Osio, Stephanie C.

May 6, 2021
Gade 10 – Responsible SCIENCE

MODULE 3: BIODIVERSITY AND 

EVOLUTION 

Learning Task 1 
Matching Type. Match the description in column A to its scientist in column B. Write the LETTER AND
THE  WORD of your answer on space provided below. 

Column A  Column B

1.  He was the father of modern taxonomy.  a. Stephen

Nowicki

2.  He believed that all living things were descended from a common b. Charles Robert
ancestors. Darwin

3.  He stated that variation, overproduction, adaptation and descent with c. Carolus
modification can result to biodiversity. Linnaeus

4.  He proposed that organisms shared ancestors.  d. Erasmus Darwin

5.  He proposed the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection  e. Georges Louis

Leclerc 
de Buffon

ANSWERS:
1. c. Carolus Linnaeus
2. d. Erasmus Darwin
3. e. Georges Louis Leclerc de Buffon
4. a. Stephen Nowicki
 5. b. Charles Robert Darwin

Learning Task 2 
Modified True or False. Write “TRUE” if the statement is correct and if false, write the word or phrase that 
makes it wrong and change it to make the statement true. Write your answer on space provided below.
1. Not all organisms can survive in their environment. 
2. Intrasexual selection happens when male display unique traits that attract the female.
3. Genetic drift happens when both the sperm and egg cell of an organism benefits from having 
offspring to survive. 
4. Gene flow occurs when several animals move from one population to another.
5. When gene flow does not occur, there is no chance that two populations will evolve into 
different species. 

ANSWERS:

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True

Learning Task 3 

A. Identification. Identify the terms being referred to in each item. Write your answer before each  number. 

1. It refers to the structure of animals that is gradually disappearing. 

2. It refers to the physical structures of the organisms that have the same evolutionary origin 
and position. 
3. It refers to the heritable differences among single species resulting from differences in the 
genetic traits of the living organisms inherited from a parent or due to genetic mutations.
4. It occurs every time when there are changes or disruptions in the ecosystem or by means of 
physical barrier. 
5. It occurs when there is an imbalance of gene flow between two populations due to physical 
barrier. 

B. Identify the environmental changes that affect the evolution of life in the given situations or  examples in
each item. Write your answer before each number. 
 1. Glaciers in the polar region melted. 
2. Sea levels causes catastrophic floods in different places. 
3. foot and mouth disease 
4. increase of Oxygen level 
5. sudden increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere 
6. fish kill due to heat 
7. mutation of genes due to radiation 
8. fall of asteroid to Earth’s surface 
9. plants undergo transpiration 
10. great competition among species in one place 

ANSWERS:

A.

1. Vestigial Structure
2. Homologous Structures
3. Variation
4. Geographic isolation
5. Postzygotic isolation

B.
1. Glaciation
2. Glaciation
3. Cosmic radiation
4. Atmosphere
5. Temperature
6. Glaciation
7. Cosmic Radiation
8. Cosmic Radiation
9. Temperature
10. Temperature
Learning Task 4 
Answer the following questions. Use separate sheet for your answer.  

1. Differentiate gene flow from genetic drift. 

2. List down at least five (2) animals with their special parts for survival. 
3. List down at least five (2) plants with their special parts for survival.

ANSWERS:
1. Gene flow and genetic drift are population genetics terms that refer to changes in the
genetic makeup of organisms. Both of these biological terms are frequently used in conjunction
with natural selection and may be confusing to some. When explaining these terms, the term
"allele" is frequently used; it refers to a version of a gene that is located at the same location on a
chromosome. For example, hair color alleles include dominant black hair and recessive red hair. In
terms of distinctions, gene flow is specifically concerned with population migration because the
change is caused by the introduction or elimination of an allele. Genetic drift, on the other hand,
investigates the change in allele frequencies caused by random sampling from one generation to
the next. The following discussions delve deeper into these distinctions. Gene flow is also known
as allele flow or gene migration. It is the movement of genetic variation from one population to
another. This process is critical for achieving diversity in a genetic pool. People in village A, for
example, have very similar genetic makeup, which varies when people from villages B and C have
children with those from village A. Genetic drift, also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright
effect, is the change in the frequency of a specific allele caused by random sampling in organisms.
The marbles in a jar analogy is a popular way to illustrate this process. A jar contains 20 marbles,
ten of which are red and ten of which are blue. A specie's initial population is represented by this.
After that, choose a marble at random to represent the parents. Place another marble of the same
color as the randomly selected "parent" in another jar until the second jar contains 20 marbles;
these are the "offspring." Some people may be perplexed by these biological terms, which are
commonly associated with natural selection. Gene flow refers to the movement of alleles from one
population to another, whereas genetic drift refers to changes in allele frequency within a gene
pool. Gene flow is caused by migration or geographical isolation, whereas genetic drift is caused
by random sampling, which has two mechanisms (bottle effect and founder effect). Genetic
variation is more likely in gene flow than in genetic drift.

2. The natural world is a difficult place. Animals' lives can be difficult when they face resource
competition and sometimes hostile climates. However, in order to survive and beat the odds, some
animals adapted in some pretty interesting and unusual ways.
Cuttlefish can blend into their environments
To survive the winter, the bodies of Alaskan Wood Frogs can freeze solid up to 60%
of the time. They also cease to breathe and their hearts cease to beat. They can
survive in temperatures as low as -80 degrees Fahrenheit because of this. They thaw
out and "come back to life" in the spring. To achieve this semi-frozen state, the
creatures accumulate high concentrations of glucose in their organs and tissues (up
to ten times the normal amount). Sugar solutes act as "cryoprotectants," preventing
cell shrinkage or death.

Okapi have scent-glands on their feet

Okapi are strange animals that resemble a cross between a giraffe and a zebra. They
live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it is extremely hot and predators
such as leopards are constantly on the prowl. Okapi have three key adaptations that
allow them to survive. To begin, they have scent-glands on their feet that they use to
mark their territory. Second, they have infrasonic calls that allow them to communicate
with their calves without being heard by predators. Finally, they have tongues that are
14-18 inches long and can be used to clean their eyes and ears.

Antarctic fish have "antifreeze" proteins in their blood

To survive in the frigid Southern Ocean that encircles Antarctica, five families of
notothenioid fish produce their own "antifreeze" proteins. The proteins in their blood bind
to ice crystals, preventing the fish from freezing. This adaptation is so remarkable that it
helps to explain why these fish account for 90 percent of the region's fish biomass.

African bullfrogs create mucus "homes" to survive the

dry season
The African bullfrog lives in Africa's savanna, where it gets very hot and dry. When a
frog is not in the water, mucus on its skin assists it in breathing by dissolving oxygen
from the air. As a result, the African bullfrog buries itself 6 to 8 inches underground to
keep its skin from drying out in the hot African climate. It then forms a mucus
membrane, which hardens and hardens into a cocoon. The frog can spend up to 7
years in this cocoon while waiting for rain. When rain does fall, the moisture softens the
mucus sac, waking the frog and signaling the beginning of the rainy season, when the
frog breeds and is most active.

Kangaroo rats survive without ever drinking water

 Kangaroo rats have evolved to live in the desert without ever drinking water. Instead,
they get all of their moisture from the seeds they eat. These animals have excellent
hearing and can jump up to nine feet, allowing them to avoid predators.

3. Some plants have characteristics that help them repel predators. Other plants, such as cold and
rocky mountains, can survive and even thrive in hostile environments. Plants known as
XEROPHYTES have developed special methods for collecting and storing water in areas with little
rainfall. HALOPHYTES are another incredible plant survivor group. They can survive in extremely salty
environments like salt marshes, salt pans, and sand dunes. Because plants are unable to move away
from predators, they must defend themselves in other ways. Some are armed with thorns or spines.
Others contain offensive-tasting poisons in their leaves. The leaves of stinging nettle are covered in
fine hairs that contain poison. Each hair has a swollen, glassy tip at the end. When touched, the tip
snaps off, leaving a jagged end capable of piercing flesh and injecting the poison from the hollow hair.

XEROPHYTES
 Xerophytes are plants that have adapted to survive in dry desert conditions. Many lack leaves, which
would allow water to evaporate in the heat. They may instead have defensive spines. Some
xerophytes have shallow roots that quickly absorb water after rain. Others have extremely long
taproots that draw water from deep underground.

TROPICAL MANGROVE
 Mangrove trees are halophytes found along tropical coastlines. Their roots absorb salt from
seawater. The salt is carried by the sap of the tree up to old leaves, which are then shed, or to
living leaves, which have glands that excrete the salt. At low tide, many mangroves have arching
roots that are exposed. These roots have breathing pores that allow them to absorb oxygen from
the surrounding air.

TOUGH ALPINES

 Mountain plants, also known as alpines, must contend with harsh sunlight, penetrating frost, and
bitterly cold winds. Water may also be scarce due to low rainfall and thin, frozen soil. Alpines grow
in dense cushions, making them less vulnerable. Their leaves have fine hairs that reduce water
loss and protect them from sun damage.
HALOPHYTES

 Halophytes are plants that have adapted to living in salty environments. Most plants' roots are
slowly dried out as salt draws water out of them. Some halophytes have mechanisms for excreting
excess salt. Others require a salty environment to survive. Halophytes can thrive in salt marshes,
shallow coastal waters, dry salt pans, and sand dunes.

HIGH UP ON A HOST

 The bromeliad lives in tropical rainforests. Seeking light, it grows high on the branches of a host
tree, using its roots to anchor itself. The bromeliad?s leaves direct any rainwater to the heart of the
plant. Plants that fix themselves to other plants like this, but do not draw food from them, are called
epiphytes.