Senior High School
11-1st Semester
Core Subject
Oral Communication in Context
Quarter 1
Module 2: Models of Communication
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Day 1
Pretest
Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer for
each item. Label your paper as Pretest- Module 2 in Oral Com.
1. This model of communication has a two-way process with the inclusion of
feedback as one element.
a. Transaction Model
b. Shannon-Weaver Model
c. Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication
d. Lasswell’s Model
2. Which model of communication is referred to as the mother of all
communication models?
a. Transactional Model c. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication b.
Shannon-Weaver Model d. Aristotle’s Communication Model
3. Which of the following is a type of listening in which the receiver absorbs and
verifies all that he has been listening about?
a. marginal c. active listening
b. projective d. passive Listening
4. This is the type of listening wherein the respondent erects a barrier allowing
information to seep only in bits and pieces.
a. marginal c. active listening
b. projective d. passive Listening
5. Which type of listening is it wherein responses thereof show the receiver’s state
of “restful alertness”?
a. marginal c. active listening
b. projective d. passive listening
6. This is the type of listening when all that is being said is heard but not really
absorbed.
a. marginal c. active listening
b. projective d. passive listening
7. It is the process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to
spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
a. communication c. marginal
b. Listening d. speaking
8. What kind of barrier in communication is referred to when the television or
radio is turned on while you are having a conversation?
a. lack of confidence c. use of jargon
b. emotional barrier d. noisy environment
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9. This kind of communication barrier is one when you have problems, anxiety,
and doubts, etc.
a. lack of confidence c. use of jargon
b. emotional barrier d. noisy environment
10. It is anything that prevents us from receiving and understanding the
messages others use to convey their information, ideas, and thoughts.
a. communication c. communication models b.
communication barriers d. types of listening
11. These are systematic representations of the process which help in
understanding how communication works can be done.
a. communication c. communication models b.
communication barriers d. types of listening
12. This is a feature of communication which is supported with facts, figures, and
real-life examples and situations to avoid misinterpretations and
misunderstanding.
a. conciseness c. clearness
b. completeness d. concreteness
13. Which is referred as a feature of communication that has all parts or elements?
a. conciseness c. clearness
b. completeness d. concreteness
14. This feature of communication is when the speaker shows respect and
politeness to the receiver of the message.
a. consideration c. clearness c. courtesy d. clearness
15. It means conforming to the strict requirements of a specific set of standards. It
could refer to having error-free use of the language.
a. clearness b. conciseness c. clarity d. correctness
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Models of Communication
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate various models of communication;
2. distinguish unique features of one communication process from the others;
3. explain why there is a breakdown of communication.; and
4. apply strategies in overcoming communication breakdown.
What’s In
Parent and Son/Daughter Activity
Task: Drawn Understanding
Directions: Read the directions carefully and perform each instruction. Then answer
the questions below.
1. This activity will have a special participation by parents, either the mother
or father or both.
2. The student and the mother/father sit back-to-back.
3. It is either the parent or the student who is to have an actual object while
the other has paper and colored pencils.
4. The person with the object must describe it in as much detail as possible to the
other who has the paper and colored pencils without revealing the object.
5. The other person must draw the object as best as he or she can, based
on the instructions communicated by the other person with the object.
Answer the following questions based on the activity you have conducted. Write
your answer on a separate paper.
1. Who gave the description of the object and who was the one guessing?
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2. Did the one who must draw the object guess it right? Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________
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3. Did the person who has the object have difficulty in giving descriptions or
in guessing? Why?
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4. After the activity, what important points have you realized in communicating
with others?
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5. How did you find the activity involving your parents?
Day 2
What’s New
Communication models are systematic representations of the process which help in
understanding how communication works can be done. The models help us
understand the structures and processes involved in how humans communicate.
It is advantageous to learn the communication models because they give us a clear
illustration on how communication takes place. There are several communication
models. Let us learn some of them.
1. Shannon-Weaver Model
Shannon-Weaver Model (1949) is known as the mother of all communication
models. It depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five
elements: a source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into
signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder of
message from the signal); and a destination.
This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in the
communication process: feedback. Without feedback, the speaker will not know
whether the receiver understands the message or not.
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2. Transaction Model
Unlike the Shannon-Weaver, which is a one-way process, the transaction model is a
two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element. This model is more
interactive. There is collaborative exchange of messages between communicators
with the aim of understanding each other. It also shows that a barrier, such as noise,
may interfere with the flow.
Take note!
There are still many other models of communication. Some of which are
as follows.
1. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication
2. Aristotle’s Communication Model
3. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
4. Lasswell’s Model
5. Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication
We must remember always that the goal of communication is to convey information
and foster understanding. Always bear in mind that there are several ways to carry
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effective communication to avoid misinterpretation which may sometimes lead to a
heated argument and even on to a bigger problem.
We can say that the communication is effective when each participant in the
conversation clearly understands each other’s meaning and point of view. Both need
to communicate meaning with clarity not only in words but also in nonverbal cues.
In short, effective communication is centered on the act of passing information from
one person to another.
Let us study the 7 Cs of communication to improve communication.
7 Cs of
Communication
Completeness Conciseness
Consideration Concreteness Courtesy
Clearness Correctness
Features of Effective Communication
Effective communication is more than just sending information. It entails sending
accurate information and receiving feedback.
1. Completeness
It means having all parts or elements. Complete communication should include
what the receiver needs to hear from the sender or source to react, respond or to
evaluate. It conveys all facts required by the audience or receiver.
2. Conciseness
Do not talk in circles. Talking in circles is talking about something in an indirect or
confusing way. Make your message straight to the point. Be brief but concise. It
must provide short and essential message in limited words.
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3. Consideration
Though, each has the freedom of expression, but it does not give everyone the
opportunity to say about anything one wishes to say anytime and anywhere.
There are some considerations to make before uttering or expressing one’s
thoughts. The mood, background, race, preference, education, status, needs are
among the many considerations. It implies “stepping into the shoes of others.”
4. Concreteness
It is being clear with the message sent. It is supported with facts, figures and real-
feil examples and situations to avoid misinterpretations and misunderstanding.
5. Courtesy
The message must show respect and politeness to the receiver of the message.
It takes into consideration the viewpoint, culture, values, beliefs, and feelings of
the recipient of the message.
6. Clearness
Clearness suggests using simple words in expressing ideas to avoid ambiguity.
A clear message uses exact, appropriate, and concrete words.
7. Correctness
Correctness means it is free from errors. The facts and figures of the message
must be true and accurate. It must have no presumptions and the language
used must be appropriate and proper.
In sending a message whether verbal or nonverbal, it is indispensable that the
information must observe the 7 Cs to avoid breakdown in communication.
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Barriers of Communication
Communication, for it to be effective, must be sent clearly, completely, and free from
all biases and distractions.; otherwise, it breaks and may result to conflict and
misinterpretations. A communication barrier is anything that prevents us from
receiving and understanding the messages others use to convey their information,
ideas, and thoughts. Barriers can block or interfere the message you are trying to
send. Let us study the barriers of communication.
What are the
barriers of
communication?
Emotional Barrier Use of Jargon
Example: When you Example: When the
have problems, anxiety, speaker uses technical
doubts etc. terms to explain a point.
Lack of Confidence Noisy Environment
Example: When you are Example: When the television
not sure of what to say or radio is turned on while you
or do in each situation. are having a conversation.
Often, conversation breaks because of the absence of listening. Remember listening
is the beginning of understanding. Barker (1971) defined listening as a selective
process of attending, hearing, understanding, and remembering aural symbols.
According to Rankib (1926), it is the ability to understand a spoken language. Based
on the definition of the International Listening Association, it is the process of
receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal
messages.
Listening plays a vital role in communication. It is a skill which allows people to
understand what someone is talking about and the meaning behind the words.
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Low concentration is detrimental to effective listening. Poor listening leads to
assumptions and misunderstandings.
Types of Listening
For us not to falter in
communication, we must be
aware that there are types of
listening. Let us discover
what is the best type. Come
on, join me, and let us learn
together.
The physical presence but mental absence of the
Passive listener can be defined as passive listening or
hearing. All that is being said is being heard but not
totally absorbed.
The respondent erects a barrier through which he allows
information to seep in only in bits and pieces. As a
Marginal result, partial or marginal information can be retrieved if
the situation demands, or the need so arises.
In projective listening, the responses of the receiver
are in a state of “restful alertness”. While listening, the
Projective receiver tries to view and absorb the contents of the
presentation within his own frame of reference.
This is the most effective form of listening. The
Active receiver absorbs all that is being said and tries or
attempts to verify all that he has been listening about.
Communication breakdown is a situation where the communication taking place
between two (or more) people is either inconceivable, wrongly comprehended, or
entirely absent. Communication breakdown will result to conflicting ideas and
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opinions which could lead to an argument and unpleasant behavior. It could even
rage a war.
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdowns
1. Use a common language for communication.
2. Avoid distractions like noise.
3. Do not burden each other with excessive information or data.
4. Be direct and concise in your communication.
5. Be considerate. Do not monopolize the entire conversation.
6. Be sensitive to nonverbal cues of listeners.
7. Do not hesitate to ask questions and encourage others to do the same.
8. Keep your mind open and be flexible.
9. Listen. It is the key to effective communication.
10. Anticipate, summarize, weigh the evidence, and read between
the lines.
What I can Do
Recall an incident in your life where you experience communication
breakdown. Write a journal and share how you were able to fix it. What lessons did
you learn from it? Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
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What I Have Learned
Directions: Complete the thought expressed from the text below. Choose
your answer from the terms provided. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
effective models breakdown
representations accurate
Communication __________________ are systematic __________________ of the
process that help in understanding how communication works can be done.
__________________ communication is more than just sending information. It
entails sending __________________ information and receiving feedback. It is
important to observe the process of communication, otherwise it may lead to
communication __________________ which is a situation where the
communication taking place between two (or more) people is either inconceivable,
wrongly comprehended, or entirely absent.
2. Are the 7 Cs of communication applicable to both verbal
and nonverbal communication? Why or why not?
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Day 3
What’s More
Directions: Read the news article below and do the activity that follows it.
BIR, DTI asked to be lenient with online businesses
The Cebu Provincial Board (PB) is appealing before the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to be lenient toward online businesses and even barter
groups when it comes to colleting business taxes.
The appeal came in a resolution sponsored by PB member Glenn Anthony Soco. He urged the two
agencies to help small business owners to earn a living especially that the Covid 19 pandemic has
gravely hurt the economy.
He noted that some of the province’s constituency have opted to do business online after losing their
jobs to the pandemic.
Soco said in his resolution: “From small-time homemade pastries, masks, disinfectants, ornamental
plants ready-to-wear apparel, dry goods, consumables, and many more others are now being more
traded online. With this, those who are unemployed and are staying at home get to earn a few
hundreds of pesos in a day. This sustains those who were displaced due to Covid 19 and an
answered prayer for.”
In June, the BIR issued Revenue Memorandum Circular (RMC) No. 60-2020 setting a July 31
deadline for all online sellers to register and pay their taxes.
The BIR’s RMC triggered a furor among small-time entrepreneurs and even from lawmakers who
stated that the BIR is worsening the effects of the pandemic by putting more obligation on those
already suffering from it.
But BIR eventually issued a clarification that only temporary online sellers are not required to register
their business activities.
Soco said small business owners especially those operating online should be supported by the
national government as they will help the local economy more forward.
“Support and encourage these small-time online entrepreneurial ventures instead of scaring them of
with strong imposing remarks on their strict compliance with the law,” Soco added. (ANV)
[Link]
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TASK I
Direction: Based on the news article above, fill in the graphic organizer with the
details required. Do not directly answer on the module, Use a
separate sheet of paper.
[Link]
TASK II
Directions: Identify the barriers you have encountered in acquiring the details
and getting the information that you need. Explain why you consider
them barriers. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
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Day 4
Post Test
Directions: Using a separate sheet of paper, write the letter of the correct answer for
each item. Label your paper as Post Test- Module 2 in Oral Comm.
1. Which is a common barrier to effective communication?
a. hand gesture c. being a good listener
b. distractions d. eyes and facial expression
2. Which of the following is not a benefit of effective communication?
a. enhanced interpersonal relationship
b. clearer understanding of business goals
c. revenue losses
d. improved business and individual performance
3. Which of the following should not be avoided in an effective communication?
a. noise b. planning c. over communication d. filtering 4. Which of these
must be avoided in an effective communication? a. sharing of activity c.
listening b. ambiguity d. politeness
5. What barrier of communication is referred to when you are not sure of what to say
or do in each situation?
a. emotional barrier c. noisy environment b. use of jargon
d. lack of confidence
6. Which barrier of communication is it when the speaker uses technical terms
to explain a point?
a. emotional barrier c. noisy environment
b. use of jargon d. lack of confidence
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For items 7-10, read the descriptions given and identify the type of listening
by choosing from the word pool in the box below
a. active c. marginal
b. passive d. projective
7. The respondent erects a barrier through which he allows information to seep in
only in bits and pieces. _ _
8. The receiver absorbs all that is being said and tries to verify all that he has been
listening about. _
9. All that is being said is being heard but not totally absorbed. ___________
10. The receiver tries to view and absorb the contents of the presentation within his
own frame of reference.
11. This model of communication is a one-way process.
a. Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication
b. Aristotle’s Communication
Model c. Transaction Model
d. Shannon-Weaver Model
12. Which model of communication engages a collaborative exchange of messages
between communicators with understanding between them as its aim?
a. Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication
b. Transaction Model
c. Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication
d. Shannon-Weaver Model
13. In the 7 Cs of communication, consideration implies .
a. brevity of ideas expressed
b. “stepping into the shoes of others.”
c. respect and politeness
d. clearness of the message sent
14. Conciseness means _ _ .
a. showing respect and politeness to the receiver of the
message b. being clear with the message sent
c. providing short and essential message in limited words
d. supplying of all parts or elements
15. Which of the 7 Cs of communication suggests respect?
a. conciseness b. courtesy c. consideration d. completeness
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Answer Key
Pretest
What’s In
Answers vary
What I can Do
Answers vary.
What I Have Learned
What’s More
Answers vary.
REFERENCES
Books
Alda, Rivika C. Oral Communication in Context (PowerPoint slides). Cebu Normal
University
Gador, Sunliegh C, Malimas, Mary Ann P. & Turano, Charity T. (2016) Speak Confidently a
Comprehensive Worktext in Oral Communication for High School. University of San Carlos
Press:Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City.
Sipacio, Philippe John F, & Balgos, Ann Richie G. (2016) Oral Communication in Context for
Senior High School. C & E Publishing: 893 EDSA, South Triangle, QuezonCity.
Online Sources
[Link] communication
[Link] office
[Link]
[Link]
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[Link]
[Link]
Oral Communication in Context
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1- Module 2: Models of Communication
First Edition, 2021
Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Self- Learning Module Development Team
Writer/ Contextualizer: Alice C. Bordadora, MTI, Talamban National High School
Illustrator: Pia Bianca C. Bordadora
Editors: Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS, North District 7
Rex C. Ebarle, MTI, Cebu City National Science High School
Gina M. Panes, TIII, Cebu City National Science High School
Dennis Jay L. Tecson, TII, Alaska Night High School
Genara S. Villanueva, TIII, Alaska Night High School
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Office Address: Imus Avenue, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
E-mail Address: [Link]@[Link]
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