GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated

R. N. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS F.E.T.R.)
BARDOLI

A Report on Industrial Training At HLE Engineers Pvt.

Ltd.

Under subject of
“PRODUCTION OF 2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL”

Prepared by:
Sr. No. NAME En. Roll. No.
1 Modi Karan K. 160840105022
2 Patel Bhavesh K. 160840105034
3 Rabari Fenil J. 160840105049
4 Tandel Tanhakumari A. 160840105059

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, RNGPIT-Bardoli

Under the Guidance

of Dr. Dhruv Desai
Asst. General Manager, Production Dept., HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd. –
Maroli
1
 CERTIFICATE

DATE : ____/____/______

This is to certify that the dissertation entitle “ The Production

of 2,3 DiChloroPhenol ” has been carried out by Modi Karan
K. (160840105022); under my guidance they have completed
the ‘Vocational Industrial Training’ in HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd.,
Maroli.

Dr. Dhruv Desai

Asst. General Manager
of Production Dept.
HLE Engineers Pvt.
Ltd.

R. N. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS F.E.T.R.)
BARDOLI.

2
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Dhruv Desai,

Asst. General Manager of Production Department of HLE Engineers
Pvt. Ltd. Maroli. For his valuable & continuous guideline for preparation
of Training report. We are very grateful to him suggestion during all
stage of this work. We cannot forget to acknowledge here the continuous
inspiration and encouragement given by our guide.

Yours sincerely;

Modi Karan K.
160840105022
(Email: [Link].1110@[Link])

3
 CERTIFICATE

DATE : ____/____/______

This is to certify that the dissertation entitle “ The Production

of 2,3 DiChloroPhenol ” has been carried out by Patel Bhavesh
K. (160840105034); under my guidance they have completed
the ‘Vocational Industrial Training’ in HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd.,
Maroli.

Dr. Dhruv Desai

Asst. General Manager
of Production Dept.
HLE Engineers Pvt.
Ltd.

R. N. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS F.E.T.R.)
BARDOLI.

4
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Dhruv Desai,

Asst. General Manager of Production Department of HLE Engineers
Pvt. Ltd. Maroli. For his valuable & continuous guideline for preparation
of Training report. We are very grateful to him suggestion during all
stage of this work. We cannot forget to acknowledge here the continuous
inspiration and encouragement given by our guide.

Yours sincerely;

Patel Bhavesh K.
160840105034
(Email: kkpokar1998@[Link])

5
 CERTIFICATE

DATE : ____/____/______

This is to certify that the dissertation entitle “ The Production

of 2,3 DiChloroPhenol ” has been carried out by Rabari Fenil J.
(160840105049); under my guidance they have completed the
‘Vocational Industrial Training’ in HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd.,
Maroli.

Dr. Dhruv Desai

Asst. General Manager
of Production Dept.
HLE Engineers Pvt.
Ltd.

R. N. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS F.E.T.R.)
BARDOLI.

6
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Dhruv Desai,

Asst. General Manager of Production Department of HLE Engineers
Pvt. Ltd. Maroli. For his valuable & continuous guideline for preparation
of Training report. We are very grateful to him suggestion during all
stage of this work. We cannot forget to acknowledge here the continuous
inspiration and encouragement given by our guide.

Yours sincerely;

Rabari Fenil J.
160840105049
(Email: fenilrabari1996@[Link])

7
 CERTIFICATE

DATE : ____/____/______

This is to certify that the dissertation entitle “ The Production

of 2,3 DiChloroPhenol ” has been carried out by Tandel
Tanhakumari A. (160840105059); under my guidance they have
completed the ‘Vocational Industrial Training’ in HLE
Engineers Pvt. Ltd., Maroli.

Dr. Dhruv Desai

Asst. General Manager
of Production Dept.
HLE Engineers Pvt.
Ltd.

R. N. G. PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS F.E.T.R.)
BARDOLI.

8
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Dhruv Desai,

Asst. General Manager of Production Department of HLE Engineers
Pvt. Ltd. Maroli. For his valuable & continuous guideline for preparation
of Training report. We are very grateful to him suggestion during all
stage of this work. We cannot forget to acknowledge here the continuous
inspiration and encouragement given by our guide.

Yours sincerely;

Tandel Tanhakumari A.
160840105059
(Email: tanhatandel99@[Link])

9
 INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page no.
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Company Profile 11
1.2 About HLE Engineers Pvt. 11
Ltd.
1.3 Objectives 12
1.4 Products of HLE Engineers Pvt. 12
Ltd.
1.5 Q.C. Methodology 13
1.6 Company Experience 13
1.7 Factors affecting plant 13
location
2 Literature Survey 14
3 Material Safety Data She 15

3.1 Other Safety 24

4 Equipments 27
4.1 Distillation Column 27
4.2 Packed Tower 28
4.3 Condenser 30
5 Introduction of 2,3 DICHLOROPHENOL 31
6 Procedure of Production of 2,3 32
DICHLOROPHENOL

10
 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

Name HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

Address A-6, Maroli Udyognagar, Maroli,
Navsari-396436, Gujarat
Contact Info [Link]
[Link]
(02637)270150

ABOUT HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

Way back in 1950, [Link] had graduated in Chemical Engineering
from the Witwatersrand University, South Africa. Obtained Masters from
University of Southern California and Doctorate from Columbia University - New
York, left U.S.A. and came down to India.
With an enormous volume of desire and dream to contribute towards the
industrial development in this country, he set up an industrial unit called Indusial
Chemicals to pioneer manufacturing of Salicylic Acid in India, with his own
patented process. This was the first brick in the foundation of the Patel Group of
Industries. Since then, the innovative abilities of Dr. K.H. Patel, the sculptor of
Patel Group. In 1960, after successful endeavors at Indusial, a proprietary concern,
Chemical Development & Construction Corporation, came into existence. This
aimed at fabricating Chemical Plants on turnkey basis. In 1968, he pioneered
manufacturing Nitro Benzene and in 1976 Alphanaphthylamine in the same
concern. A leap forward in shaping of Patel Group of Industries, M/[Link]-
Dyes was established in 1968 which undertook manufacturing of Sodium
Naphthionate.

11
 Since then the group has expanded its horizons and is one of the leading
manufacturers of Benzene as well as Naphthelene based compounds. With a state
of the art R & D facility becoming functional in August 2003, the group is poised
for tremendous growth.

OBJECTIVES

 Enable you to make a smooth harmonious bagging with the

organization and work environment.
 To provide uniform guidelines and standard procedure for
implementation of various policies.
 To communicate HR related policies as established

PRODUCTS OF HLE Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

2,4-Xylidine and 2,6-Xylidine is the main product of Yashashvi Rasayan but
there are some other product manufacture in Yashashvi Rasayan, Maroli. The
product list is given below.
 4- Amino Benzonitrile  2,3 Dichloro Aniline
 2, 6 Xylidine  2,4,5 Trichloro Aniline
 2,3 Dichloro Phenol  Sodium Valproate
 2,5 Dichloro Aniline  Para Chloro Aniline
 2,5 Dichloro Phenol Hydrochloride
 Para Chloro Aniline  3-Chloro Phenol
 Ortho Phenoxy Aniline  Sodium Naphthionate
 Chlorhexidien Base  4-Chloroaniline
 1-Naphthylamine  Chloropheno
 4-Nitrobenzonitrile

12
QUALITY CONTROL METHODOLOGY

Steps taken for quality controlling of raw materials and products are:

 Samples of raw materials are taken.

 They are sent to quality control (QC) lab for testing as per their required
specifications.
 If approved, they are utilized for production else the raw materials are sent
back.
 Similarly the product obtained is tested for quality control in lab.

COMPANY EXPERIENCE

Mr. Pritesh Patel of General Manager of Production provided

overwhelming support and introduced us to the staff of the HLE Engineers Pvt.
Ltd.. The interaction between the workers and the trainees was encouraging.
The staff and workers supported us tremendously and explained the process and
the function of all the equipment. Some of the equipment was opened during
maintenance. These equipments were shown in detail. The coordinator of the
plant told us about the problem they were facing.
The total duration of our training was 30 days.

FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT LOCATION

 Better transportation facility since it is connected to other parts of the world

through sea, roadways and railways.
 Industries away from the residential area in order to avoid any kind of
pollution created by industries in residential areas.
 No shortage of water supply for industrial purpose because it is use the
ground water and bore well and also use recycled water.

13
 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE SURVEY

In this industry products are flammable so for the handling of raw

material and process safety is required. In our process the raw material is 2,3
DiChloroAniline, OrthoDiChloroBenzene, Nitrosylsulphuric Acid. Now for
2,3 DiChloroAniline, OrthoDiChloroBenzene, Nitrosylsulphuric Acid, 2,3
DiChloroPhenol, MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) is required for safety.
With this safety also required mechanical & electrical safety. For this
reaction caustic solution is used for maintaining pH.

For this reaction need high temperature. To achieve the temperature they
used either steam or thermic fluid. If heating is required up to 150 ℃ then
used the steam and above the 150℃ used the thermic fluid. There are 4 steps
involved in this process.
1) Making Of Diazo
2) Hydrolysis
3) Distillation
4) Purification

For the cooling purpose cooled water or chilled water is required. Up to

wet bulb temperature cooling water is to be used and up to 5 ℃ and less than
5℃ the chilled water is to be used. Cooling done by natural draft cooling
tower and for the chilling, chiller is to be used.

In this industry the liquid or a solid waste disposal is separated and

purified by ETP plant.

14
 CHAPTER 3 : MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company /

undertaking
1.1 Product identifiers
Product name : 2,3-Dichlorophenol

CAS-No. : 576-24-9

1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised
against
Identified uses : Laboratory chemicals, Industrial & for
professional use only.

SECTION 2: Hazards identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture

Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Skin irritation (Category 2), H315 Eye irritation (Category 2), H319
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.

2.2 Label elements

Labelling according Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Pictogram

Signal word Warning

Hazard statement(s)
H315 Causes skin irritation.
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
Precautionary statement(s)
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for
several minutes. Remove

15
 contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Supplemental Hazard none Statements

2.3 Other hazards - none

SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients

3.1 Substances
Formula : C6H4Cl2O
Molecular weight : 163.00 g/mol
CAS-No. : 576-24-9
EC-No. : 209-399-8

Hazardous ingredients according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008

Component Classification Concentration
2,3-
Dichlorophen
ol
CAS-No. 576-24-9 Skin Irrit. 2; Eye Irrit. 2; H315, <= 100 %
EC-No. 209-399-8 H319

For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.

SECTION 4 : First-aid measure

4.1 Description of first aid measures

General advice
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial
respiration. Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a

16
 physician.
If swallowed
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.

4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling
(see section 2.2) and/or in section 11

4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment

needed
No data available

SECTION 5: Firefighting measures

5.1 Extinguishing media

Suitable extinguishing media
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

Carbon oxides, Hydrogen chloride gas

5.3 Advice for firefighters

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

5.4 Further information

No data available

SECTION 6: Accidental release measures

6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing
vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust.
For personal protection see section 8.

6.2 Environmental precautions

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter
drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
17
 6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

6.4 Reference to other sections

For disposal see section 13.

SECTION 7: Handling and storage

7.1 Precautions for safe handling

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is [Link]
measures for preventive fire protection.
For precautions see section 2.2.

7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities

Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated
place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible Solids

7.3 Specific end use(s)

Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are
stipulated.

SECTION 8: Exposure controls/personal protection

8.1 Control parameters

8.2 Exposure controls

Appropriate engineering controls
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash
hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

8.3 Personal protective equipment

Eye/face protection
Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye
protection tested and
approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN
166(EU).

18
Skin protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin
contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in
accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and
dry hands.
Body Protection
Impervious clothing, The type of protective equipment must be selected
according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at
the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection
For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle r
(US) or type ABEK- P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators
and components tested and approved under appropriate government
standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Control of environmental exposure

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter
drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

SECTION 9: Physical and chemical properties

9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical properties
1 Appearance Crystaline 12 Flammability No data
availa
ble
2 Colour Light 13 Explosive Limits No data
Brown availa
ble
3 Ordour Threshold 30 μg/lit in 14 Vapour Pressure 0.06mmH
water g at 25
℃
4 pH 7.53 15 Vapour Density No data
availa
ble
5 Melting Point 55-57℃ 16 Relative Density No data
lit availa
ble
6 Initial Boiling 206℃ -lit 17 Water Solubilty No data

19
 Point availa
ble
7 Flash Point 115℃ - 18 Partition No data
closed Coefficient availa
cup ble
8 Evaporation Rate No data 19 Auto ignition No data
availa temperature availa
ble ble
9 Decomposition No data 20 Viscosity No data
temperature availa availa
ble ble
10 Explosive No data 21 Oxidizing No data
properties availa properties availa
ble ble
11 Molecular Weight 163.01

SECTION 10: Stability and reactivity

10.1 Reactivity
No data available

10.2 Chemical stability

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions

No data available

10.4 Conditions to avoid

No data available

10.5 Incompatible materials

Acid chlorides, Acid anhydrides, Oxidizing agents

10.6 Hazardous decomposition products

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Carbon oxides,
Hydrogen chloride gas Other decomposition products - No data available
In the event of fire: see section 5

SECTION 11: Toxicological information

20
 11.1 Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity
LD50 Oral - Mouse - 2,376 mg/kg(2,3-Dichlorophenol)
Remarks: Behavioral:Tremor. Behavioral:Convulsions or effect on seizure
threshold. Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration:Respiratory stimulation.

Skin corrosion/irritation
No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

Serious eye damage/eye irritation

No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)
Respiratory or skin sensitisation
No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

Germ cell mutagenicity

No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

Carcinogenicity
IARC: No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to
0.1% is identified as probable, possible or confirmed human
carcinogen by IARC.

Reproductive toxicity
No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure

No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure

No data available

Aspiration hazard
No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

Additional Information
RTECS: SK8450000

21
 Depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, effects may vary from mild
irritation to severe destruction of tissue., prolonged or repeated exposure can
cause:, Damage to the eyes., To the best of our knowledge, the chemical, physical,
and toxicological properties have not been thoroughly
investigated.(2,3- Dichlorophenol)

SECTION 12 : Ecological Information

12.1 Toxicity
Toxicity to fish LC50 - Oryzias Latipes - 4mg/l – 96h (2,3- Dichlorophenol)
Toxicity to daphnia
And other aquatic EC56 – Daphnia magna(Water flea) – 3.1 mg/l – 48h
invertebrates

12.2 Persistence and degradability

No data available

12.3 Bioaccumulative potential

No data available
12.4 Mobility in soil
No data available(2,3-Dichlorophenol)

12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment

PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not
conducted

12.6 Other adverse effects

Toxic to aquatic life.
No data available

SECTION 13: Disposal considerations

13.1 Waste treatment methods Product

Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact
a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve
or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chem scrubber.
Contaminated packaging
Dispose of as unused product
22
 SECTION 14 : Transport Information

14.1 UN number
ADR/RID : 2020 IMDG : 2020 IATA : 2020

14.2 UN proper shipping name

ADR/RID: CHLOROPHENOLS, SOLID IMDG: CHLOROPHENOLS, SOLID
IATA: Chlorophenols, solid

14.3 Transport hazard class(es)

ADR/RID: 6.1 IMDG: 6.1 IATA: 6.1

14.4 Packaging group

ADR/RID: III IMDG: III IATA: III

14.5 Environmental hazards

ADR/RID: no IMDG Marine pollutant: IATA: no
no

14.6 Special precautions for user

No data available

SECTION 15: Regulatory information

15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for
the substance or mixture
This safety datasheet complies with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No.
1907/2006.
15.2 Chemical safety assessment
For this product a chemical safety assessment was not carried out

SECTION 16: Other information

Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.
H315 Causes skin irritation.
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.

Further information
The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all
inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is
23
based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with
regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the
properties of the product. Central Drug House (P) Ltd and its Affiliates shall not be
held liable for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above
product. See [Link] for additional terms and conditions of
sale.

24
 OTHER SAFETY
Precaution is better than cure, hence if we take proper steps than we can minimize
the possibilities of accidents. Safety is one of the step which taken for the
protection.

The equipment used for the safety purpose is called safety equipment. There are

many types of safety but mainly it is classified into two:

 Personal safety.
 Safety during work.

3.1 PERSONAL SAFETY

The personal safety is the safety of one’s own self and it is done with the
help of safety equipment.

PERSONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT OR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT(PPE)

The primary approach in any safety effort is that the hazard to the workmen should
be eliminated or controlled by engineering methods rather than protecting the
workmen through use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Depending upon the nature of hazard, the PPE is broadly divided into the
following two categories:
Non-respiratory: Those used for protection against injury of the body, i.e. for
protecting the head, eye, face, hand, arm, foot, leg and other body parts.
(a) Respiratory: Those used for protection from harm due to inhalation of
contaminated air.

Some safety equipmentsare given below:-

25
1. HEAD PROTECTION

Workmen exposed to hazardous situations where there is a possibility of objects

falling or their bumping into suspended or projected fixtures, as in construction
work, mining, overhead line construction or maintenance, metal or chemical
plants, etc., must be provided head protection.

2. EYE PROTECTION

Eyes can be injured from dust, flying particles, harmful radiation, accidental
splashes of chemicals, etc. Hence eye goggles are required particularly while
handling chemicals.

3. EAR PROTECTION

High noise levels are associated with a number of industrial operations and
machines. Excessive exposure to high levels of noise can cause irreparable damage
to hearing, in addition to some physiological and psychological harm. For the
safety of ear different devices use that protect ear form loud noises or the intrusion
of water, foreign bodies, dust or excessive wind. Device that is meant to inserted in
the ear canal to protect the wearer's ears.

4. FACE PROTECTION

In some operations it is necessary to choose PPE that will cover the entire face to
protect against mechanical injury, chemicals, rays etc. Various types of PPE used
for face protection. Face can be affected from dust, flying particles, harmful
radiation, accidental splashes of chemicals, etc. Face- shields are required
particularly while handling chemicals.

5. HAND PROTECTION

26
 About one-third of the injuries that occur involve hand and arms. Such injuries
occur when the workman has to handle materials with sharp ends, hot metals,
chemicals, corrosive substances, electrical works, etc. The use of hand gloves and
hand pads for protection of hand and arm becomes necessary.

6. FEET & LEGS PROTECTION

Protection to foot and leg is required while handling material or corrosive and
chemical liquids. Commonly used foot and leg PPE are safety shoes, foot guards.

7. BODY PROTECTION

Certain jobs require protection for the whole body, like in the case of extreme heat,
molten metal, corrosive chemicals, cold temperature, and body impact. Protection
to body against such exposures can be provided by wearing aprons.

8. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory PPE are required by workers in work areas where there is lack of
sufficient oxygen or where high levels of atmospheric contaminants are present
substances like toxic dusts, fumes, smoke, mists, vapor and gases. To escape such
condition we use the nose mask or respiratory protections.

27
 CHAPTER 4 : EQUIPMENTS

There are so many equipment’s used in a chemical plant of which some

are described below as per the list:
 Reactors
 Distillation Column
 Steam Jet Ejectors
 Condenser
 Scrubbers
 Falling Film Reactor
 Storage Tanks
 Pumps
 Valves

DISTILLATION COLUMN:

The Columns are packed towers with Structure packing used for separating. The
MOC of Columns is SS-316.
Distillation works by the application and removal of heat to exploit differences in
relative volatility. The heat causes components with lower boiling points and
higher volatility to be vaporized, leaving less volatile components as liquids.
Mixtures with high relative volatilities are easier to separate. This makes
separations of close‐boiling and azeotropic feeds difficult, so special distillation
techniques have to be used to separate these mixtures.

Distillation can be used to separate binary or multi‐component mixtures. Many

variables, such as column pressure, temperature, size, and diameter are determined
by the properties of the feed and the desired products. Some specialized columns
perform other functions, such as reactive distillation columns, which combine
reaction and separation of products into a single unit.

28
PACKED TOWERS:

Although packed bed columns are used most often for absorption, they are also
used for the distillation of vapor‐liquid mixtures. The packing provides a large
surface area for vapor‐ liquid contact, which increases the column's effectiveness.

The feed mixture contains components of different volatilities, and enters the
column approximately at the middle. The liquid flows downward through the
packing, and the vapor flows upward through the column. Differences in
concentration cause the less‐volatile components 0to transfer from the vapor phase
to the liquid phase. The packing increases the time of contact, which increases the
separation efficiency. The exiting vapor contains the most volatile components,
while the liquid product stream contains the least volatile components.

29
30
 Fig. Types of Packing
ADVANTAGES :
 Most cost‐efficient distillation column when the diameter of
the column is less than 0.6 m.
 Because packing can be made from inert materials, packed beds
are able to handle corrosive materials
 Lower pressure drop than in plate columns preventing
column flooding.
 Good for thermally sensitive liquids.
 Suitable for low pressure operations.

31
 CONDENSERS :
Condenser may refer to a device that is used to condense a fluid from its
gaseous state to liquid. Condenser (heat transfer), a device or unit used to
condense vapor into liquid.
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to
condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In
so doing, the latent heat is given up by the substance, and will transfer to
the condenser coolant. Condensers are typically heat exchangers which
have various designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small
(handheld) to very large industrial scale units used in plant processes.

Fig. Condensor

32
 CHAPTER 5 :
INTRODUCTION TO 2,3 DICHLOROPHENOL

CHARACTERISTIC 2,3 DICHLOROPHENOL

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

MOLECULAR FORMULA C6H4Cl2O

MOLECULAR WEIGHT 162.997 g/mol

COLOUR BROWN

STATE CRYSTAL

DENSITY 1.40 g/cm3

BOILING POINT 206.00℃

MELTING POINT 58.00℃

33
 CHAPTER 6 : PROCEDURE OF PRODUCTION OF 2,3
DICHLOROPHENOL

RAW MATERIAL :
a) 2,3 DICHLOROANILINE
b) ORTHODICHLOROBENZENE
c) NITROSYLSULPHURIC ACID
d) CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTION

CHEMICAL REACTION :

2,3 DCA Diazo

Diazotization

Sulphuric Acid
Diazo 2,3 DCP

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Hydrolysis

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 Flow Diagram Of 2,3 DiChloroPhenol Production Process
PROCEDURE:

 There are four steps involved in this whole process.

1. Diazotitation [Link] [Link] [Link].

 2,3 DCA , ODCB and NSA is used as a raw material. NSA is used as
solvent in this process.

 Here 2, 3 DCA is reacted with the ODCB at 20-25℃ and forms the diazo.

 Here NSA is added as a solvent in the reactor.

 From the flow diagram, the ODCB and DCA solution is in the V-6 tank. It is
them transferred to the R- 4 reactor. Which is the glass lime reactor

 It is then transferred to T-1 that is Diazo Hold Up Tank. It is then transferred

togV-2 tank and then it is charged to R-9 reactor.

 In the R-9 reactor, Hydrolysis is done. Here the Diazo is going through the
hydrolysis at 60-65℃ and forms the Dichlorophenol and Sulphuric Acid. In
the R-9 Hydrolysis Tank, water is charged in the Reactor.

 Then this hydrolyzed product contains many impurities so that has to be

removed.

 After doing the distillation in the R-1 Acidification is done. After that the
impurities is sent to the ETP.

 Vacuum Distillation is used to remove the impurities from the material.

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