioxide
Heat
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
Potassium chlorate MnO2 Potassium chloride Oxygen
3. Balanced Equations. The equations in which atoms of various elements on the reactants and the products
side are equal. Given equation is not balanced because the number of hydrogen atoms is not equal on both
sides. It is called a skeleton or unbalanced chemical equation.
Na + H2O NaOH + H2
4. Balancing of Chemical Equation. Observe given chemical equation:
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
In this equation the number of atoms of Zn, H, S and O are equal on both sides, i.e. the equation is balanced.
5. Reason of Balancing Equation. The number of atoms of elements on both sides of a chemical equation
should be equal in accordance with the law of conservation of mass.
6. Types of Chemical Reactions.
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ARVIND ACADEMY 4
Decomposition Double
Combination Displacement
Reaction Displacement
Reaction Reaction
one compound reaction
Two elements or more reactive
breaks into two two compound
compounds combine to element
elements's or exchange their
form new compound. displaces less
compounds ions to form new
reactive
compounds.
The chemical reactions are classified into various categories depending upon the types of changes taking
place. The different types of reactions are as follows:
1. Combination Reactions. Those reactions in which two or more substances combine to form
new substance(s) are called combination reactions.
2. Decomposition reaction. A reaction in which a single compound breads down to produce
two or more simpler substances, i.e., a compound decomposes into simpler substances.
It is opposite to combination reactions.
There are three ways in which decomposition reactions can be carried out, i.e., energy
required in decomposition reaction can be supplied in the following ways:
a. Heat b. Electricity c. Light
a) Thermal Decomposition (Heat). When decomposition reaction is carried out by heating it is called
thermal decomposition reaction, e.g.,
CaCO3(s) heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate Quick lime
heat
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide
The Process of heating ZnCO3 (Calamine), an ore of zinc in absence of air to form Zinc oxide (ZnO) and CO2(g)
is also called calcination.
b) Electrolysis. When decomposition reaction is carried out with the
help of electric current, the process is called electrolysis (‘electro’
means electric ‘lysis’ means break down), e.g. when electric current
is passed through acidified water (water mixed with a few drops of
acid so as to make it a good conductor), it decomposes into
Hydrogen and Oxygen gases.
2H2O(l) Electric current 2H2(g) + O2(g)
(c) Photochemical Decomposition Reaction. When decomposition reaction is carried out in the presence of
sunlight, the process is called photochemical decomposition. e.g
2AgBr(s) Sunlight 2Ag(s) + Br2(g).
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Silver bromide Siler Bromine
(iii) Displacement Reactions. Those reactions in which more reactive element can displace less reactive element to
form a compound are called displacement reaction for example:
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zinc (grey) Copper sulphate (colourless) Copper
(Blue) (reddish brown)
Mg(s) + ZnSO4(aq) MgSO4(aq) + Zn(s)
Zinc sulphate (Magnesium sulphate) Zinc
(Colourless) (Colourless) (grey)
Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Fe(s)
Pale green Colourless Black
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
Colourless Blue Shiny silver
(iv) Double displacement reactions. Those reactions in which two different atoms or group of atoms are displaced
by other atoms or group of atoms, i.e., two compounds exchange their ions and one of the products formed
is insoluble.
(v) Neutralization Reactions. Those reactions in which acid or acidic oxide reacts with base or basic oxide to form
salt and water are called neutralization reactions, e.g.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(Sodium hydroxide) (Nitric acid) Sodium Nitrate (salt) Water
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
KOH(aq) + HCL(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) Ch3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
(vi) Oxidation and Reduction.
Oxidation
Reduction
[Link] of 𝑂2 or
electronegative element [Link] of 𝐻2 or
electropositive element
[Link] of 𝐻2 or
electropositive element [Link] of 𝑂2 or
electronegative element
[Link] of Electrons
[Link] of Electrons
e.g 4𝑁𝑎 + 𝑂2 → 2𝑁𝑎2 𝑂
e.g 𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝑎 𝐻
2Mg+𝑂2 →2MgO
𝐻𝑔𝐶𝑙2 +Hg→ 𝐻𝑔2 𝐶𝑙2
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ARVIND ACADEMY 6
(a) Oxidation. It is a process in which Oxygen or an electronegative element is added.
It can also be defined as a process in which Hydrogen or an electropositive element is removed.
In terms of electronic concept. Oxidation is a process in which loss of electrons takes place e.g.
4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s) (Addition of Oxygen)
Sodium oxide
2Mg(s) + O2(s) 2MgO(s) (Addition of Oxygen)
Magnesium oxide
(b) Reduction. It is process in which addition of Hydrogen or an electropositive element takes place.
It is also defined as a process in which Oxygen or an electronegative element is removed.
In electronic concept reduction process involves gain of electrons.
2Na(s) + H2(g) 2NaH(s) (Addition of Hydrogen)
Sodium hydride
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O(l) (Removal of Oxy. & addition of
Copper oxide
Hydrogen)
Fe3+(aq) + Fe2+(aq) (Gain of electron)
Hg(l) + HgCl2(aq) Hg2Cl2(aq) (Addition of an electropositive element)
Cu(s) + CuCl2(aq) Cu2Cl2(aq) (Addition of an electropositive element)
Cupric chloride cuprous chloride
AuCl3(aq) AuCl(aq) + Cl2(g) (Removal of an electronegative element)
Auric chloride Aurous Chlorine
Gold (III) Chloride chloride
(c) Redox Reactions: Those reactions in which oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously are called redox
reactions, e.g.
Oxidation
MnO2(s) + HCI (Conc.) MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2H2O
Reduction
Mn4+(aq) + 2e- Mn2+(aq) (Reduction) [Gain of electrons]
2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e- (Oxidation) [Loss of electrons]
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ARVIND ACADEMY 7
eg : MnO2(s) + 4HCI (Conc.) → MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) +
2H2O
Oxidising Agent Reducing Agent
It is a substance which can It is a substance which can
Add oxygen or an electronegative element Add hydrogen or an electropositive
to other materials. element to other materials.
Remove hydrogen or an electropositive Remove oxygen or an electronegative
element from other materials.
element from other materials.
Gain electrons.
Lose electrons.
Oxidising agent itself gets reduced.
Reducing agent itself gets reduced.
heat
Example: Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)
Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e- (oxidation)
S(s) + 2e- S2-(aq) (Reduction)
Fe is losing electrons therefore it acts as a Reducing agent.
S is gaining electrons therefore, it acts as an Oxidising agent.
Fe is getting oxidized to Fe2+ [Iron(II) ion] whereas S gets reduced to S2- (Sulphide ion)
8.
*Surface of metal is attacked by air water and other
substance it is redox reaction
Prevention:
[Link]
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[Link]
[Link]
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condition of rusting :
[Link] of water
[Link] and acid
The metal which is reactive, its surface is attacked by air, water and other substances around it is said to
corrode and the process is called corrosion. It is redox reaction because metal gets oxidised to metal oxide
and oxygen gets reduced to oxide ion.
Rust is mainly hydrated iron(III) oxide Fe2O3-xH2O. Rusting wakens the structure of body of vehicles,
bridges, iron railing, etc. Corrosion of iron is serious problem because it leads to wastage of tones of iron
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ARVIND ACADEMY 8
every year and lot of money is spent to repair or replace
9.
*the spoilage of food by oxidation .It smells ,tatse ,
changes ,called rancidity
Prevention:
[Link] are added.
[Link] tight container prevent oxidation
[Link] and snacks packs filled with nitrogen
When fats and oils are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste changes.
To prevent spoilage of food special type of substances called antioxidants are added to fatty foods to
prevent oxidation e.g. chips are packed in nitrogen gas which prevent spoilage of chips by oxidation.
Oxidation process can be slowed down by reducing the temperature. The food is kept in refrigerator to
slow down the process of oxidation.
The food can be kept in air tight container so as to prevent them from oxidation
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