Unit Hydrograph
Hydrologic Analysis
Change in storage w.r.t. time = inflow - outflow
In the case of a linear reservoir, S = kQ
Transfer function for a linear system (S = kQ).
Proportionality and
superposition
• Linear system (k is constant in S = kQ)
– Proportionality
• If I1 Q1 then C*I2 C*Q2
– Superposition
• If I1 Q1 and I2 Q2, then I1 +I2 Q1 + Q2
Impulse response function
Impulse input: an input applied instantaneously (spike) at time t and zero
everywhere else
An unit impulse at t produces as
unit impulse response function
u(t-t)
Principle of
proportionality and
superposition
Convolution integral
• For an unit impulse, the response of the system is given
by the unit impulse response function u(t-t)
• An impulse of 3 units produces the 3u(t-t)
• If I(t) is the precipitation intensity occurring for a time
period of dt, the response of the system (direct runoff) is
I(t)u(t-t)dt
• The complete response due to the input function I(t) is
givent by convolution integral
Q (t ) I (t )u (t t )dt
0
• Response of a linear system is the sum (convolution) of
the responses to inputs that have happened in the past.
Step and pulse inputs
• A unit step input is an
input that goes from 0 to
1 at time 0 and
continues indefinitely
thereafter
• A unit pulse is an input
of unit amount occurring
in duration Dt and 0
elsewhere.
Precipitation is a series of pulse inputs!
Unit Hydrograph Theory
• Direct runoff hydrograph resulting from a
unit depth of excess rainfall occurring
uniformly on a watershed at a constant
rate for a specified duration.
• Unit pulse response function of a linear
hydrologic system
• Can be used to derive runoff from any
excess rainfall on the watershed.
Unit hydrograph assumptions
• Assumptions
– Excess rainfall has constant intensity during
duration
– Excess rainfall is uniformly distributed on
watershed
– Base time of runoff is constant
– Ordinates of unit hydrograph are proportional
to total runoff (linearity)
– Unit hydrograph represents all characteristics
of watershed (lumped parameter) and is time
invariant (stationarity)
Discrete Convolution
t
Continuous Q (t ) I (t )u (t t )dt
0
n M
Discrete Qn P U
m 1
m n m 1
Q is flow, P is precipitation and U is unit hydrograph
M is the number of precipitation pulses, n is the number
of flow rate intervals
The unit hydrograph has N-M+1 pulses
Application of
convolution to the
output from a linear
system
Time – Area Relationship
Isochrone of
Equal time to outlet
A3
A4
A2 A1
10hr 5hr
15hr
A3
Area
Excess Rainfall
A4
R2
R3 A2
R1 Qn Ri A1 Ri 1 A2 ... R1 A j A1
0 5 10 15 20
Time, t Time, t
Application of UH
• Once a UH is derived, it can be
used/applied to find direct runoff and
stream flow hydrograph from other storm
events.
Given: Ex. 7.5.1
P1 = 2 in, P2 = 3 in and P3 = 1 in, baseflow = 500 cfs and
watershed area is 7.03 mi2. Given the Unit Hydrograph
below, determine the streamflow hydrograph
7.5.1 solution (cont’d)
See another example at: [Link]
Gauged and ungauged watersheds
• Gauged watersheds
– Watersheds where data on precipitation,
streamflow, and other variables are available
• Ungauged watersheds
– Watersheds with no data on precipitation,
streamflow and other variables.
Need for synthetic UH
• UH is applicable only for gauged
watershed and for the point on the stream
where data are measured
• For other locations on the stream in the
same watershed or for nearby (ungauged)
watersheds, synthetic procedures are
used.
Synthetic UH
• Synthetic hydrographs are derived by
– Relating hydrograph characteristics such as
peak flow, base time etc. with watershed
characteristics such as area and time of
concentration.
– Using dimensionless unit hydrograph
– Based on watershed storage
SCS dimensionless hydrograph
• Synthetic UH in which
the discharge is
expressed by the ratio
of q to qp and time by
the ratio of t to Tp
• If peak discharge and
lag time are known, UH
can be estimated.
Tc: time of concentration
t p 0.6Tc tb 2.67T p
C = 2.08 (483.4 in English
system) tr CA
Tp tp qp
A: drainage area in km2 (mi2) 2 Tp
Ex. 7.7.3
• Construct a 10-min SCS UH. A = 3.0 km2 and Tc = 1.25 h
t r 10 min 0.166 h
t p 0.6Tc 0.6 1.25 0.75 h 0.833 h
tr
Tp tp
2
q
0.166 7.49 m3/[Link]
Tp 0.75 0.833 h
2
CA 2.08 3
qp 7.49 m3 / [Link]
Tp 0.833
Multiply y-axis of SCS hydrograph by
qp and x-axis by Tp to get the required
t
UH, or construct a triangular UH 2.22 h