STRUCTURAL BUILDING FRAME PREFERENCE OF ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS IN NUEVA VIZCAYA AND ISABELA: CONCRETE VS.

STEEL

Saint Mary’s University

Senior High School Department 1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Frame structure are the structure having the composite of beam, column and slab to resist

the lateral and gravity loads of a building. Frames are usually used to overcome the large

moments developing due to the appertained loading. The essential factor in a framed building is

the frame’s strength. Frames can consist of reinforced concrete and steel structure, which are the

most common materials in large contemporary structures and both strongly hold and defy the

gravity loads of a building (James Ware Construction Inc., n.d).

1.1.1 History of Concrete

Concrete’s versatility, durability, sustainability, and economy have made it as one of the

most widely used modern building materials. Concrete is an “artificial stone” building material

made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or

poured into molds and that forms a stone-like mass on hardening (Reinforced Concrete Frame

Construction, n.d.). The name concrete comes from Latin “concretus”, which means to grow

together. Fresh concrete can be formed into lots of shape, which has an advantage over other

building materials. Throughout history, Concrete has been used for construction and building

purposes. The Romans originated the concrete that we are using today, they construct plenty of

structures made out of concrete, and one example is the Pantheon in Rome, one of the finest

Roman architecture that remain alive up to this day, this building has a 42-meter-diameter made

out of poured concrete (Madseu, n.d). After the development of Portland cement in 19th century,

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concrete became very popular, in spite of that, its restricted tension resistance prohibits its wide

use in building construction. To overcome this weakness, steel bars are inserted in the concrete

to add more strength (Yakut, n.d).

1.1.2 History of Steel

The history of steel as a structural material within our culture begins with the use of cast

iron. England was the first to use a Cast Iron to build bridges. In 1840, Cast iron has been

replaced by Wrought iron as a preferred structural material. The cold roll process was created in

1780 to create “S” and “I” shape steel. The Bessemer in 1855 process was created structural steel

that was ductile with fewer impurities. The Chinese of the Warring States period (403-221 BC)

had quench-hardened steel, while Chinese in the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) created steel

by melting together wrought iron with cast iron, gaining an ultimate product of a carbon-

intermediate steel by the 1st century AD. One of the earliest forms of steel, blister steel, began

production in Germany and England in the 17th century and was produced by increasing the

carbon content in molten pig iron using a process known as cementation. In this system, bars of

wrought iron were layered with powdered charcoal in the stone boxes and heated. It is used

extensively as a fabricating material and as a structural. It was at this point that steel became

widely used as a structural element in building construction. Experts acknowledge that steel can

soften and melt with exposure to extremely high temperatures. However, with the addition of

passive fire protection, such as spray-on fire proofing, buildings built a structural steel can

sustain greater temperatures and, therefore, provide additional safety.

Frames (whether concrete or steel) are one of the first to be done in a construction of a

building. Frames served as the skeleton of a building, without this, a building will not be strong

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to stand on its own. This is also a foundation of a building, where columns, walls, ceiling and

other building parts are aligned with them to add more strength and to make the building erected.

Either of the two, concrete and steel frame, can be used to construct a building. Each has its own

strength and weaknesses in a structural building.

Concrete frames is one of the most common types of building material because of its

durability. However, concrete frames are not made from concrete alone. It should include

concrete steel bars which is called reinforcement steel bars. A concrete with reinforcement bars

is called reinforced concrete. Concrete is easy to place, in addition, it has great durability; and it

is inexpensive, while reinforcement bars come up with great strength through tension (Yakut,

n.d).

Steel has a long history as a building material in a variety of commercial construction

projects. One reason that steel is becoming a prominent building material because it is faster to

build. The important characteristic of steel framing is its flexibility. Another great advantage of

steel is it can bend without cracking. Third, characteristic of steel framing is plasticity or

ductility. This means that when it is put through great pressure, it will not immediately crack like

a glass yet it will unhurriedly bend out of shape.

Concrete and steel do compare in the construction of buildings. Commercial, residential,

medical, education, and other buildings has a motive of bringing people inside. The objective is

to keep the casualties comfortable and safe while keeping the cost associated and the low

maintenance of the building. Both construction materials has advantages and disadvantages.

In this study, we found out the characteristics of concrete and steel frames in terms of its

strengths of the materials, safety, cost effectiveness, material availability, construction

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scheduling, design possibilities, life-span and its environmental impact consideration to evaluate

which is the better building frame in lined with their specific characteristics. There are no past

studies regarding the comparison of concrete and steel frame, however, there are some studies

that is closely connected or appropriate to this kind of research.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aimed to determine the building frame preference based on the different

features of the structural building frames particularly the comparison between concrete and steel.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

a.) field of specialization;

b.) number of years in the profession;

c.) number of building projects accomplished?

2. What type of building frame is preferred by the respondents in terms of the following

features of a building frame:

a.) strengths of the materials;

b.) safety;

c.) material availability;

d.) environmental impact;

e.) cost effectiveness;

f.) construction scheduling;

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g.) design possibilities

h.) life-span?

3. What is the overall preference of structural building frames among the respondents?

1.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Profile
INPUT Building frame preference of respondents

Floating of questionnaires
PROCESS Documentation
Data Analysis and Interpretations

Building frame preference and perceived advantages and disadvantages

OUTPUT

As denoted in the figure, the researchers will interview licensed engineers and architects

to gain relevant information about the strengths of the materials, safety, cost effectiveness,

material availability, construction scheduling, design possibilities, life-span and environmental

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consideration of concrete and steel frames. It will be guided by the questions provided by the

researchers.

1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study was conducted in the year 2017 and it focused in the different features of

structural building frames, and its advantages and disadvantages. Selected Engineers and

Architects will be invited to participate in this study, they are the skilled personnel who can help

in the success of conducting a study about building frames.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will gave benefit to society considering that structural

engineering plays an important role in constructing buildings. The greater information gathered

for concrete and steel framing background justifies the need for more effective and life-changing

structural processes.

Engineers may apply the recommended structure of building frames derived from the

results of this study will be able to give better ideas for those who seek.

For the researchers, the study will helped them uncover critical areas in the structural

process that many researchers were not be able to explore.

Consumers, who are to choose the type of frame for their building.

Thus, a new theory on concrete and steel framing may be arrived at.

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1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Blister steel refers to crude steel formerly formed from wrought iron by cementation.

Cast iron refers to a hard, relatively brittle alloy of iron and carbon that can be readily

cast in a mold and contains a higher proportion of carbon than steel.

Cement refers to a powdery substance made with calcined lime and clay. It is mixed with

water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel, and water to make concrete.

Concrete refers to an artificial, stone like material used for various structural purposes,

made by mixing cement and various aggregates, as sand, pebbles, gravel, or shale, with water

and allowing the mixture to harden.

Ductility is a solid material’s ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often

characterized by the material’s ability to be stretched in to a wire.

Durability refers to the ability to withstand wear, pressure, or damage.

Frame (construction) is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and

shape.

Plasticity refers to the quality of being easily shaped or molded.

Reinforcement concrete is a concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded to

increase its tensile strength.

Reinforcement steel is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in

reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in

tension.

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Steel refers to a hard, strong, gray or bluish-gray alloy of iron with carbon and usually

other elements, used extensively as a structural and fabricating material.

Sustainability refers to the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Versatility refers to the ability to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or

activities.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 RELATED LITERATURE

The population of the people in the Earth is increasing, and as the years pass by, houses

are also constructed to use as their shelter. Engineers and architects are challenge to build high-

rise and tall buildings worldwide to conserve spaces. High-rise and tall buildings are not easy to

build, so, architects and engineers come up with the study on what building frames to be use.

Some of these advancements included the emergence of glass- metal curtain wall facades and the

compressive strength of concrete. Building frames serves as the foundation of all buildings and it

must be strong enough and solid to keep the people safe when there are calamities. The trend in

the progression of the steel and concrete for its higher strength is not stopping and the use of new

material with higher performance and higher sustainability has an increasing important

momentum.

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Fig.1. Shows the concrete building of JVD Building of Saint Mary’s University

Fig.2. Shows the steel building of KFC in Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

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2.2 RELATED STUDIES

In constructing a building, the contractual engineers and architects must consider the

better material for its structure. Frames are very important because it is serves as the foundation

of the construction.

2.2.1 Building Environment

The heavy weight nature of concrete construction shows greater opportunities to apply

passive heating and cooling in buildings. To completely employ the opportunities, people’s

preconceptions about the building floor-to-floor sandwich need to be alter, to maximize surface

area available for heat exchange, exposed, profiled structural soffits will be required combined

with cladding systems which control ventilation and the direction air flow. The light nature of

steel construction and profusion of downstand beams makes it less attractive in passive building

design, or where little or no ceiling void is to be provided. Foundations for concrete buildings are

significantly larger than for steel buildings. This can be a critical factor in foundation type

selection and economy. Steel framed buildings are as much as 30 percent lighter than

comparable concrete buildings. Because of poor soil conditions only steel-framed buildings can

be used in some situations (Glover, n.d.).

2.2.2 Cost Estimation

Dabhade et al. (2009) stated that the total cost of project is divided into four major parts

of construction activities such as, foundation, column, beam and slabs construction. It is

observed that for the steel frame with the combination of floor building and steel frame with

precast concrete floor structure, the minimum material cost is associated with beams and material

while maximum construction cost with erection of post- tensioned beam. The produced cost

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comparison study for commercial buildings proves that structural steel framing solutions are

faster to build and more cost effective than reinforced concrete alternatives.

2.2.3 Design Possibilities

Large and clear spans allow constructing of buildings almost any type and/or business

comfortably and effectively, as well as to expand in future and change their setup whenever they

covet. Structures with long span need to be cautiously designed keeping a balance of all the

aspects like its weight, deflections (sway) and also foundation forces. Steel is the basic material

that is used in the materials that are used for Pre-engineered steel building. Saving of material on

low stress area of the primary framing members makes Pre-engineered buildings more

economical than Conventional steel buildings especially for low rise buildings spanning (Hutagi

et al. 2013). The support reactions for structures relate to the restraint conditions against linear

and rotational movement. Every structural element and structure must be supported in order to

transfer the applied loading to the foundations where it is dissipated through the ground

(McKenzie, n.d.).

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2.3 SYNTHESIS

To sum it up, the entire chapter provides definition, processes, issues and concepts

pertaining to the analysis of structural building frames between concrete and steel which had

assist the researchers to better understand the present study. Related literatures were used in

designing the whole process of the conduct of the study. Different specified related concepts and

theories were used as justification to the urgent need to conduct such study since there are other

more findings to be given a stronger stand.

In addition, related studies have also uncover different conclusions from their respective

findings.

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research study employed the descriptive and quantitative-qualitative design.

This research is a descriptive type of research, wherein, it is also engage in quantitative

and qualitative research, because it requires a comprehensive summarization, in everyday terms,

of specific events experienced by individuals, and to determine the relationship between a thing

and another, especially this research is comparing two types of structural building frames.

As a descriptive and quantitative-qualitative design, it includes diagram technique to

determine the strength in gaining knowledge and providing insights to develop ideas specifically

to the analysis on the structural building frames: concrete and steel. The study also involved a

discussion between the respondents and the researchers which regards to some clarifications on

evaluation.

3.2 RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

The research study was conducted at Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela. It includes descriptive

and quantitative-qualitative research and research opportunities.

3.3 SUBJECTS OF THE STUDY

The respondents of this study are the licensed engineers and licensed architects who are

expert in this field.

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3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

In this study, there are two item-type questionnaires provided which are (a) profile of the

respondents and (b) dichotomous type of questionnaire that includes the different features of the

structural building frame. The questionnaire provided is a self-made by the researchers but it is

based on the articles about the different features of building and is a content validated by the

research coordinator. It will be given to the licensed engineers and licensed architects who are

experts in the said field. It can be an effective means of evaluating opinions and intensions of

relativity large numbers of subjects. Also, in processing of gathered data and to determine

whether it is carrying out the research study.

3.5 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

For this study, the researchers conducted a research to gather the needed data.

Researchers interviewed licensed engineers and licensed architects. The study that was

conducted will be given a proof and verifications for evidences.

3.6 DATA ANALYSES

Researchers presented, analyzed and interpreted the data gathered using the IBM SPSS

Statistics in this study. The results were analyzed with corresponding discussions and

explanations and includes the frequency and percent distribution. It also answer specific

problems given in the previous chapter.

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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This study aimed to find out the building frame preferences according to the features

stated and the perceived advantages and disadvantages among selected engineers and architects.

In this chapter, researchers were able to presents the data collected from the respondents. They

were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics and interpreted in response to the problem

statements of the study.

Table 1. Field of Specialization

Field
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Engineer 9 64.3 64.3 64.3
Valid Architect 5 35.7 35.7 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

Table 1 shows the field of specialization, the architect and the engineer. It is presented in
the table that the engineer has a high percentage of respondents, because architects are hard to
find.

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Table 2. The Number of Years in the Profession as Engineer and Architect

Number of Years in the Profession

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
0-5 6 42.9 42.9 42.9
6-10 5 35.7 35.7 78.6
Valid
11 and above 3 21.4 21.4 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

Table 2 shows the number of years in the profession of the specific field. To determine

whether the respondents are freshmen or experienced.

Table 3. The Number of Buildings Accomplished

Number of buildings accomplished

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
0-5 7 50.0 50.0 50.0
6-10 2 14.3 14.3 64.3
Valid
11 and above 5 35.7 35.7 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

Table 3 shows the number of buildings accomplished by the engineers and architects.

This was provided to evaluate the skills and experiences of the respondents in their chosen

profession.

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Table 4. Preferred Features of Building Frames in Terms of Strength and Safety

Strength and Safety

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
concrete 13 92.9 92.9 92.9
Valid steel 1 7.1 7.1 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0
Table 4

presents that engineers and architects choose the concrete as their preferred building frames in

terms of the strength and safety features. As this building frame can withstand high temperature,

fire-safe due to its noncombustible nature and can pass toughness of the different phenomenon

such as typhoons, earthquake, flood and others. On the other hand, steel strength is reduced

tremendously at high temperatures.

Table 5. Preferred Features of Building Frames in Terms of Material Availability

Material Availability
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
Valid concrete 14 100.0 100.0 100.0

Table 5

shows that most of the engineers and architects preferred concrete building frame in terms of the

material availability for it is easy to find and can be avail easily in most of the places.

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Environmental Impact
Table 6. Preferred
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Features Percent Percent of
concrete 3 21.4 21.4 21.4
Building Frames in
Valid steel 11 78.6 78.6 100.0
Terms of Total 14 100.0 100.0

Environmental Impact

As shown in the Table 6, steel is the preferred building frame of the engineers and

architects in terms of the feature which is the environmental impact. It is because, steel is

extremely eco-friendly as they can be recycled and don’t leave much of waste behind during and

after construction.

Table 7. Preferred Features of Building Frames in Terms of Cost Effectiveness

Cost effectiveness
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
concrete 5 35.7 35.7 35.7
Valid steel 9 64.3 64.3 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

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Table 7 presents that engineers and architects prefer to use concrete building frame for it

has low maintenance cost while steel’s cost of forms used for casting is relatively higher.

Table 8. Preferred Features of Building Frames in Terms of Constructing Scheduling

Construction Scheduling
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
concrete 2 14.3 14.3 14.3
Valid steel 12 85.7 85.7 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

As displays in Table 8, engineers and architects preferred the steel building frame for the

construction scheduling because it is a time saver for this building frame is easier to build for a

short period of time.

Table 9. Preferred Features of Building Frames in Terms of Design Possibilities

Design Possibilities
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
concrete 6 42.9 42.9 42.9
Valid steel 8 57.1 57.1 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

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Table 9 presents that steel is the preferred building frame of the engineers and architects

in terms of the features’ design possibilities. Steel is very elastic and can be fabricated in large

sections, very effective in taking tensile stresses, installation is easier and it is pest/insect

resistant.

Table 10. Preferred Features of Building Frames in Terms of Life-span

Life-span
Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative
Percent Percent
concrete 10 71.4 71.4 71.4
Valid steel 4 28.6 28.6 100.0
Total 14 100.0 100.0

Table 10 shows that the preferred features of building frame of the engineers and

architects in terms of life-span is the concrete. For this building can last longer because it has

high compressive strength, less deflection, and has a very high durability.

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Table 11. The Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Building Frame

BUILDING FRAME ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

CONCRETE  Less skilled manpower  Larger column section
 Economy to mold any shape  Uncertainty of final strength
 Less deflection  Tensile strength to compressive
 High compressive strength strength ratio
 Fire-safe due to its  Prone in cracking due to
noncombustible nature and expansion and shrinkage
weather resistance  Weak architectural design
 Very high durability flexibility
 Low maintenance cost  Heavy load of structures
 Economy as a construction  Less ductile
material  Curing time may delay the
 Use as precast structural project
components  The cost of form used for
 Easily available in most of casting is relatively higher
the places  Very weak or cannot take tensile
 Maintenance is almost stresses

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negligible  The weight is high compared to

 Resist high temperatures its strength
 Very effective in taking  More construction time needed
compressive stresses  High self –weight creating more
 Compatible seismic load

As can be seen in the table above, these are the advantages and disadvantages of a

concrete building frame perceived by the selected engineers and architects in Nueva Vizcaya and

Isabela.

Table 12. The Perceived Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel Building Frame

BUILDING FRAME ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

STEEL  Durable  Costly on supplement
 Savings on repair attachments
 Sturdy, can withstand the  Requires added insulation
moist critical weather  Seasonally operatable on some
 Good safety compared to areas
price  Lower tensile strength (not
 Easier to build for a short recommended in high
period of time earthquake zone)
 Steel has both strength and  Its strength is reduced
ductibility tremendously at high
 Can be recycled temperatures due to fire
 Pest/insect resistant  Steel cannot be mold in
 Weather resistance direction you want
 Lighter and stronger  Supporting structures
 Installation is easier  Thermal conductivity
 Extremely eco-friendly as  Reduced flexibility on site

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they can be recycled and  Prone to fire and corrosion

don’t leave much of waste  Cost of steel is very high
behind during and after  Is not a good insulator making it
construction less suitable for all weather
 Very effective in taking conditions
tensile stresses  Maintenance cost is high
 Very elastic and can be  Very susceptible in corrosion
fabricated in large sections when exposed to air, water and
 Easier repair works humidity
 Good scrap value  Susceptible to buckling
 Has a high expansion rate in
changing temperatures
 Heavy, expensive to transport
and is very energy intensive top
produce
 Mobilization of materials is
costly
 Requires more skilled labor

Table 12 presents the advantages and disadvantages of a steel building frame perceived

by the selected engineers and architects in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

Today there are two dominant building construction materials— steel and concrete. They

make a good combination in construction.

Concrete provides a solid support for the weight of the building and steel can hold taller

structures up. Using time element as the starting point, steel-frame construction helps reduce

construction time with on-site erection of the steel frame. This means less overhead costs during

project construction. For high-rise buildings the time gain can be considerable.

Steel members can be assembled in factories providing better quality control whereas

pouring of on-site concrete is subject to labor- intensive systems that may affect quality.

Structural steel frames can provide longer spans, thus offering column-free spaces and flexibility

in space planning. Steel may be recycled in its original or near- original state while concrete can

be reused mostly in a downgraded form such as filling material.

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Today’s buildings in Asia are also adopting similar measures for protection from seismic

forces and terrorist attack.

Reinforced concrete resists high temperature from fire for long time without loss of

structural integrity. The design possibilities are almost limitless. It can take on many unique

shapes and forms.

CONCLUSIONS

Choosing a construction material for a building is a dilemma for any designer. The right

decision can have a positive or negative impact on the success of a project in terms of strength

and safety, material availability, environmental impact, cost effectiveness, construction

scheduling, design possibilities, life span and their overall quality. Today, two of the most

dominant building materials are concrete and steel. The researchers, together with the help of

architects and engineers in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela province, were able to acquire the data

needed, to determine the best material for building. Moreover, concrete building frame is the

overall preference of engineers and architects among the features mentioned.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results and findings of this study, the researchers humbly recommend the

following:

1. The use of reinforced concrete as a building material over steel.

2. Asking the client’s material preference for his/her structure.

3. Further analysis on the site condition before choosing a material.

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4. Budget allocation for the project and check for any financial constraints.

5. Further research that will support this study and satisfy the delimitations mentioned in the

study.

REFERENCES

A comparison of steel and concrete in building construction,(n.d.). Retrieved from

[Link]

Ahmed, M., Alashkar, Y. & Nazar, S. (2015). A comparative study of seismic strengthening of rc
building by steel bracings and concrete shear walls. International Journal of Civil and
Structural Engineering Research, 2(2), pp. 24-34.
Aniket, R.V. & Yogesh, S. (2016, July). Comparative study on analysis and cost of r.c.c. and
steel composite structure. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(7).

Carson Conrete, (n.d.). The components and characteristics of a concrete frame. Retrieved from
[Link]
steel/viewall/true

Dabhade, U.D. et al. (2009). Time and cost evaluation of construction of steel framed composite
floor with precast concrete floor structure. 26th International Symposium on Automation
and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2009).
Hutagi, A., Kulkarni, A.V. & Zende, A.A. (2013). Comparative study of analysis and design of
pre-engineered-buildings and conventional frames. Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering, 5(1), pp. 32-43.
James Ware Construction Inc., (n.d.) Retrieved from [Link]
history-of steel-buildings/

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Khan, L. & Tudor, K. (n.d.). Concrete vs. steel frame considerations. Retrieved from
[Link]>fall>images>PDFs

Madseu, J.J.(n.d.). The history and importance of concrete. Retrieved from

[Link]

McKenzie, W.M.C.(2006). Examples in structural analysis. Retrieved from

[Link]

Mills, A. (2010). Analysis of the cost performance of structural building frames in Australia, in
proceedings of the 7th ICEC World Congress & 14th PAQS Congress: Sustainable cost
management: Borderless innovation. Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers,
Singapore, pp. 1-15.
Shaikh, A.N. & Tanaji, B.A. (2015). Analysis of reinforced concrete building with different
arrangement of concrete and steel bracing system. Journal of Mechanical and Civil,
12(5), pp.8-12. Doi: 10.9790/1684-12550812
Steel frame structures, (n.d.) Retrieved from [Link]
[Link]
Yakut, A.(n.d.).Reinforced concrete frame construction. Middle East Technical University:
Turkey. Retrieved from [Link]

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE

I. Profile of the Respondents

Name:
Sex:
a.) Check your field Engineer Architect
b.) Number of years in the profession
[ ] 0-5 [ ] 6-10 [ ] 11 and above
c.) Number of buildings accomplished
[ ] 0-5 [ ] 6-10 [ ] 11 and above
II. 1.) Dichotomous type of questionnaire: Below are the different features to be
considered in selecting a structural building frame. Pick the box of your
corresponding choice of building frame.
CONCRETE STEEL
1. Strength and Safety
(In times of typhoons, earthquakes, floods, fire, hurricane and
strong winds, which of these two structural building can pass the
toughness of these phenomenon?)

2. Material availability
(Which of these materials (reinforced concrete-steel) is easier to
find depending on place where the building is built?)

3. Environmental impact
(For example, there will be a construction in a barangay with a lot
of residents, upon constructing the building which of the two
structural building frames must be used to lessen the harmful
effect on the residents?)

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4. Cost effectiveness
(Imagine that you will build a two building with the same design,
you will use concrete on the first and steel on the second building,
which of the following structural frames will cost more?)

5. Construction Scheduling
(Which is easier to build? Which of the following structural
frames can be done with a short period of time?)

6. Design Possibilities
(An Architect designed a house with a complicated design
because her client wants to have a unique house structure, which
of the following structural building frames is easier to mold into
different designs?)

7. Life-span
(Which of two structural building frames can last longer?)

2. Give your own perception on the advantages and disadvantages of the two structural
building frames.
CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

STEEL
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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Signature Over Printed Name

License No. :_____________

APPENDIX B: LETTER FOR QUESTIONNAIRE

November 2017

Sir/ Madam:
Marian Greetings!
In partial fulfillment of our requirement in Practical Research 2, we, the students from
STEM 12-I are having a research entitled “Structural Building Frame Preference Of Engineers
and Architects In Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela: Concrete vs. Steel”.
In relation to this, we are humbly asking for your kind cooperation to answer the given
questions provided in the questionnaire.
We are thankful for your participation and sincere cooperation regarding this matter.
God Bless!
Respectfully yours,
De Gracia, Ivan Jasper Mann P.
Marana, Marjorie Ann B.
Matias, Lorraine Grace L.
Morallos, Mark Joshua F.

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Ventura, Jesson C.

Noted by:

Mr. Denson M. Liday, M.A. Dr. Henry C. Navarro

Research Teacher School Principal

CURRICULUM VITAE

Ivan Jasper Mann P. De Gracia

#8 San Francisco St., Turod Norte, Cordon, Isabela

Mobile Number: 09958717328

E-mail Address: Jasperdegracia@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 23, 1999

Place of Birth: Malvar, Santiago City

Civil status: Single

Age: 17

Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic

Mother: Vivian Irene P. De Gracia

Father: Manny M. De Gracia

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EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Elementary: Cordon Arcangels Montessori School (2006-2012)

Junior High School: Infant Jesus Montessori School (2012-2016)

Senior High School: Saint Mary’s University (2016-2018)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Marjorie Ann B. Marana

Careb, Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya

Mobile Number: 09754081945

E-mail Address: [Link]@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: October 16, 2000

Place of Birth: Veterans Regional Hospital

Civil Status: Single

Age: 17

Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic

Mother: Ruby Ann B. Marana

Father: Marojess A. Marana

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EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT’

Elementary: Careb Elementary School (2006-2012)

Junior High School: Bagabag National High School (2012-2016)

Senior High School: Saint Mary’s University (2016-2018)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Lorraine Grace L. Matias

Buliwao, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya

Mobile Number: 09361846035

E-mail Address: himeraine@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: February 24, 2000

Place of Birth: Buliwao, Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya

Civil status: Single

Age: 17

Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic

Mother: Leticia L. Matias

Father: Eligio C. Matias

EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

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Elementary: Buliwao Elementary School (2006-2012)

Junior High School: Quezon National High School (2012-2016)

Senior High School: Saint Mary’s University (2016-2018)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Mark Joshua F. Morallos

Brgy. Quirino, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya

Mobile Number: 09364589946

E-mail Address: mjmorallos08@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: March 11, 2000

Place of Birth: Veterans Regional Hospital

Civil status: Single

Age: 17

Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic

Mother: Elenita F. Morallos

Father: Mario Neil B. Morallos

EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Elementary: Solano South Central School (2006-2012)

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Junior High School: Saint Louis School (2012-2016)

Senior High School: Saint Mary’s University (2016-2018)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Jesson C. Ventura

Antonio, Alicia, Isabela

Mobile Number: 09260034646

E-mail Address: jessonv10@[Link]

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: May 23, 2000

Place of Birth: Cauayan Specialist Hospital

Civil status: Single

Age: 17

Religious Affiliation: Seventh Day Adventist

Mother: Marilyn C. Ventura

Father: Jess P. Ventura

EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT

Elementary: Alicia Adventist Multi-grade School (2006-2012)

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Junior High School: Northeast Luzon Adventist College (2012-2016)

Senior High School: Saint Mary’s University (2016-2018)

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