TELECOMMUNICATION

A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by

DAMAN KHURANA
42914802717

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology

 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Hisar

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that the summer training project report entitled “Telecommunication” is a
bonafide record of the work done by Mr. DAMAN, atBHARAT SANCHAR
NIGAM LIMITED, SANGRUR, for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the four year degree of Bachelors in Technology in COMPUTER
SCIENCE ENGINEERING, carried out under my supervision during June 10,2019 to
July 6, 2019

Dy G.M.
TELECOM

O/o GMT ,BSNL

SANGRUR

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This summer training is of an immense academic record ano his

performance.

I would like to thank Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), SANGRUR that gave
me
thehonor of completing my summer training. I would like to thank all the employees
and associates of BSNL who helped me in understanding the activities of the
organization. My hearties thanks are due to MR. GURSHARN SINGH (JTO) who
encouraged me to cope up with the problems that I faced during this time.

DAMAN

Enrollment Number: 42914802717

3
 ABOUT THE COMPANY (BSNL)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15th

september2000 . It took over the business of providing of
telecom services and network management from the erstwhile
Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS)
and Telecom Operations (DTO), with effect from 1st October‘
2000 on going concern [Link] is one of the largest & leading
public sector units providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India.

BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country &

now focusing on improving it, expanding the network,
introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in
villages & winning customer's confidence. Today, it has about
36.42 million line basic telephone capacity, 7.13 million
WLL capacity, 95.96 million GSM capacity, 34,727 fixed
exchanges, 1,17,090 GSM BTSs, 9,594 CDMA Towers, 102
Satellite Stations, 7,73,976 RKm. of OFC, 4751 RKm. of
microwave network connecting 646 districts,
4519cities/towns & 6.25 lakhs villages .

BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts &

planned initiatives to bridge the rural-urban digital divide in ICT
sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to beat
its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook &
corner of the country & operates across India except New Delhi
& Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier
or North-Eastern regions of the country, BSNL serves its

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 customers with a wide bouquet of telecom services namely
Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, Internet,
Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP, IN
Services, FTTH, etc.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol

convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services
like voice, data & video through the same Backbone &
Broadband Access Network. At present there are 21.86 million
broadband customers including both wireline & wireless
broadband.
During the 2017-18, turnover of BSNL is around Rs. 31,160 Crores.

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 ABSTRACT

This study is about the telecommunication and its advantages and also its types.
Telecommunication means making communication over the telephone lines
and signal. The telecommunication aims at the economic development of the
country and its aim is provide communication at the wider level.
Telecommunications have improved people's ability to stay in touch with
friends and family. Telecom is one of the fastest growing industries in India.
Today India stands as the second-largest telecommunications market in the
world.
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means,
particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. The word is
often used in its plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many
different technologies
Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as
beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs,signal flags, and optical
heliographs. Modern technologies for long-distance communication usually
involve electrical and electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph,
telephone, and teleprinter , networks, radio,microwave transmission, fiber
optics, and communications satellites.
The focus on telecom reflects the significant contribution that this sector can make to
economic growth in the [Link] is substantial evidence that telecom
significantly enhances economic opportunities in both rural and urban areas.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO
NO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

2 ABOUT THE COMPANY(BSNL) vi

3 ABSTRACT vii

4 CONTENTS viii

5 LIST OF FIGURES ix

6 LIST OF TABLES ix

7 INTRODUCTION TO BSNL 10-11

8 WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION 12-15

NETWORK

9 LEASED LINES 16-17

10 INTRANET 18-20

11 CORPORATE NETWORK 21-23

12 WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY) 24-26

13 WIMAX 27-31

14 GSM 32-34

15 (GPRS) 35

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 16 CDMA 36-37

17 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 38-40

18 REFERENCE 41

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Fig 2.1 How Line Reaches From Subscriber To Exchange 12

Fig 2.2 MDF 14

Fig 4.1 Intranet Network 19

Fig 5.1 Corporate Network 22

Fig 6.1 WI-FI Network 25

Fig 7.1 WIMAX Network Architecture 30

Fig 8.1 Basic GSM Network 33

Fig 11.1 Optical Fibre Transmission 39

Fig 11.2 Propagation of Light Through Fibre 40

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

Table 5.1 Difference Between Traditional and Ideal Network 21

Table 7.1 Reference Points 31

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 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION TO BSNL

India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South
Korea.
The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.
TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER
COUNTRY: INDIA
AVAILABILITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI
OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

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WEBSITE: [Link]

1.1 How BSNL Came Into Market

The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center
for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous
technologies and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon
after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar
Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in [Link] Telecom Commission was
established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the institutional reform of the Indian
telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 – the
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure investors that the
sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000, DoT
corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

1.2 Institutional Framework

It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic
activity and behavior. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro
Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA)
and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA). In India, DoT is the nodal agency for
taking care of telecom sector on behalf of government.
Its basic functions are:
· Policy Formulation
· Review of performance
· Licensing
· Wireless spectrum management
· Administrative monitoring of PSUs
· Research & Development
· Standardization/Validation of Equipment

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1.3 BSNL Contribution To Development Of Telecom
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service
providers role from DOT. BSNL’s roadmap for providing customer with access to
the latest telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service
access has been by way of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and
accelerating advances in technological component by innovative absorption.
Achievements Of BSNL:
● BSNL has a customer base of over 11.62 crore and is the fourth largest
integrated telecom operator in the country.
● BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission
network.
● BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.

CHAPTER-2 WORKING OF BASIC

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call
from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice
versa.

2.1 Call Setup

● When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the
nearest switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication
Network). Then it processes the caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in
the same BSC then call setup is completed.

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 ● If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call
transfer to MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior
BSC then call setup is completed.
● If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now
call transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is
completed.

Fig 2.1 How line reaches from subscriber to exchange

Function OfEchange

· Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by
two type of signaling:
1. Inchannelsignaling
2. Common channel signaling
3. Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of
signaling network.
4. Charging and billing.

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2.2 Electronic Exchange

● All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

● Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For
each call processing step decision is taken according to class of service.

2.3 Carrier Room

Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:
1. Conventional leased line system
2. MLLN

2.3.1 Conventional Leased Line System

● It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company
requesting for that network.
● Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
● For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)
● Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received
here and local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
● Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be
handled by the department meant for it.
● Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
● For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through
optical fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.

2.3.2 Managed Leased Line Network

● No open wiring.
● Route can be changed by the computer software
● In Hisar Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

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2.4 MDF (Main Distribution Frame)
M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a
termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment
and terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires.

Fig 2.2 MDF

2.4.1 Functions Of MDF

● All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are
terminated and distributed through MDF.
● The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both
sides. Each jumper is a twisted wire.
● It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main
Exchange area.
● The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coil and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
● It provides testing of calls.
● It checks whether fault is indoor or external.

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 ● All lines terminate individually.
2.5 Power Plant
● It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.
● Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
● Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
● There is earth region too for protection.

CHAPTER-3 LEASED LINES

3.1 Introduction
A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection
between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for
telephone, data, or Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to
geographically distant offices because it guarantees bandwidthfor network traffic.
For example, a bank may use a leased line in order to easily transfer financial
information from one office to another. Customers generally pay a flat monthly rate
for the service depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not
have telephone numbers. The information sent through the leased line travels along
dedicated secure channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared networks.

3.2 Drawbacks Of Traditional Leased Line Circuits

● Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards
support only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
● From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes
from different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
● No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
● The solution to this is MLLN.

3.3 MLLN ( Managed Leased Line Network )

The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and
monitoring on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit
efficiency is increased.

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This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048 Kbps.

3.3.1 MLLN Features

● MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform
through which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal
cost to business subscriber.
● Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS,
high availability & reliability.
● Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations &
maintenance is carried out through ROT (Remote Operating Terminal).
● NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning &
service monitoring.
● System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing
& fault isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure,
software programmability of NTU etc.
● Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting &
Internet service Provider are the main customers for MLLN.

3.3.1 MLLN Advantages

● 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.
● Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
● On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.
● Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
● Long drive on single copper pair.( for 64 kbps – 7 kms& for 2mbps – 3.5
kms) ● Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.

3.3.1 Application Of MLLN

● Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
● LAN interconnection.

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 ● Hotline connectivity for voice.
● Point to point connection for data circuit.
● Point to multipoint connection.

CHAPTER-4 INTRANET

4.1 Intranet
● Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create
enterprise-wide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
● It may or may not include connection to Internet.
● Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and
web protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
● This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver
the immense informational resources of an organization to each individual’s
desktop with minimal cost, time and effort.
● The Intranet defines your organization and displays it for everyone to see.

Features Of Intranet
● It is scalable.
● It is Interchangeable.
● It is platform independent
● It is Hardware independent.
● It is vendor independent.

Why Intranet For An Organization

● Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
● Variety of valuable Intranet applications improves communication and
productivity across all areas of an enterprise.
● A 21st Century Telephone.
● An ISO Tool.
● A Target Marketing Tool.
● A Decision Making Tool.

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 ● A Complete Communication Tool.

Fig 4.1 Intranet network

Applications Of Intranet
● Publishing Corporate documents.
● Access into searchable directories.
● Excellent Mailing Facilities.
● Proper Sharing of Information.
● Developing Groupware Applications.

Technical Overview Of Intranet Technology

Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of
servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed
over the corporate LAN. A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end
machine called a server which can be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred
to as clients, through the network. The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive,
especially if your users are already connected by LAN.

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Intranet Applications In A Circle
● Every circle must have an intranet server which should have the following:
● All posting/transfer/relieving orders issued within circle to be hosted on the
intranet.
● All letters circulars/letters issued from different sections of the circle office to
be hosted on the server for immediate access by SSAs. Each section in circle
office Administration, Operations, Marketing, Finance, Planning,
Computersetc can have web pages hosted on the server.
● A database can be maintained for MIS reports and all other reports to be sent
periodically by
SSAs to circle office. The database can have front end forms designed in ASP or
PHP for the SSAs to input the data. Separate programs can be developed to
consolidate the data fed by SSAs.
● All data prepared and /or distributed during SSA heads meetings can be
hosted on the Intranet.
● The implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also
reduce the usage of FAX.

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 CHAPTER-5 CORPORATE NETWORK

5.1 Introduction
A corporate network (CN) is a closed and private computer network that affords
secure communications between geographically dispersed LANs of an enterprise.

Table 5.1 Differences Between Traditional And Ideal Networks

Traditional networks An ideal network

● Informal ● Formal
● Socially oriented ● Business oriented
● Had geographical boundaries ● International infrastructure &
● Were expertise specific exposure
● No access to corporate ● Comprehensive expertise
resources Access to substantial
● ●
Not self sufficient corporate resources self
● sufficient Self sustainable
Not self sustainable No
● ●
corporate governance
policies ●

● Governed by strict values and

principles

The requirement in a Corporate Network is same as ideal network.

5.2 WHY DO BUSINESSES HAVE CORPORATE NETWORK?

A business implements a corporate network to share applications and data between
different computing devices and users in different locations. Unless the application
is web based or database driven, this usually means copying files back and forth
between a network drive and a local computer, where a desktop application is used
to read and/or edit the files. The increasing need to access corporate data from
anywhere has led to changes in the nature of applications, in current model of
corporate network.

A typical corporate network has the following characteristics:

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 ● Many LAN segments.
● More than one network protocol (IP or IPX).
● OSPF-configured areas, if it uses IP.
● Dial-up connectivity for users connecting from home or while traveling.
● Connectivity to external networks.
● Demand-dial connections to branch offices.
● Dedicated circuits to branch offices.

· A corporate network typically uses different types of network media. The different
office segments can be on 10-MB Ethernet or Token Ring networks, but the
backbone network used for connecting the different networks and hosting
servers is usually made up of 100-MB Ethernet . Connectivity to external
networks (the Internet) is over leased lines. Connectivity to branch offices is
either over dial-up line or dedicated media (leased lines).
·

Fig 5.1 Corporate Network

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5.3 Features Of Corporate Network Security
● Complete bullet-proof protection of the remote computers you have on your
network.
● Executable patches can be easily uploaded to all your remote computers and
executed remotely. Easy and intuitive configuration without lots of
complicated configuration files. Everything is configured through the stand-
alone GUI interface from any location where TCP/IP connection to your
corporate network can be established.
● You do not need to physically visit your workstations when you need to
change security settings or install patches.
● The remote client service application is bullet-proof. Your users will not be
able to disable, uninstall or delete it.
● All traffic between the server and the clients is encrypted. All local files are
encrypted as well.
● The server service application and the remote client service application work
as NT services under Windows NT/2000/XP and higher therefore they will
keep working in the log off mode.

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 CHAPTER-6 WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)

6.1 Wi-Fi Network

A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies
such as Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It
provides the final few meters of connectivity between a wired network and the
mobile user. WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broadband
speeds up to 54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs, dual mode Wi-Fi enabled phones etc.

6.2 Working Of Wi-Fi Network

In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the
Access Point (AP) , connects to the wired network from a fixed location using
standard cabling. A wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it
bridges network traffic, usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to
computers with wireless adapters. The AP can reside at any node of the wired
network and acts as a gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the wired network.
It supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access Point (AP) depending on the
network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP
and re-connecting to the network through another AP. Like a cellular phone system,
the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the
network through o ther APs residing at other points on the wired network. This can
allow the wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing
coverage by the use of multiple APs such as in a campus environment. It may be
used as a standalone network anywhere to link multiple computers together without
having to build or extend a wired network.

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 Fig 6.1 Wi-Fi Network

End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are
implemented as cards in desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held
computers. Wi-Fi wireless LAN adapters provide an interface between the client
Network Operating System (NOS) and the airwaves via an antenna.

6.3 Benefits Of Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi offers the following productivity, conveniences, and cost advantages over
traditional wired networks:
● Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can provide LAN users with access to real-time

information anywhere in their organization.

● Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy and

can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.

● Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology allows the network to go where

wire cannot go.

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 ● Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While the initial investment required for Wi-Fi

hardware can be higher than the cost of wired LAN hardware, overall

installation expenses and life-cycle costs can be significantly lower.

● Scalability: Wi-Fi systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to

meet the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations are
easily changed and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small
number of users to full infrastructure networks of thousands of users that
allows roaming over a broad area.
● It offers much high speed up to 54 Mbps which is very much greater than
other wireless access technologies like CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.

6.4 Limitations Of Wi-Fi

● Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60
meters. For 10 square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required,
where as CDMA2000 1xEV-DO requires just 09 sites.
● Roaming: It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread
coverage by one service provider is not possible, which is the key to success
of wireless technology.
● Backhaul: Backhaul directly affects data rate service. Wi-Fi real world data

rates are at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as

signal strength, interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the

remaining throughput further..

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 CHAPTER-7 WIMAX

7.1 Wireless Broadband Services

There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first
type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line
broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed
wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable
modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the
additional functionality of portability, nomadicity and mobility.
WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World -wide Interoperability for

Microwave Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and

mobile broadband applications.

7.2 Salient Features Of WIMAX

● OFDM-based physical layer.
● Very high peak data rates.
● Scalable bandwidth and data rate support.
● Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC).
● Link-layer retransmissions.
● Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA.
● Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation.
● Support for advanced antenna techniques.
● Quality-of-service support.
● Robust security.
● Support for mobility.
● IP-based architecture.

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7.3 EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS:
1. NARROWBAND WIRELESS LOCAL-LOOP SYSTEMS: The first
application for which a wireless alternative was developed and deployed was
voice telephony. These systems, called wireless local-loop (WLL). WLL
systems based on the digital-enhanced cordless telephony (DECT) and code
division multiple access (CDMA) standards continue to be deployed in these
markets. During the same time, several small start-up companies focused
solely on providing Internet- access services using wireless, antennas to be
installed at the customer premises. These early systems typically offered
speeds up to a few hundred kilobits per second. Later evolutions of license-
exempt systems were able to provide higher speeds.
2. FIRST-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: As DSL and cable
modems began to be deployed, wireless systems had to evolve to support
much higher speeds to be competitive. Very high speed systems, called local
multipoint distribution systems (LMDS), supporting up to several hundreds of
megabits per second, were developed. In the late 1990s, one of the more
important deployments of wireless broadband happened in the so-called
multichannel multipoint distribution services (MMDS) band at 2.5GHz. The
MMDS band was historically used to provide wireless cable broadcast video
services, especially in rural areas The first generations of these fixed
broadband wireless solutions were deployed using the same towers that
served wireless cable subscribers. These towers were typically several
hundred feet tall and enabled LOS coverage to distances up to miles, using
high-power transmitter. The advent of satellite TV ruined the wireless cable
business, and operators were looking for alternative ways to use this
spectrum. A few operators began to offer one-way wireless Internet-access
service, using telephone line as the return path.

27
 3. SECOND-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: Second-generation
broadband wireless systems were able to overcome the LOS issue and to
provide more capacity. This was done through the use of a cellular
architecture and implementation of advanced-signal processing techniques to
improve the link and system performance under multipath conditions. Many
solved the NLOS problem by using such techniques as orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM), code division multiple access (CDMA), and
multi antenna processing.

4. WIMAX AND OTHER BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES:

WIMAX is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services.
WiMAX occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G
technologies when compared in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage,
QoS, mobility, and price.

WIMAX Network Architecture

The overall network may be logically divided into three parts:
1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.
2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base
stations and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network
at the edge.
3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all
the IP core network functions.

28
 Fig 7.1 WIMAX Network Architecture

Base Station (BS): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to theMSS.
Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management
functions, such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource
management, QoS policy enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host
Control Protocol) proxy, key management, session management, and multicast group
management.

Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW): The ASN gatewaytypically acts as a

layer 2 traffic aggregation points within an ASN. Additional functions that may be
part of the ASN gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio
resource management and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and
encryption keys, AAA client functionality, establishment and management of
mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement, and foreign agent
functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected CSN.

29
Connectivity Service Network (CSN): The CSN provides connectivity to the
Internet, ASP, other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by
the NSP and includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users,
and specific services. The CSN also provides per user policy management of QoS
and security. The CSN is also responsible for IP address management, support for
roaming between different NSPs, location management between ASNs, and mobility
and roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and inter operator settlement, inter-
CSN tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs.

Reference Points: The WiMAX NWG defines a reference point as a conceptual link
that connects two groups of functions that reside in different functional entities of the
ASN, CSN or MS. Reference points may not be a physical interface except when the
functional entities on either side of it are implemented on different physical devices

Table 7.1 Reference points

Reference point End points Description
R1 MS and CSN Implements the air interface (IEEE
802.16e) specifications.
R2 MS and CSN For authentication, authorization, IP host
configuration management and mobility
management, only a logical interface
between MS and CSN
R3 ASN and CSN Supports AAA, policy enforcement,and
mobility mgmt. capabilities
R4 ASN and ASN A set of protocols originating/terminating
in various entities within the ASN. In
Release I , R4 is the only interoperable
interface between different ASNs or
heterogenous ASNs.

30
 R5 CSN and CSN A set of protocols for interworking
between home and visited network.
R6 BS and ASN-GW A set of control and bearer plane
protocols for communication between BS
and ASN-GW. It may serve as a conduit
for exchange of different MAC states
information between neighboring BSs.
R7 ASN-GW-DP An optional set of control plane protocols
and ASN-GW- for coordination between two group of
EP functions identified in R6.
R8 BS and BS A set of control plane message flows and
bearer plane data flows between BSs to
ensure fast and seamless handover.

CHAPTER-8 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE

COMMUNICATION (GSM)

In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is constant for
whole system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth
among the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used is either TDM
(Time division multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). SM differs
from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are
digital, and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.

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 Fig 8.1 Basic GSM network

8.1 MAIN FEATURES OF GSM:

● Support for voice and data services
● Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells and more customers per cell
● High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at
higher speeds (e.g. from cars, trains) i.e. high transmission quality.
● Authentication via chip-card and PIN. · Worldwide connectivity.
8.2 GSM Subsystems
● RADIO SUBSYSTEM (RSS)
● NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

8.2.1 Radio Subsystem

Mobile Station (MS):
A mobile unit is a transmitter as well as receiver too. It has a SIM (Subscriber
Identity Module) which gives a unique identity of a subscriber. Every mobile unit has
a unique IMIE (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

● A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece of equipment that
facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a
network.
● It encodes, encrypts, modulates and feeds the RF signal to antenna.

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 ● It produces time and frequency synchronization signals.
● It does power control and frequency hopping too.

Base Station Controller (BSC):

● Its main work is to control several transceivers.
● Switching between BTSs
● Managing of network resources
● Mapping of radio channels

8.2.2 Network And Switching Subsystem

This subsystem does mainly switching, mobility management, interconnection to
other networks, system control.

Components
1. Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC):
It controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within
the domain of the MSC – several BSC can belong to a MSC.

:
2. Database
Home Location Register (HLR):
Central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of
all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs).

Visitor Location Register (VLR):

Local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the
domain of the VLR.

8.2.3 Function Of Main Switching Center (MSC):

● Manages communication between GSM and other network (PSTN, Data
Network and GPRS).
● Call setup basic switching, call handling.
● Location register.

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 ● Billing for subscriber

8.3 Features GSM:

● GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.
● GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more
stable network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network.
● The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that
provide secure data encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.

CHAPTER – 9 GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE

(GPRS)

● General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service
available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems, global system for
mobile communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems,
GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbps. It provides moderate speed data
transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels.
● Its supported protocols are Internet Protocol (IP), Point to Point Protocol (PPP)
and X.25.
● GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while
data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of
connection time, independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or
is in an idle state. GPRS is a best effort packet switched service, as opposed to

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 circuit switching, where a certain Quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during
the connection for non-mobile users.
● GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following
services possible:
● “ Always on” Internet access
● Multimedia messaging service (MMS)
● Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT)
● Instant messaging and presence – wireless village
● Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol
(WAP) ●Point to Point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the internet (IP).
● Increase message sending speed 30 messages per minute approximately.

CHAPTER- 10 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

(CDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity for
voice and data communications that other commercial mobile technologies, allowing
more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on
which 3G technologies are built.
CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the same
time and frequency allocations in a given band/space. As it name implies, CDMA
assigns unique codes to each communication to differentiate it from others in the
same spectrum resources, CDMA enables many more people to share the airwaves at
the same time than do alternative technologies.

10.1 Advantages Of CDMA

● Increased cellular communications security.
● Simultaneous conversations
● Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers.
● Smaller phones
● Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by
operators.
● Extended reach-beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

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10.2 Disadvantages Of CDMA:
● Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA’s flaws are not known to the
engineering community.
● CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM. · CDMA
cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.

10.3 Difference Between CDMA And GSM:

● The GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and CDMA for
code division multiple accesses.
● GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among
the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used are either
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing). On the other hand CDMA is a type of multiple access scheme
(which means allotting the given bandwidth to multiple users) and makes use
of spread spectrum technique which is essentially increasing the size of
spectrum.
● In CDMA each user is provided a unique code and all the conversations
between 2 users are coded. This provides a greater level of security to CDMA
users than the
GSM ones.

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 CHAPTER- 11 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM

11.1 Introduction
Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is
transmitted through a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light, following the
transmission sequence give below :
(1) Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.
(2) Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals.
(3) Light Travels down the Fiber.
(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
(5) Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.

Fig 11.1 Optical Fibre Transmission

11.2 ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER:

The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The
inner core is the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference
refractive index that allows total internal reflection of light through the core. The
index of the cladding is less than 1%, lower than that of the core. Most fibers have an
additional coating around the cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and
has no optical properties affecting the propagation of light within the fiber.

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 Fig 11.2 Propagation of light through fibre

11.3 Classification
There are three types of fibers:
(A) Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)
(B) Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)
(C) Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode fiber)

(I) Step-Index Multimode Fiber: It has a large core, up to 100 microns in

diameter. As a result, some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel
a direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. This type of
fiber is best suited for transmission over short distances, in an endoscope, for
instance.
(II) Graded-Index Multimode Fiber: It contains a core in which therefractive
index diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher
refractive index at the center makes the light rays moving down the axis advance
more slowly than those near the cladding. A digital pulse suffers less dispersion.
(III) Single-Mode Fiber: It has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and theindex
of refraction between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for
multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse

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dispersion. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of
this fiber every year.

11.4 Advantages Of Optical Fibres

● SPEED:Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits.

● BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.

● DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be

refreshed or strengthened.

● RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios,

motors or other nearby cables.

● MAINTENANCE:Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

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 REFERENCE

❖ [Link]

❖ [Link]

❖ [Link]

❖ [Link]

❖ [Link]/

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