1.

WRITE A COMMON GUIDELINE RELATED TO

COMPUTER LABORATORY.
a. Preparation

i. Laboratory Setup.

ii. Software

Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related

data that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. Any set

of instructions that guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task.

There are three types of software,

System software

Programming software

Application software

A. System Software

System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware to

provide basic functionality and to provide a platform for running application software.

Refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer

resources at a low level

The BIOS (basic input/output system) gets the computer system started after you turn

it on and manages the data flow between the operating system and attached devices

such as the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse, and printer.

The boot program loads the operating system into the computer's main memory or

random access memory (RAM).

 System software also includes system utilities, such as the disk defragmenter and

System Restore.

B. Programming Software
Programming software include tools in the form of programs or applications that
software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other
programs and applications.
The term usually refers to relatively simple programs such as compilers, debuggers,
interpreters, linkers, and text editors,CSCA0101 Computing Basics 12 Software
Programming Software.
Example of programming language:
 C & C++
 C#
 BASIC & JAVA
 Visual Basic
 Phyton
 HTML
 PHP

C. Application Software
A program or group of programs designed for end users.
Allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks.
Examples of Computer Application Software:
 Word processor
 Spreadsheet
 Presentation Software
 Database Management System
 Desktop Publisher
 Graphic Editor
 Web Browser.

iii. Stationary

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iv. Evaluation

b. Demonstration

i. Whole class presentation.

ii. Collaboration and Grouping

iii. System handling

iv. Safety measurements

Safety measures are precautions users of computers need to take in order to enjoy the use
of computers. They include:

1) Good Sitting Posture: The sitting posture of the user of computer should be
comfortable so that backache, neck pains, wrist injuries and eye strain will be reduced
to the barest level. The sitting posture should allow one to sit with both feet on the
floor, thighs at right angles to the body. The chair should be adjustable to support the
lower back while the fore arms should be kept parallel to the floor. The eye level
should be straight to the screen while keeping the wrist and hands relaxed as one type
on the keyboard.
2) Use of Anti-glare Protector: The use of anti-glare protector helps protect the
eyes against radioactive rays coming from the computer monitor. It is important to
keep a distance of two feet between the eyes and the monitor when working on the
computer. It is also very important to blink the eyes regularly if one is working on a
color monitor.
3) Proper Positioning of Monitor Base : The monitor should be well positioned
for it to stand very well and also to give room for it to be adjusted sideways, up or
down while it is being used.
4) Illuminating the Computer Room: The computer room should be well lit
with fluorescent light. This is to enable one to see very well the things that are been

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 done on the computer. It will also remove eye strains from the user on the computer
monitor.
5) Maintaining a Dust-free Environment: Computers are very sensitive
electronic machines. They can easily get damage by dust, moisture and temperature,
hence the need to ensure that the environment is where computer are kept and used
are dust-free. Computer laboratory floors should be made with floor tiles and not rug.
The window should be air tight and air-conditioned.
6) Keep Liquid away from Computers: Liquids of any type and food droplets
can cause a lot of physical damage to the computer hardware. This is why it is
important to keep all liquids away from the computer.

Equipment Safety

We are very lucky to have such amazing technology in this classroom! We have created
the following guidelines to ensure that we are keeping our computers and tablets safe:

Make sure computers and tablets are on a firm, flat surface and away from the edge of
the table or desk.
Place devices on charging station when not in use.
Touch the keyboard and mouse gently.
Do not eat or drink near computers or tablets (not even water).
Check equipment for damage and report any damage to a teacher.
Do not disconnect or remove parts.

Passwords

We will use passwords in this class for a number of applications. Here are some
guidelines for how to pick your passwords and keep them safe.

Pick a strong password.

 Add a numbers in the form of dates that you will remember.
 Use a number or a symbol in place of a letter (pa$$word)
Passwords that are written down should be kept in a safe place.
Do not share your password with friends or classmates.
As a class, we will change our passwords on a regular basis

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Downloads and Viruses

Downloading unknown applications or attachments from the internet or email can

cause big problems. Those downloads can contain computer viruses. Viruses are bits of
computer code that can damage or destroy the information on your computer .

To prevent this from happening we have created the following guidelines:

Only visit approved internet sites.

Do not download any applications or files without teacher permission.
Do not change the settings (especially the safety settings) without permission.

Technology Ethics

Ethics are the behaviors and rules that are considered right and wrong in a
community. The following three slides will discuss our classroom guidelines for these
essential questions on the ethical or proper use of technology:

Privacy – Am I protecting my privacy and respecting other people’s privacy?

Property – Am I protecting my property and respecting other people’s property?
Appropriate use – Am I using technology in beneficial ways so that I do not break the
rules?

Privacy

We do not share personal information online, like our address, phone number, or
school.
We do not share other people’s personal information online.
We do not take pictures or video of other people and share them online without their
knowledge or consent.

Property

Am I protecting my property and respecting other people’s property?

We will make sure to return our computers or tablets to their charging station and
make sure the device is properly plugged in when we are finished with our work.
We will only use the printer if we have permission from the teachers.

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 We will not copy and paste other people’s work (intellectual property) and claim it
as our own.
We will report damaged property to the teacher immediately so it can be repaired.

Appropriate Use

Am I using technology in beneficial ways so that I do not break the rules?

We will only visit approved websites.

We will report any sites or images that are inappropriate or uncomfortable to a
teacher.
We will use positive and appropriate language when we are interacting with others.

c. Computer Club

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 2. CELLULAR NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication

links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

“Computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a

single technology. Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange
information. The connection need not be via a copper wire; fibre optics, microwaves,
infrared, and communication satellites can also be used. Networks come in many sizes,
shapes and forms, as we will see later. They are usually connected together to make larger
networks, with the Internet being the most well-known example of a network of networks.

There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a

distributed system. The key distinction is that in a distributed system, a collection of
independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system. Usually, it has a
single model or paradigm that it presents to the users. Often a layer of software on top of the
operating system, called middleware, is responsible for implementing this model. A well-
known example of a distributed system is the World Wide Web. It runs on top of the Internet
and presents a model in which everything looks like a document (Web page).

a) 0G

b) 1G

Wireless cellular technology or mobile communications started with first generation

mobile phones, phones, popularly known as 1G. It was an analog telecommunications
system, system, introduced in 1979 and continued to mid of the 1980s.

Frequency: 150MHz / 900MHz.

Bandwidth: Analog telecommunication (30KHz)

Characteristic:

First wireless communication

Technology: Analog cellular

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 Capacity (data rate): 2kbps
From 1980 to 1990
Bad voice quality
Poor battery, cell phones
Big cell phones
Better than nothing, at least its wireless and mobile.

Drawbacks of 1G mobile communications

Analog signals were prone to interferences. So the communication was noisy.

Analog systems did not support adequate encryption systems. systems. So, security
was a vital issue and tapping could not be controlled

c) 2G

Second generation (2G) mobile phones switched from analog system of 1G to digital
system. It was commercially launched in 1991 as GSM standard in Finland. As with 1G
phones, phones, 2G phones didn’t have any worldwide standardizations dizations. 2G
systems were also known as personal communications services (PCM).

Frequency: 1.8GHz (900MHz), digital telecommunication

Bandwidth: 900MHz (25MHz)

Characteristic:

Technology: Digital cellular, GSM

Capacity (data rate): 64kbps
From 1991 to 2000
Allows txt massages service
Signal must be strong or else weak digital signal
2.5G – 2G cellular technology with GPRS
E-Mails
Web browsing
Camera phones

Advantages of 2G over 1G

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 It allows voice signals to be digitized and compressed. So, they are more efficient on
frequency spectrum than 1G.
They introduced data services for mobile in form of SMS text messaging.
Data and voice signals are digitally encrypted. So, security against eavesdropping and
fraud increased manifold.
Digital signals consume less battery power. And so mobile sets are much more energy
efficient than their 1G counterparts.

d) 3G

Third generation mobile phones, phones, or “3G Internet” Internet” mobile phones,
phones, is a set of standards for wireless mobile communication systems, systems, that
promises to deliver quality multimedia services along with high quality voice transmission.

Frequency: 1.6 – 2.0 GHz

Bandwidth: 100MHz

Characteristic:

Digital broadband, increased speed

Technology: CDMA, UMTS, EDGE
Capacity (data rate): 144kbps – 2Mbps
From 2000 to 2010
Called smart phones
Video calls
Fast communication
Mobil TV
3G phones rather expensive

Areas of Application

Wireless voice telephony

Fixed wireless Internet access
Mobile Internet access
Video calls
Mobile TV technologies

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 Video-on-demand
Video conferencing
Tele-medicine
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Location-based services.

e) 4G

Fourth Generation (4G) mobile phones provides broadband cellular network services and
is successor to 3G mobile networks. It provides an all IP based cellular communications. The
capabilities provided adhere to IMT-Advanced specifications as laid down by International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Frequency: 2 – 8 GHz
Bandwidth: 100MHz

Characteristic:

High speed, all IP

Technology: LTE, Wi-Fi
Capacity (data rate): 100Mbps – 1Gbps.
From 2010 to today (2020?)
MAGIC
 Mobile multimedia
 Anytime, anywhere
 Global mobile support
 Integrated wireless solutions
 Customized personal service
Good Q-operating System + high security
Bigger battery usage.

4G comes in two main categories

Long – Term Evolution (LTE)− Long – term evolution or LTE is an extension of

the 3G technology. It is a standard for high-speed mobile communication, based upon
GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. The peak data rate for download is 100

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 Mbps and upload is 50 Mbps. The LTE Advanced meets the specifications of IMT-
Advanced standard for 4G technology. Its peak data rates are 1000 Mbps for
downlink and 500 Mbps for uplink.
Worldwide Interoperability ability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) − WiMAX
is a mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard is sometimes branded 4G. It
offers peak data rates of 128 Mbps for downlink and 56 Mbps for uplink over 20 MHz
wide channels. The latest version of WIMAX is not compatible to the earlier versions
and instead is compatible with LTE

Application Areas

Advanced mobile web access

IP telephony
High-resolution and high-speed gaming services
Streamed multimedia and data
High-definition mobile
TV Video conferencing
3D television

f) 5G

The 5G technology is expected to provide a new (much wider than the previous one)
frequency bands along with the wider spectral bandwidth per frequency channel. channel. As
of now, the predecessors (generations) mobile technologies have evidenced substantial
increase in peak bitrate. Then — how is 5G different from the previous one (especially
(especially 4G)? The answer is — it is not only the increase in bitrate made 5G distinct from
the 4G, but rather 5G is also advanced in terms of –

From X (2020?) to Y (2030?)

High speed and capacity
Faster datatrasmission than 4G
Supports
 Interactive multimedia

 Voice streaming

 Buckle up.. Internett

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 More efficient
High increased peak bit rate.
Larger data volume per unit area (i.e. high system spectral efficiency)
High capacity to allow more devices connectivity concurrently and instantaneously
Lower battery consumption Better connectivity irrespective of the geographic region,
in which you are
Larger number of supporting devices.
Lower cost of infrastructural development Higher reliability of the communications.

As researchers say, with the wide range of bandwidth radio channels, channels, it is able to support
the speed up to 10 Gbps, the 5G WiFi technology will offer contiguous and consistent coverage −
“wider area mobility in true sense.”

5G - Applications

5G technology is adorned with many as well as distinct features, which applicability is

useful for a wide range people irrespective of their purposes (as shown in the mweb image).
Applications of 5G Some of the significant applications are –

It will make unified global standard for all.

Network availability will be everywhere and will facilitate people to use their
computer and such kind of mobile devices anywhere anytime.
Because of the IPv6 technology, visiting care of mobile IP address will be assigned as
per the connected network and geographical position.
Its application will make world real Wi Fi zone.
Its cognitive radio technology will facilitate different version of radio technologies to
share the same spectrum efficiently.
Its application will facilitate people to avail radio signal at higher altitude as well.

Advantages & Disadvantages

5 generation technology offers a wide range of features, which are beneficial for all group
of people including, students, students, professionals (doctors, engineers, engineers, teachers,
teachers, governing bodies, bodies, administrative bodies, etc.) and even for a common man.

There are several advantages of 5G technology, some of the advantages have been
shown in the above Ericsson image, and many others are described below –

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 High resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
Technology to gather all networks on one platform.
More effective and efficient.
Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for the quick action.
Most likely, will provide a huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), Gigabit), which will
support more than 60,000 connections.
Easily manageable with the previous generations.
Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private network).
Possible to provide uniform, uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity
across the world.

Disadvantages of 5G Technology

Though, 5G technology is researched and conceptualized to solve all radio signal problems
and hardship of mobile world, but because of some security reason and lack of technological
advancement in most of the geographic regions, it has following shortcomings -

Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might
be) because of the incompetent incomplete technological support in most parts of the
world.
Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of them need to be
replaced with new one - expensive deal.
Developing eloping infrastructure needs high cost.
Security and privacy issue yet to be solved.

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 3. ROBOTICS

Robotics is an applied engineering science that has been referred to as a combination of

machine tool technology and computer science. It includes machine design, production theory,
micro electronics, computer programming & artificial intelligence.

"Robotics" is defined as the science of designing and building Robots which are suitable for real
life application in automated manufacturing and other non-manufacturing environments.

a) What are Robots?

b) What do Robots do?

c) A brief history

d) Why Use Robots?

e) Robot Limitations

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 4. ANDROID

Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as
smart phones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance,
led by Google, and other companies.

Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices which
means developers elopers need only develop for Android, and their applications should be
able to run on different devices power vices powered by Android.

The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was released by
Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version,, Android 1.0, was released in
September 2008. On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the
next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, update, with the
primary aim of improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.

The source code for Android is available under free and open source software licenses.
licenses. Google publishes most of the code under the Apache License version 2.0 and the
rest, Linux kernel changes, changes, under the GNU General Public License version 2.

a) Explain android and its applications.

Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as
smart phones and tablet computers. computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset
Alliance, led by Google, and other companies.

Features of Android

Android is a powerful operating system competing with Apple 4GS and support great
features. Few of them are listed below:

Beautiful UI: Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user
interface.
Connectivity: GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE,
NFC and WiMAX.
Storage: SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.
Media support: H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC,
AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP
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 Messaging: SMS and MMS
Web browser: Based on the open-source Web-Kit layout engine, coupled with
Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.
Multi-touch: Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made
available in handsets such as the HTC Hero.
Multi-tasking: User can jump from one task to another and same time various
application can run simultaneously.
Resizable widgets: Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more
content or shrink them to save space Multi-Language Support single direction and bi-
directional text.
GCM: Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that let developers send short
message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync
solution.
Wi-Fi: Direct a technology that let apps discover and pair directly, over a
highbandwidth peer-to-peer connection.
Android Beam: A popular NFC-based technology that let users instantly share, just
by touching two NFC-enabled phones together.

Android Applications

Android applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android
Software Development Kit.
Once developed, eloped, Android applications can be packaged easily and sold out
either through a store such as Google Play, Slide ME, Opera Mobile Store, Mobango,
F-droid and the Amazon App-store.
Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries
around the world. It's the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing
fast. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide.
This tutorial has been written with an aim to teach you how to develop and package
Android application.. We will start from environment setup for Android application
programming and then drill down to look into various aspects of Android
applications.

b) Mention all android version and name.

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 5. ATM
a) Explanation
The full form of ATM is Automated teller Machine.
 ATM is an electro-mechanical machine which consists of automated banking
platforms which allows clients to perform easy transactions without the assistance of a
branch representative or teller.
Those people who has a debit card or credit should be able to withdraw cash at most
ATMs.

Brief History of ATM

The first ATM turned up at a Barclays Bank branch in London in 1967, though there
are records of a cash dispenser in Japan in the mid-1960s.
The interbank transaction that allowed a customer to use one bank’s card at another
bank’s ATM in the 1970s.
ATMs had spread across the globe in just a few years, establishing a foothold in every
major country.
ATM’s can now be found in small island nations such as Kiribati. Currently, more
than 3.5 million ATMs are in operation worldwide.

There are mainly two types of ATMs which are:

Basic units permit only cash withdrawal by clients and provide updated account
balance.
The more complicated machines in which you can also deposit cash, facilitate credit
line payments and transfers, and access account details.

Functions OF ATM’s are:

Deposit and withdrawal of cash.

Transfer of cash.
Accounts details.
Mini statement
Regular payment of the bill.
To know Account balance details.
Recharge of prepaid mobile.

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 To Change the pin code.

Advantages of ATM are:

ATM is easy to use.

ATM service is available for 24 ✕ 7.
ATM reduces the work pressure on bank staff.
For travellers , these are more useful.
It gives service without any error.

b) Internal Structure of ATM

c) Write a short note on

i. Card Reader

Card reader recognizes the card data stored on the ATM card in the magnetic stripe,
which is located on the back of the card. Card reader collect account details and sent to the
server. To the right of the ATM screen is a raised, narrow, horizontal receipt slot – labelled
‘Transaction record’ – where your printed receipt will be dispensed.

The card slot is located about a hand’s width below the receipt slot. The slot is ridged and
recessed inwards. When prompted, insert your card into this slot. The raised numbers on your
card should face up and be on the left. The card slot is illuminated when an ATM is ready to
use.

ii. Keypad

The keypad is centred on a shelf directly in front of you. It is similar to a phone keypad.
Number 1 is at the top left, number 5 is in the centre of the second line and has a raised dot,
and 0 is the centre bottom key.

It helps the user with the requested data from the machine such as personal ID number,
cash amount, receipt needed or no needed and other information. The PIN is sent to the server
in the encrypted form. To the right is a column of function keys. From the top button, the
order is:

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 CANCEL, identified by a raised X.
CLEAR, identified by a raised vertical line.
A blank unused button.
ENTER button, identified by a raised circle.

iii. Display Screen

It displays details on the screen concerning the transaction. Display Screen indicates the
steps of cash withdrawal, one by one. The screen may be CRT or LCD.

iv. Screen Buttons

v. Cash Dispenser

Cash dispenser is the ATM ‘s essential output tool as it hands out the cash. It is the highly
accurate sensors provided in the ATM which allows the cash dispenser to administer the
appropriate cash amount as the consumer needs.

vi. Deposit Slot

vii. Speaker

It is available in the ATM to generate the audio input when any button on machine is
pressed.

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