MANAGEMENT

Defined as the achievement of organization objectives through people and other resources.

DECISION MAKING
A process by which a decision maker determines the available alternatives and choses the best solution.

PLANNING
A process of establishing objectives and suitable courses of action before taking action.

ORGANIZINNG
A process of arranging an organizations structure and coordinating its managerial practices.

STAFFING
Refers to the process of recruiting, placing, training, and developing personnel.

COMMUNICATING
Refers to transferring information from one communicator to another.

MOTIVATING
Refers to the act of giving employees reasons or incentives to work in order to achieve.

LEADING
A process of directing and influencing task-related activities of organization members.

CONTROLLING
A process of monitoring actual organization activities to see they control to planned activities.

EFFECTIVENESS
A central element in the management process, which requires the achievement of an objectives.

EFFICIENCY
A central element in the management process, which requires that the minimum amount of resources.

MANAGER
One who plans, organize, leads and controls other individuals in the process of pursuing goals.
Responsible for using materials and talents in the most economical and productive manner.

TOP MANAGER
Responsible for the overall performance of the organization.

MIDDLE MANAGER
Direct the activities of other managers and sometimes also those of operating employees.
LOWER LEVEL MANAGERS
Responsible for leading employees in the day-to-day task.

TYPES OF MANAGER:

*LINE MANAGERS- are directly concerned with accomplishing the goals of the organization.

*STAFF MANAGERS- are in charge of units that provide support to the line units.

*ADMINISTRATORS- are manager working in government or in nonprofit organization.

MANAGEMENT SKILLS:

*TECHNICAL SKILLS- refer to the abilities to use special proficiencies or expertise.

*HUMAN SKILLS- refer to the abilities to work well in cooperation with other person.

*CONCEPTUAL SKILLS- refer to the ability of the manager to see the organization as a whole.

-MANAGERIAL ROLES-

- INTERPERSONAL ROLES-
In this role the manager plays when interact with others.

*FIGUREHEAD- act as the symbolic head of the organization and as a result.

*LEADER- the manager responsible for the motivation and activation of subordination.
*LIAISON- the manager makes contacts with individuals in and out of organization.

-INFORMATIONAL ROLES-
A very important aspect of the manager’s job is to receive and communicate information.

*MONITOR- the manager is expected to collect information that will be useful in performing job.
*DISSEMINATOR- types of information that the manager may consider useful to his subordinates.
*SPOKESPERSON- there are occasions when outsiders seek information about the organization.

-DECISIONAL ROLES-
The major part of the manager’s job is to make decisions.

*ENTREPRENEUR-the manager searches the organization and its environment for opportunities.
*DISTURBANCE HANDLER- organization face important but unexpected disturbances.
*RESOURCE ALLOCATOR-the manager is responsible for the allocation of organizational resources.

ORGANIZATION
Is a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION:
*GOVERNMENT------CORPORATE------NON-CORPORATE

*PRIVATE-------PROFIT SEEKING--------NON-FOR-PROFIT

-COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZATION-

*COORDINATION OF EFFORT. Person working in coordination with other will produce better outputs.
*COMMON GOAL OR PURPOSE. In order to make employees work with proper direction.
*DIVISION OF LABOR. When the total job is divided into manageable part.
*HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY. In controlling the behavior of employees, positions are established.

-BASIC PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION-

-MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES-
The various management principles applicable to managing a business.

*DIVISION OF LABOR. Means breaking a job into specialized task to increased productivity.
*AUTHORITY. This is the right of a person in position to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
*DISCIPLINE. Provides uniform application of behavior to certain activities.
*UNITY OF COMMAND. Means that the effort of everyone in the organization must be coordinated.
*REMUNERATION. Employees should be paid fairly in accordance.
*CENTRALIZATION. Power and authority must be centralized as much as practicable.
*SCALAR CHAIN. Means that subordinates should observe the official chain of command.
*ORDER. Means that human and non-human resources must be in their proper places.
*EQUITY. This is the result of kindliness and justice and is a principle to guide management.
*STABILITY OF TENURE. High employee turnover id counterproductive.
*INITIATIVE. Management should encourage employees to act on their own volition.
*ESPRIT DE CORPS. Means that manager should emphasize teamwork.

-PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION-
Knowledge of the basic principles of organization is a useful guide in organizing business.

*PRINCIPLE OF OBJECTIVE. Objective of the organization must first be determined and laid.
*PRINCIPLE OF ANALYSIS. Managers in organizations must be able to break a problem.
*PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLICITY. The organization should be built in the simplest manner.
*PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTIONALIZATION. Business firms are not supposed to be organized to
accommodate individuals.
 REVIEWER IN SSO2

GLOBALIZATION
Act or a process of globalizing

THOMAS LARSSON
A Swedish journalist saw globalization as the “process of world shrinkage, of distance getting shorter.

ZYGMUNT BAUMAN
Ones that say about the characteristic of liquidity.

SAMUEL HUNTINGTON
He was gave the theory of cultural differentiation as the clash of civilization for having disagreement.

SOLIDITY
Refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things.

LIQUIDITY
Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world.

FLOWS
Are the movement of people, thing, places, and information brought by the growing “porosity”.

HOMOGENEITY
Refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political.

CHRISTIANITY
Cultural practices by non-americans of the import products such as, images, technologies, practices and
behavior.

HETEROGENEITY
Refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or combinations of
cultures that can be produced through the different transplanetary processes.

CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
Approach emphasizes the fact that cultures essentially different and are only superficially affected by
global flows.

CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
Approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures.
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE
Approach stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization.

HARDWIRED
It is because of our human need to make our lives better that made globalization possible.

CYCLES
Globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task.

EPOCH
Origin of globalization by means of preserving the important events or phenomena in the history.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
It is focus to the changes of population by means of mortality and fertility.

VOGABONS
They were considered as an illegal migration because they are not faring well in their home countries.

TOURISTS
Are on the move because they want to be and because they can afford it.

PROTECTIONISM
Means a policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with the objective of encouraging
domestic production.

TRADE LIBERALIZATION or FREE TRADE

Free trade agreements and technological advances in transportation and communication mean goods
and services move around the world move easily than ever.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The development of our mind today by using the earth resources and the preservation of such
resources for the future.

EFFICIENCY
Means finding the quickest possible way of producing large amounts of a particular products.

ECONOMIC AND TRADE GLOBALIZATION

Is the result of companies trying to outmaneuver their competitors.

MULTIPLIER EFFECT
Means an increase in one economic activity can lead to an increase in other economic activities.

WEALTH
Refers to the net worth of a country.
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
Refers to the spread of goods, technology, education, and diseases.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION:

*SOLID
*LIQUID

DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE:

*CULTURAL DIFFERENTIATION
*CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION
*CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECONOMIES:

*PROTECTIONISM
*TRADE LIBERALIZATION

TASK OD DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

*BROAD AND INCLUSIVE

*NARROW AND EXCLUSIVE

EXAMPLES OF NATURAL SOLIDS (MAN-MADE BARRIERS):

*GREAT WALL OF CHINA

*BERLIN WALL
*NINE-DASH LINE

ZYGMUNT BAUMAN’S IDEAS IN LIQUIDITY:

*QUICK CHANGE
*DIFFICULT TO STOP

GLOBALIZATION THEORIES:

*HOMOGENEITY
*HETEROGENEITY

ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION:

*HARDWIRED *CYCLES
*EPOCH *EVENTS

TWO MAIN TYPES OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY:

*WEALTH INEQUALITY
*INCOME INEQUALITY

CHAPTER 2: BUSINESS

BUSINESS
-Is largely responsible for bringing into the market a wide array of products.
-May defined as al profit- seeking activities and enterprises that provide goods and services necessary to
an economic system.

PROFITS
-Refer to the rewards for businesspersons who take the risks involved in producing and marketing goods
and services.

-KINDS OF BUSINESS-

*COMMERCE
- Business firms, which are engaged in buying and selling of goods and services.

*INDUSTRY
-Are those, which mainly engaged in production.

*GENETIC INDUSTRIES. Are involved in agriculture, forestry, and fish culture.

*MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Convert raw materials into finished products.

*CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES. Are those engaged in building infrastructures like airports.

*SERVICES
-A service business is one, which sells service to the buyer.

*RECREATION. Moviehouses, television and radio station.

*PERSONAL. Restaurant, barber shop, transportation, hotels.

*FINANCE. Banks, insurance companies, investment houses.

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*EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
- Consists of elements outside an organization that are relevant to business operations.

-ELEMENTS IN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT-

*DIRECT ACTION ELEMENTS
-These directly influence the organization.

*INDIRECT ACTION ELEMENTS

-These do not affect the organization directly.

-DIRECT ACTION COMPONENTS OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT-

*CUSTOMER
-Customer patronage is very vital to the existence of the business firm.

*SUPPLIERS
-Business firms achieve their objective through a combination of activities.

*LABOR SUPPLY
-The services of manager and employees are indispensable requirements of business operations.

*COMPETITORS
-In determining the appropriate marketing strategy, the manager of a business firm will have to consider
not only the target customers.

a. MONOPOLY- where there is only a single producer or seller.

b. OLIGOPOLY- when there are only a few producer or seller of similar products.
c. PURE COMPETITION- when there are many producer or seller of similar products.

*FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
-Business firm are concerned with maintaining or expanding their operations.

*GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
-In many ways, business organizations are affected by changes in government policies.

-INDIRECT ACTION ELEMENTS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT-

*TECHNOLOGICAL VARIABLES
-Technology has become widely recognized as an important ingredient in the success of business firm.

*ECONOMIC VARIABLES
-The company is very important element in business pursuits.

*SOCIO CULTURAL VARIABLES

-Business organization can only flourish if they consider society’s customs and values.

*POLITICAL-LEGAL VARIABLES
-These consists of law and regulations promulgated and implemented at the local.

*INTERNATIONAL VARIABLES
-These element includes changes occurring in the various part of the world.
-TYPES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT-

*STATIC. Few forces in the environment are changing to affect business.

*DYNAMIC. Wen significant numbers of environment forces that affect business are changing.

-DIMENSIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY-

*COMPLEXITY
-Refers to the number of different factors in the environment such as information.
*RATE OF CHANGE IN THESE FACTORS
-Are factors in the external environment change from time to time.

-DESIGNS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS-

*MECHANISTIC DESIGN
-An organization with mechanistic design is appropriate for a task that is routine and unchanging.
*ORGANIC DESIGN
- An organization with an organic design is appropriate for a task that is non-routine and changing.

-SURVIVAL STRATEGIES IN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTS-

*APPLICATION IF COPING STRATEGIES

-Refer to the transportation of a part or all of the organization to make its activity more compatible.

*ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT CONTROL MEASURES

-Refers to management actions to identify and influence environmental factors to obtain more positive.

-COPING STRATEGIES-

*BUFFERING
-Refers to setting up buffer for both input and output sides of organization.

*SMOOTHING
-Irregular demand is always a problem for many business firms.

*FORECASTING
-Refers to making predictions, projections or estimates of future events.

*RATIONING
-This happens when the organization ignores some operations and emphasizes other in order.

*BOUNDARY SPANNING
-This is the process of creating jobs or roles in which individual employees.

*STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
-This is when the business adapts to the environment by setting up department.
*EXECUTIVE SUCCESSION
-One way of adapting to uncertainty in the environment.

-ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLLING-

*CREATING FAVORABLE LINKAGES

-The object of creating favorable linkages is to reduce environmental uncertainty.

a. MERGERS- Times when the activities of one business cause uncertainty to another.

b. JOINT VENTURES- Times when a company finds it difficult to operate in a particular market.

c. INTERLOCKING DIRECTORATES- Someone member of the board of directors of one company.

d. EXECUTIVE RECRUITMENT- Company hires executive who have prior experience in the industry.

e. INSTITUTIONAL ADVERTISING - Types of advertising is design to build good will for a company.

f. RESOURCE FLOWS - This term refers to the pattern of resource exchange.

*MANIPULATING THE ENVIRONMENT

a. CHANGING ELEMENTS - A business organization may seek to manipulate its environment.

b. LOBBYING- This term refers to the act of attempting to influence business and government.

c. FORMATTING TRADE ASSOCIATIONS - One way of manipulating the environment.