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One-Dimensional Heat and Wave Equations

This document contains 9 multiple choice questions related to partial differential equations modeling heat transfer. Specifically, it addresses the one-dimensional heat equation and its general solution for heat flowing along a bar with various boundary conditions. It also provides an example of applying the heat equation to solve for the temperature distribution over time in a rod with given initial temperatures and boundary conditions.

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tushar borkar
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80 views10 pages

One-Dimensional Heat and Wave Equations

This document contains 9 multiple choice questions related to partial differential equations modeling heat transfer. Specifically, it addresses the one-dimensional heat equation and its general solution for heat flowing along a bar with various boundary conditions. It also provides an example of applying the heat equation to solve for the temperature distribution over time in a rod with given initial temperatures and boundary conditions.

Uploaded by

tushar borkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Dr. D.Y.

Patil Institute of Technology,

Pimpri, Pune-411018

Unit 6 Application of Partial differential equation

Multiple Choice questions:

Type 1 One dimensional heat equation


[Link] one dimensional heat flow equation is

 2u 2  u
2
u  2u  2u u  2u  2u
a)  c b)  c2 2 c)  c2 d)  0
t 2 x 2 t x t 2
x x 2 y 2

u  2u
2. The most general solution for partial differential equation  c 2 2 , representing the heat flow
t x
along a bar is

a) y( x, t )  c1 x  c2 c) y( x, t )  (c1e mx  c2 e  mx )e c m t
2 2

b) y( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)e c m t d) y( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)e c m t


2 2 2 2

u  2u
3. The boundary conditions for one dimension heat flow equation  c 2 2 when ends
t x

x = 0 and x = l are insulated are

a) u x (0, x)  0, u x (l , t )  0, t c) ut (0, t )  0, ut (l , t )  0, x
b) u (0, x)  0, u (l , t )  0, t d) none of the above

4.)A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 cm has its ends kept at zero temperature
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
and the temperature initially is  100  x, 50  x  100

u  2u
The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation t  k x 2
The boundary conditions are

a)( u (0, t )  100 , u (100, t )  100 b)( u (0, t )  100 , u (100, t )  0


c) )( u (0, t )  0 , u (100, t )  100 d) ( u (0, t )  0 , u (100, t )  0

5) A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 cm has its ends kept at zero temperature
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
and the temperature initially is  100  x, 50  x  100

u  2u
The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation t  k x 2
The initial condition is

u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50 u ( x, t )  100  x, 0  x  50
a)  100  x, 50  x  100 b)  x, 50  x  100

c)u ( x.0)  0 d )u ( x.t )  0

6). A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 cm has its ends kept at zero temperature
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
and the temperature initially is  100  x, 50  x  100

u  2u
The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation t  k x 2 The most general solution is

u( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)e km t


2
a)

u( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)ekm t


2
b)

u( x, t )  (c1 cos mt  c2 sin mt)ekm x


2
c)

u( x, t )  (c1 cos mt  c2 sin mt)e km x


2
d)

7) A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 cm has its ends kept at zero temperature
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
and the temperature initially is  100  x, 50  x  100

u  2u
The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation t  k
x 2
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
subject to condition i)( u (0, t )  0 , ii) u (100, t )  0 iii)  100  x, 50  x  100

u( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)e km t and applying condition (i)


2

consider the most general solution


we get

a) c1  0 b) c2  0 c) c1  0 , c2  0 d) m  0

8) A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 cm has its ends kept at zero temperature
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
and the temperature initially is  100  x, 50  x  100

u  2u
The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation t  k
x 2

u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
subject to condition i)( u (0, t )  0 , ii) u (100, t )  0 iii)  100  x, 50  x  100

u( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)e km t and applying condition (i)


2

consider the most general solution


and (ii) we get

n n
a) c1  0, m  b) c 2  0, m  c) c2  0, m  n d) c1  0, m  n
100 100

9) . A homogeneous rod of conducting material of length 100 cm has its ends kept at zero temperature
u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
and the temperature initially is  100  x, 50  x  100

u  2u
The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation t  k
x 2

u ( x,0)  x, 0  x  50
subject to condition i)( u (0, t )  0 , ii) u (100, t )  0 iii)  100  x, 50  x  100
 n 
2

nx k  100  t

consider the most general solution u ( x, t )  


n1
bn sin
100
e and applying condition (iii) we get we

get bn by

nx nx
100 100
1 1
a)
bn 
50  u( x,0) sin
0
100
dx
b)
bn  
50 0
u( x,0) cos
100
dx

nx nx
100 100

c)
bn   u( x,0) cos
0
100
dx
d)
bn   u ( x,0) sin
0
100
dx

u  2u
10)The temperature u(x, t) at any time satisfies the equation k 2
t x

u0 x
subject to condition i)( u (0, t )  0 , ii) u x (l , t )  0 iii) u ( x,0)  l , 0  x  l

 km t
consider the most general solution u( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)e
2
and applying condition (i) and
(ii) we get

n (2n  1)
a) c1  0, m  b) c1  0, m  c) c2  0, m  n d) c1  0, m  n
l l

Type 2 Wave equation


11) The one dimensional wave equation is
2 y 2  y
2
y 2 y 2 y y  2u  2u
a)  c b)  c2 2 c)  c2 d)  0
t 2 x 2 t x t 2
x x 2 y 2
2 y 2  y
2
12) The most general solution for partial differential equation  c , representing the
t 2 x 2
vibration of a string of length l fixed at both ends is
a) y( x, t )  c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)(c3 cos cmt  c4 sin cmt)
b) y ( x, t )  (c1e mx  c 2 e  mx )(c3 e mt  c 4 e  mt )
c) y( x, t )  (c1 x  c2 )(c3t  c4 )
d) y( x, t )  (c1e mx  c2 e  mx )e mt
13) A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 It is released from rest from this position. The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2  y
2
equation  c
t 2 x 2 . The boundary conditions are

a)( y (0, t )  0 , y (l , t )  0 b)( y (0, t )  l , y (l , t )  0

c) ( y (0, t )  0 , y (l , t )  l d) ( y (0, t )  l , y (l , t )  l

14. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 It is released from rest from this position. The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2 y
equation 2  c 2 2
t x . The initial conditions are

 y  3 x x  y 
y ( x,0)  0    y 0 sin y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3   0
a) ,  t  t 0 l b) l ,  t  t 0

 y  x
c) y ( x,0)  0   0 y( x,0)  y0 sin 3  y  3 x
   y 0 sin
,  t  t 0 d) l ,  t  t 0 l

15. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 It is released from rest from this position. The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2  y
2
 c  y 
equation t x 2 . Subject to conditions ( i ) y (0, t )  0 ii ) y (l , t )  0 iii )   0
2

 t  t 0
x
iv ) y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3
l

Consider general solution y( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)(c3 cos cmt  c4 sin cmt) and applying condition (i) we
get

a) c1  0 b) c2  0 c) c3  0 d) c4  0
16. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 It is released from rest from this position. The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2  y
2
 c  y 
equation t x 2 . Subject to conditions ( i ) y (0, t )  0 ii ) y (l , t )  0 iii )   0
2

 t  t 0
x
iv ) y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3
l

Consider general solution y( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)(c3 cos cmt  c4 sin cmt) and applying condition (i) and
(iii) we get

a) c1  0 , c2  0 b) c2  0 , c6  0 c) c1  0 , c6  0 d) c3  0 , c6  0

17 .A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 It is released from rest from this position. The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2  y
2
 c  y 
equation t x 2 . Subject to conditions ( i ) y (0, t )  0 ii ) y (l , t )  0 iii )   0
2

 t  t 0
x
iv ) y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3
l

Consider general solution y( x, t )  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)(c3 cos cmt  c4 sin cmt) and applying condition (i) and
(ii) we get y( x, t )  c5 sin mx cos cmt .

Now applying condition (ii) we get the value of m

 n n
a) m  , b) m  n c) m  , d) m  ,
l l l

18.A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 It is released from rest from this position. The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2  y
2
 c
 y 
equation t x 2 . Subject to conditions ( i ) y (0, t )  0 ii ) y (l , t )  0 iii )   0
2

 t  t 0
x 
nx cnt
iv ) y ( x,0)  y 0 sin 3 For the general solution y ( x, t )   bn sin cos applying (iv) we get
l n 1 l l
bn by

3 y0 y 3 y0 y
b1  , b2   0 b1  , b3   0
a) 4 4 b) 4 4

3 y0 y 3 y0 y
b2  , b3   0 b1  , b4   0
c) 4 4 d) 4 4

19. A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a position given by
x
y ( x,0)  y 0 sin . If it is released from rest from this position The displacement y(x,t) satisfies the
l
2 y 2  y
2
 c
 y 
equation t x 2 . Subject to conditions ( i ) y (0, t )  0 ii ) y (l , t )  0 iii )   0
2

 t  t 0
x 
nx cnt
iv ) y ( x,0)  y 0 sin For the general solution y ( x, t )   bn sin cos applying (iv) we get
l n 1 l l
bn by

a) b1  y 0 , bn  0 for n  1 b) b2  y 0 , bn  0 for n  2

c) bn  0 d) bn  y 0 ,

Type 3 : Two dimensional heat equation


[Link] dimensional heat flow equation is

u  2u  2u 2  u  2u 
2
a)  c2 2 b)  c 
 x 2 y 2 

t x t 2  

u 2  u  2u  u  u u 
2
c)  c  2  2 
 d)  c 2   
t  x y  t  x y 
21. Two dimensional heat flow equation, in steady state case is

 2u 2  u  2u  u 2  u  2u 
2 2
a) 
 c  2  2  b) 
 c  2  2 
t 2  x y  t  x y 

u  2u  2u  2u
c)  c2 2 d)  0
t x x 2 y 2

22. . In two dimensional flow, the temperature along the normal to xoy plane is

a) C2 b) 1 c) 0 d) infinity

23. An infinitely long uniform metal plate is enclosed between lines y=0 and y=l for x>0. The
temperature is zero along the edges y=0 and y=l and at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at a constant
 2u  2u
temperature u0. The temperature u(x,y) satisfies the differential equation  0
x 2 y 2

The boundary conditions are

a) u ( x,0)  u 0 , u ( x, l )  0 , u (, y )  0 , u (0, y )  0 b)( u ( x,0)  0, u ( x, l )  0 , u (, y )  0 , u(0, y)  u 0

c) u ( x,0)  0, u( x, l )  u 0 , u (, y )  0 , u (0, y )  0 d) u ( x,0)  0, u ( x, l )  0 , u(, y)  u 0 , u (0, y )  0

24) An infinitely long uniform metal plate is enclosed between lines y=0 and y=l for x>0. The
temperature is zero along the edges y=0 and y=l and at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at a constant
 2u  2u
temperature u0. The temperature u(x,y) satisfies the differential equation  0
x 2 y 2

( i)u ( x,0)  0, ii )u ( x, l )  0 , iii )u (, l )  0 , iv )u(0, y)  u0


Subject to condition

The most general solution is

a) u ( x, y )  (c1e mx  c 2 e  mx )(c3 cos my  c 4 sin my)

b) u ( x, y )  (c1e my  c 2 e  my )(c3 cos mx  c 4 sin mx)

c) u ( x, y )  (c1e my  c 2 e  my )(c3 e mx  c 4 e  mx )
d) u ( x, y)  (c1 cos mx  c2 sin mx)(c3 cos my  c4 sin my)

25).An infinitely long uniform metal plate is enclosed between lines y=0 and y=l for x>0. The
temperature is zero along the edges y=0 and y=l and at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at a constant
 2u  2u
temperature u0. The temperature u(x,y) satisfies the differential equation  0
x 2 y 2

( i)u ( x,0)  0, ii )u ( x, l )  0 , iii )u (, l )  0 , iv )u(0, y)  u0


Subject to condition

u ( x, y )  (c1e mx  c 2 e  mx )(c3 cos my  c 4 sin my)


applying condition
Considering the most general solution
(iii) we get

a) c2  0 b) c1  0 c) c3  0 d) c4  0

26). An infinitely long uniform metal plate is enclosed between lines y=0 and y=l for x>0. The
temperature is zero along the edges y=0 and y=l and at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at a constant
 2u  2u
temperature u0. The temperature u(x,y) satisfies the differential equation  0
x 2 y 2

( i)u ( x,0)  0, ii )u ( x, l )  0 , iii )u (, y )  0 , iv )u(0, y)  u0


Subject to condition

u ( x, y )  (c1e mx  c 2 e  mx )(c3 cos my  c 4 sin my)


applying condition
Considering the most general solution
(i) and (iii) we get

a) c1  0 , c2  0 b) c2  0 , c3  0 c) c1  0 , c3  0 d) c3  0 , c4  0

27) An infinitely long uniform metal plate is enclosed between lines y=0 and y=l for x>0. The
temperature is zero along the edges y=0 and y=l and at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at a constant
 2u  2u
temperature u0. The temperature u(x,y) satisfies the differential equation 2  2  0
x y

Subject to condition

( i)u ( x,0)  0, ii )u ( x, l )  0 , iii )u (, y )  0 , iv )u(0, y)  u0


u ( x, y )  (c1e mx  c 2 e  mx )(c3 cos my  c 4 sin my)
applying
Considering the most general solution
u ( x, y )  c5 e  mx sin my
condition (i) and (iii) we get Now applying condition (ii) we get value of m as
 n n
a) m  , b) m  n c) m  , d) m  ,
l l l

28. An infinitely long uniform metal plate is enclosed between lines y=0 and y=l for x>0. The
temperature is zero along the edges y=0 and y=l and at infinity. If the edge x=0 is kept at a constant
 2u  2u
temperature u0. The temperature u(x,y) satisfies the differential equation  0
x 2 y 2

( i)u ( x,0)  0, ii )u ( x, l )  0 , iii )u (, l )  0 , iv )u(0, y)  u0


Subject to condition
 nx

ny
For the general solution u ( x, y )   bn sin e l
applying (iv) we get bn by
n 1 l

ny ny
l l
2 2
bn   u 0 sin dy bn   u 0 cos dy
a) l 0 l b) l 0 l

ny ny
l l
bn   u 0 sin dy bn   u 0 cos dy
c) 0
l d) 0
l

Common questions

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The boundary condition of the rod with ends at zero temperature implies that the solution to the heat equation needs to conform such that u(0,t) = 0 and u(L,t) = 0, ensuring that the temperature at both ends remains constant at zero. This leads to the formation of a standing wave solution, based on sinusoidal functions that satisfy these boundary conditions. The conditions enforce a separation of variables approach whereby specific modes, or harmonics, can exist, dictated by the geometry and material properties of the rod, represented by the constant k in the partial differential equation .

The constant 'k' in the heat equation represents the thermal diffusivity of the material and is crucial in determining how quickly temperature changes are distributed through the material. It directly influences the rate of heat diffusion along the rod. A higher value of 'k' indicates that heat diffuses more quickly, leading to a faster rate of approach towards a steady-state solution. This constant affects the eigenvalues of the solution and can change the frequency of oscillation of the temperature distribution over time, influencing both the speed and stability of the thermal response .

Fixing the ends of a string at zero displacement imposes boundary conditions that restrict the possible solutions to those that satisfy y(0,t) = 0 and y(L,t) = 0. This means the string must exhibit nodes at the endpoints for all time. Consequently, the general solution is formed of sinusoidal functions whose wavelengths fit an integer number of half-waves into the length of the string. Thus, only standing waves with positive integer harmonics, corresponding to these specific wavelengths, are permissible solutions, reflecting the physical constraint of having both ends remain fixed .

Eigenvalues are critical when solving partial differential equations (PDEs) for problems like a vibrating string because they characterize the natural modes and frequencies of the system. These values determine the resonant frequencies at which the system can naturally oscillate, subject to its boundary conditions. In the context of a vibrating string, eigenvalues identify the permissible wavelengths (or harmonics) that satisfy the fixed-end constraints, yielding the frequencies possible for standing waves. Understanding eigenvalues helps predict how the string will respond to initial disturbances and forces .

The initial and boundary conditions are critical in determining the form of the general solution of a partial differential equation (PDE). Initial conditions specify the starting state of the system, such as initial positions or temperatures, while boundary conditions specify the constraints at the edges of the domain. These conditions guide the selection of functions that form the general solution to meet these constraints. For example, the initial condition provides coefficients in the solution that must align with the state at t=0, while boundary conditions can impose zero values at boundaries, as seen in zero fixed ends, typically resulting in trigonometric solutions to satisfy these conditions .

Initial conditions in PDEs, especially involving wave equations, are crucial for determining the coefficients of the general solution. They provide the specific state of the system at the start, such as initial displacements or velocities. These conditions integrate into the solution to set the coefficients accordingly, defining how various modes or harmonics are weighted in the overall response. Hence, they tailor the universal solution to the specific scenario, capturing how the particular initial setup influences subsequent dynamics. The determination of these coefficients is essential for accurate predictions of the system's evolution over time .

The separation of variables technique is crucial for solving the one-dimensional wave equation for a string fixed at both ends. It allows the complex problem to be separated into simpler, one-variable differential equations that can be solved independently. This results in solutions that are products of functions of spatial and temporal variables. For the string fixed at both ends, the spatial component typically consists of sinusoidal functions that satisfy the given boundary conditions, ensuring that y(0,t) = 0 and y(L,t) = 0 at all times. The temporal component determines how these modes oscillate over time. This technique simplifies the problem of finding the general solution, which is a superposition of various modes .

Modes and harmonics arise in wave equations for strings as a direct consequence of boundary and initial conditions. The solution is typically expressed as a sum of sinusoidal modes, each described by a specific frequency and wavelength determined by the length of the string and its boundary conditions. These modes represent distinct patterns of vibration, or harmonics, where the fundamental frequency represents the simplest mode and higher harmonics correspond to integer multiples of this frequency. Solving the wave equation provides these discrete modes, indicative of the string's natural frequencies of vibration dictated by physical conditions .

If an infinite metal plate has a constant temperature along one edge while other boundaries are zero, it creates a unidirectional heat flux. Heat will flow away from the edge with the constant temperature, diffusing through the plate. The gradient between the high-temperature edge and cooler regions results in a temperature profile that changes continuously in time until a steady-state is achieved. The factors like thermal conductivity and plate thickness will influence the rate and stability of reaching thermal equilibrium throughout the plate .

The method of separation of variables often leads to trigonometric solutions because these functions naturally satisfy a broad class of boundary value problems involving differential equations. The key reason is their periodicity and the property that they tend to zero at integer multiples of their argument, suitable for problems with fixed boundary conditions such as zero displacements or zero temperatures. Additionally, trigonometric functions form a complete basis for such periodic problems, allowing for the representation of solutions as series summing these basic functions satisfying specific boundaries .

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