Sem – I

II Hi
stor
y-I
I

6thJul
y2021

MODULE– 1
I
NTERNATI
ONALI
SM ANDTHEWORLDSYSTEM
 I
nter
nat
ional
i
sm i
sgener
all
yunder
stoodasadoct
ri
neofequal
i
tywhi
ch
bel
i
evest
hatpeopl
eofdi
ff
erentnat
ionsar
eequal
.Itdoesnotbel
i
evei
n
t
hei
deaofbor
der
sorbar
ri
erst
hatsepar
atepeopl
eofonenat
ionf
rom
peopl
eofanot
hernat
ion.
 I
nter
nat
ional
i
sm al
so opposes r
aci
ali
sm and nat
ionalchauvi
nism (
an
i
ntensef
orm ofaggr
essi
venat
ional
i
sm)
,asi
tbel
i
evesi
nthedoct
ri
neof
equal
i
ty.
 I
tis al
so a pol
i
ticalmovementf
oreconomi
c,cul
tur
al,and pol
i
tical
cooper
ati
onamongnat
ions.
 I
tismeantf
ort
hemut
uali
nter
estandul
ti
mat
elyseekst
oest
abl
i
sha
wor
ldgover
nment
.

Or
igi
nofI
nter
nat
ional
i
sm
Schol
arshavegener
all
ytr
acedt
heor
igi
ntot
heFr
enchRevol
uti
on,andi
twas
ar
oundt
hesamet
imet
hatAdam Smi
thgavehi
sideasonFr
eet
rade.I
twast
he
Fr
enchRevol
uti
ont
hatexpl
oit
edt
her
evol
uti
onar
ydoct
ri
nebeyondi
tsbor
der
s.
I
tcompl
etel
yrevol
uti
oni
zedt
heexi
sti
ngt
houghtpr
ocessandt
her
efor
ewecan
t
racet
heor
igi
nher
[Link]
htheFr
enchRevol
uti
onandAdam Smi
thFr
eeTr
ade
doct
ri
nehadani
mpactont
henat
ureoft
heeconomyi
nthewor
ldandt
hisway
st
ates’ monopol
yont
radewasended.

I
sol
ati
oni
sm
Bef
oret
heWW-I
I,USA– t
hel
argesteconomyi
nthewor
ld,wasf
oll
owi
ngt
he
cyofSpl
pol
i endi
dIsol
ati
on– i
tist
hepol
i
cyofnon-i
nvol
vementi
nthepol
i
tics
ofot
hernat
[Link]
icanci
ti
zensdi
d notwantUSA t
o bei
nvol
ved i
nthe
Eur
opeanWar
,however
,int
hiscont
exti
tdi
dnotext
endt
oeconomi
caspect
s.
I
tscent
rali
deai
stokeept
henat
ionali
nter
esti
ntact
.Thi
spol
i
cywascompl
etel
y
r
epl
acedbyt cyofAct
hepol
i iveI
nvol
vementaf
tert
heWW-I
Ibyt
heUSA.
Spl
endi
dIsol
ati
on 
isat
erm usedt
odescr
ibet
he1
9th-cent
uryBr
it
ishdi
plomat
ic
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

pr
act
iceofavoi
dingper
manental
l
iances,par
ti
cul
arl
yundert
hegover
nment
sof
Lor
dSal
i
sbur
ybet
ween1
885and1
902.

RENAI
SSANCE
RENAI
SSANCE:The t
ransi
ti
onalmovementi
n Eur
ope bet
ween medi
evaland
moder
nti
mesbegi
nni
ng i
nthe 1
4th cent
uryi
nIt
aly,l
ast
ing i
ntot
he 1
7th
cent
ury,andmar
kedbyahumani
sti
crevi
valofcl
assi
cali
nfl
uenceexpr
essed
i
naf
lower
ing oft
he ar
tsand l
i
ter
atur
e and byt
he begi
nni
ngsofmoder
n
ence.– Mer
sci ri
am Webst
er

I
tisaFr
enchwor
dmeani
ng‘Rebi
rt
h’.I
tisal
socal
l
edt
he‘Li
ber
ati
onof
humani
tyf
rom adungeon’,becauset
heent
ir
eEur
opewasi
nthemi
ddl
eofa
Dar
kAgesbef
oret
[Link]
ssance waswhatpushed Eur
ope t
owar
dst
he
Moder
n Ages. Renai
ssance has wi
tnessed 5 di
ff
erent ar
eas i
n whi
ch
devel
opmentt
ookpl
ace:
1
.Int
ell
ect
ual
Expansi
on
[Link]
cial
Expansi
on
[Link]
alExpansi
on
[Link]
aphi
cal
Expansi
on
[Link]
ti
sti
cExpansi
on
Thesef
ivear
easwi
tnessedt
remendousdevel
opment
.
Or
igi
nofRenai
ssance
I
tsor
igi
ncanbet
rackedt
o14th cent
uryi
tsel
f,andi
tsper
iodwasf
r 4th-1
om 1 7th
cent
ury.I
twasf
oll
owedbyRenai
ssance-I
Iwhi
chwast
heI
raqenl
i
ght
enment
.
I
tal
yemer
gedast
hecent
reofRenai
[Link]?
I
nFl
orence,I
tal
yther
ewasaMedi
cif
ami
l
ythatwasver
yweal
thyandi
nfl
uent
ial
.
I
trul
edI
tal
yforar
ound70year
[Link]
egr
eatpat
ronsofar
t,andsuch
si
mil
arpat
rons gave r
ise t
othe whol
e movement
.It
aly al
so cr
eat
ed and
r
einf
orced t
he Banki
ng syst
[Link] Chur
ch al
so cont
ri
but
ed a l
ott
othe
Ar
chi
tect
ural
devel
opmentofI
tal
y.
Al
soani
mpor
tantr
easonwasoneoft
hecr
usadeswhi
chcausedt
heByzant
ine
Empi
ret
ofal
l
,whi
chcausedmanyschol
arst
ofl
eet
oIt
alyf
orr
[Link]
ine
Empi
rewast
hel
astoft
heRomanEmpi
re.
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

7thJul
y2021

WhyRenai
ssanceoccur
redi
nIt
aly
Speci
fi
cfact
orswer
e:
Duet
othef
allofConst
ant
inopl
eatt
hehandsoft
heTur
ks,andt
hedecl
i
neof
t
heByzant
ineEmpi
re,manyar
ti
stsandi
ntel
l
ect
ual
sfr
om Byzant
ium f
ledt
o
I
tal
[Link]
sexodusl
edt
oani
nfl
uxofknowl
edgeandski
l
l.
I
tal
yhadaci
ty-st
atesyst
em i
nwhi
chmanyci
ti
eswer
erul
edbyr
uler
sthat
wer
egr
eatpat
ronsofAr
t,andI
tal
i
anci
ti
eswer
equi
ter
ichandi
ndependent
.
I
tal
i
anar
ist
ocr
atswer
eof
tenpat
ronsf
orar
ti
sts,l
eadi
ngt
oaf
lour
ishi
ngofar
t
andcul
tur
[Link]
ronagewasassoci
atedwi
thgoodt
ast
eandpr
est
ige.
 I
tal
i
an ci
ti
es wer
e weal
thy and i
ndependent
.Ther
efor
e,t
hey coul
d
nat
ural
l
ytakedeci
sionsr
egar
dingar
tandcul
tur
e.
 I
tal
i
anci
ti
esdevel
opedascent
resofnavi
gat
ion,wher
epeopl
ewer
e
t
rai
nedf
ornavi
gat
ioni
nthehi
ghseaswhi
chl
edt
oal
otofadvent
urer
s
t
ogat
hert
rai
[Link]
swasdonef
ort
hepur
poseofdi
scover
ingnew
l
andsandr
out
es,whi
chgavepusht
oRenai
ssancei
nIt
alybywayof
geogr
aphi
calexpansi
on.
Oneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantf
ami
l
ieswast
heMedi
ciFami
l
[Link]
gedas
agr
eatpat
ronf
orar
ti
sts.

Now,somegener
alf
act
orst
hatgavewayt
oRenai
ssancewer
e:
 Decl
i
neofFeudal
i
sm:Theent
ir
emedi
evalwor
ldwi
tnessedt
hismodeof
pr
oduct
i 3th cent
on.Endof1 uryonwar
ds,Eur
opewi
tnessedadecl
i
nei
n
Feudal
i
sm whi
chgavewayt
omer
cant
il
[Link]
i
neoff
eudal
i
sm was
ani
mpor
tantf
act
orasf
eudal
i
sm hi
nder
sdevel
opmentand sci
ent
if
ic
t
emper
,andi
tsdecl
i
negavewayt
oanew modeofpr
oduct
ion.
 Decl
i
ne oft
he Papacy:Ther
e wasa decl
i
ne i
nthe aut
hor
it
yoft
he
papacyandi
nthef
ait
hoft
heUni
ver
salChur
ch.I
twasbecauset
he
schol
arsst
art
edcr
it
ici
zingt
hemal
pract
icesoft
heChur
[Link]
ch
wassel
l
ingal
ett
ercal
l
edt
he‘i
ndul
gencel
ett
er’ whi
chpr
omi
sedt
o
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

f
reeaper
sonf
rom si
[Link]
hisl
ett
eronehadt
opayahef
tysum,
andsuchcor
rupt
ioncamei
ntol
i
ghtandwasat
tackedbyschol
ars.
Al
so,t
hepr
iestofachur
chwassupposedt
obeacel
i
bat
[Link]
tet
his,
t
hey had concubi
nes and had chi
l
dren f
rom t
hem;t
hisl
ed t
othe
deci
mat
ionofval
uest
hatt
hechur
chhel
dsacr
edandwascr
it
ici
zedby
t
heschol
ars.
Al
so,t
heknowl
edgesyst
em wasmonopol
i
zedbyt
hechur
chandt
hus
when t
he decl
i
ne happened,new knowl
edge and i
deas st
art
ed t
o
emer
gewhi
chgaver
iset
other
enai
ssance.
Theconf
li
ctbet
weenChur
chandSt
ateal
socont
ri
but
edt
othedecl
i
ne,
andati
tsbackdr
op,Secul
ari
sm emer
ged.
 Emer
gence oft
he Pr
int
ing Pr
ess:Gut
enber
gfi
rstbr
oughtoutt
he
pr
int
ingpr
essi
nthemi 5th cent
d-1 [Link]
int
ingPr
essenabl
edt
he
spr
eadofi
deasandi
nfor
mat
iont
[Link]
arsal
sohel
pedby
enl
i
ght
eni
ngt
hepeopl
ethr
ought
hei
rwr
it
ing.
 Rol
eofEur
opeanUni
ver
sit
ies:TheUni
ver
sit
ieshaddevel
opedsever
al
cent
res of l
ear
ning. They awakened t
he spi
ri
t of cur
iosi
ty and
scept
ici
sm.
 Geogr
aphi
calExpl
orat
ion:Thesebr
oughtnew knowl
edge,overwhi
ch
t
heChur
chdi
dnothavemonopol
[Link]
rcumnavi
gat
ionoft
heEar
thal
so
t
ookpl
ace,andmadepeopl
equest
ionvar
iousi
deasoft
heChur
ch,l
i
ke
t
heFl
atEar
tht
heor
y.

Aspect
sofRenai
ssance
When we t
alk aboutRenai
ssance,names l
i
ke Leonar
do Da Vi
nci
,Wi
l
li
am
Shakespear
e,JohnMi
l
ton,Gal
i
leo,Coper
nicus,Fr
anci
sBacon,Bar
uchSpi
noza,
Mi
gueldeCer
vant
es,et
[Link]
omi
[Link]
doDaVi
nci
,forexampl
e,was
notj
ustagr
eatar
ti
st,butal
soagr
eatengi
neer
.
Wewi
l
lnowcomet
othedi
ff
erentf
iel
dsi
nwhi
chdevel
opmentt
ookpl
ace.

8thJul
y2021
I
mpor
tantNamesi
nAr
t,Sci
ence,andLi
ter
atur
efr
om Renai
ssance
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

 Leonar
do Da Vi
nciused speci
alt
echni
ques i
n hi
s pai
nti
ngs – l
i
ke
shadow and l
i
ghtcombi
nat
[Link]
e wer
ethi
nlayer
sfound i
n hi
s
pai
nti
ng,Monal
i
sa,t
hatmadei
tspeci
al.
 Mi
chel
angel
owasal
soagr
eatar
ti
standscul
ptur
ear
ti
[Link]
eat
eda
mast
erpi
ece cal
l
ed ‘The LastJudgement
’.He al
so cr
eat
ed cal
l
ed
‘Davi
d’ whi
chdepi
ctedacer
tai
nknowl
edgeofhumananat
omy.
 Ther
e was anot
hergr
eatpai
ntercal
l
ed Raphael
,who pai
nted t
he
‘Si
sti
neMadonna’ – Vi
rgi
nMar
yhol
dingBabyChr
ist
.
 I
nthef
iel
dofsci
ence,Ni
chol
asCoper
nicusgavet
heHel
i
ocent
ri
ctheor
y
oft
hesol
arsyst
em.
 Gal
i
leowasal
soagr
eatmanofsci
enceandast
ronomydi
scover
edt
he
t
[Link]
sopr
opoundedt
hel
awsofpendul
um.
 Wi
l
li
am Har
veydi
scover
edt
heci
rcul
ati
onofbl
ood.
 Andr
easVesal
i
uswast
hef
atherofModer
nAnat
omy.
 I
nthef
iel
dofl
i
ter
atur
e,agr
eatcont
ri
but
ionwasNi
col
oMachi
avel
l
i’s
‘The Pr
ince’.He wr
ote aboutst
ate-cr
aft
.Anot
heri
mpor
tantwor
k
at
tri
but
edt
ohi
mis‘Fl
orent
ineHi
stor
ies’.
 Thomas Mor
e aut
hor
ed ‘Ut
opi
a’,anot
heri
mpor
tantwor
k.I
twas
i
mpor
tantbecauseoft
heuni
quei
magi
nat
iondi
spl
ayedi
nit
.
 The1
3Dr
amasofWi
l
li
am Shakespear
ewer
eal
soi
mpor
tant
.
 Anot
heri
mpor
tantname i
s John Mi
l
ton,whose f
amous wor
k was
‘Par
adi
seLost
’,whi
chwasabouthow t
empt
ati
onl
edt
othef
allof
Adam andEve.
 Cer
vant
esaut
hor
ed‘DonQui
xot
e’.I
twascal
l
edt
hef
ir
stmoder
nnovel
.
 Dant
e wasanot
heri
mpor
tantRenai
ssance man who aut
hor
ed ‘The
Di
vi
neComedy’.I
twaspr
imar
il
yaboutt
hesoul
s’ j
our
neyt
owar
dsGod.

Doct
ri
nest
hatemer
gedf
rom Renai
ssance
 Cl
assi
cism:I
tmeanst
her
eadi
ngoft
hecl
assi
cs,l
i
keCi
cer
o,Vi
rgi
l
,et
c.,
notonl
ybecauseofdi
scussi
onsonr
eli
gion,butal
soasawayt
oenj
oy
t
hesecl
assi
csoutofasheeri
nter
est
.Thesecl
assi
csr
emai
nedhi
dden,
unt
ilnow,whent
heywer
erevi
vedasar
esul
toft
hist
rend,andcaused
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

peopl
etodevel
opgr
eati
nter
esti
nreadi
ngt
hesecl
assi
cs.
 Humani
sm:I
tpr
imar
il
ycanbeunder
stoodi
nthecont
extofdepi
cti
onof
ar
twor
kthr
oughemphasi
sonnat
ural
,human,andsensual
.Anexampl
e
coul
dbeSt
atueofDavi
d,whi
chi
sanudedepi
cti
onoft
heper
[Link]
wer
ether
efor
eiconocl
ast
ici
n nat
[Link] i
tled t
o Lat
in becomi
ng a
medi
um ofi
nst
ruct
ioni
nUni
ver
sit
iesandHumani
ti
esasubj
ect
.Cr
it
ici
sm
and i
ntel
l
ect
ualcur
iosi
ty as appr
oaches emer
ged outofHumani
sm.
Mor
eemphasi
swasal
soputonschol
arl
yresear
ch;af
ew schol
arst
hat
madesi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
ionst
othi
sdoct
ri
newer
eDesi
der
iusEr
asmus
andPet
rar
ch.

9thJul
y2021

 I
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm:Pr
imar
il
y,i
tconnot
est
heessenceofsel
f-sat
isf
act
ionand
gl
ori
fi
cat
ion of i
ndi
vi
dual achi
evement
s t
hat became cent
ral t
o
r
enai
ssancear
ti
[Link]
icedasenseofsel
f-asser
ti
venessandsel
f-
consci
ousness.I
tpr
imar
il
ymeanshow t
hegl
ori
fi
cat
ionofachi
evement
s
ofi
ndi
vi
dual
sbecameaver
ycent
ralt
heme,whi
chwascont
rar
ytopr
e-
r
enai
ssanceper
iodwher
eindi
vi
dual
shar
dlyhadanyi
mpor
[Link]
e
wasal
soani
ncr
easedawar
enessandef
for
tsf
ormass-educat
iont
hat
emer
gedatt
hist
imeasar
esul
toft
her
iseofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm,whi
chwas
ear
li
eri
gnor
[Link]
e,wi
th Mona Li
sa,t
he ent
ir
efocusoft
he
pai
nti
ngwasont
hel
adyi
tsel
fandt
her
eisnor
eli
giousbackgr
oundor
emphasi
sonr
eli
gion,whi
chi
sapr
imeexampl
eofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm.
 Secul
ari
sm:Thi
swasr
esul
tofcent
uri
esofst
ruggl
ebet
weenChur
chand
St
ate.I
tensur
edt
hatr
eli
gionshoul
dnotmeddl
eint
heaf
fai
rsoft
heSt
ate.
Even manyoft
hear
tand l
i
ter
atur
ethatemer
ged dur
ing r
enai
ssance
wer
eessent
ial
l
ynon-r
eli
giousi
nnat
[Link]
e,MonaLi
sai
tsel
f
was non-r
eli
gious i
n nat
ure. That r
efl
ect
s not onl
ythe i
dea of
i
ndi
vi
dual
i
sm butal
sot
hesecul
ardoct
ri
ne.

Fact
orsf
orGeogr
aphi
calDi
scover
iesdur
ingRenai
ssance
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

Onecanst
ateei
theroft
wot
hings– geogr
aphi
caldi
scover
iesgavewayt
o
r
enai
ssanceorr
enai
ssancegavewayt
ogeogr
aphi
caldi
scover
ies– andbe
r
ighti
nbot
hthei
nst
[Link]
’sl
ookatvar
iousf
act
orst
hatgavewayt
o
geogr
aphi
cal
discover
ies:
 Tr
adebet
weenAsi
aand Eur
ope:Ther
ewasanal
readyexi
sti
ng t
rade
goi
ngonbet
weenAsi
aandEur
[Link]
om Asi
a,i
twasgoi
ngt
hrought
he
Redsea,t
henbyEgypt
,andf
inal
l
ytheMedi
ter
raneanseai
nor
dert
o
r
each Eur
[Link] l
and r
out
efort
rade wasbl
ocked when t
he Tur
ks
capt
ured Const
ant
inopl
e,and i
n or
dert
o cont
inue t
he t
rade,outof
necessi
ty,gavewayf
orgeogr
aphi
caldi
scover
[Link]
mpor
tant
commodi
tyi
nthi
str
adewer
etheAsi
anspi
ces,whi
chwer
ever
ypopul
ar
i
nEur
ope.
 TheChr
ist
ianMi
ssi
onar
ies:Thef
act
orofGod,Gol
d,andGl
oryal
sol
edt
o
geogr
aphi
caldi
scover
[Link]
ssi
onar
ies,andevent
heChur
chal
so
f
inancedt
henew r
out
esf
ort
headvent
ures,wi
thanai
mtor
eachand
conver
tmor
epeopl
eint
otheChr
ist
ianf
ait
h.
 Decl
i
neoft
heFeudalSyst
em:I
tledt
oadvancement
sinsci
encewhi
ch
al
sohadani
mpactongeogr
aphi
calexpl
orat
[Link]
hispoi
nti
nti
me,
t
hecompasswasnotdevel
opedandt
heexpl
orer
swer
edependenton
t
hePol
eSt
arf
ordi
rect
[Link]
encedevel
oped,t
hecompasscame
i
ntoexi
stencewhi
chwasanachi
evementoft
her
enai
ssance.
 Vi
si
tsofMar
coPol
o:Hevi
si
tedbot
hIndi
aandChi
nai
nthe1
200s.I
nhi
s
t
ravelj
our
nal
s,hedi
scussed t
hei
mmenseweal
tht
hatbot
hIndi
aand
Chi
napossessedandhi
sdepi
cti
onsofI
ndi
aasagol
denbi
rdort
hel
and
oft
hegol
dfi
redt
hei
magi
nat
ionoft
hewest
ernadvent
urer
[Link]
swast
he
r
easonwhymanyoft
heexpl
orer
swant
edt
oreachI
ndi
a.

I
mpor
tantGeogr
aphi
calDi
scover
iesdur
ingRenai
ssance
 I
ntheyear1
486,Bar
thol
omew Di
as,aPor
tugueseexpl
orer
,di
scover
ed
t
[Link]
sbecameanal
ter
nat
ivet
rader
out
ewhen
t
hel
andr
out
ewasbl
ockedbyt
heOt
tomans.
 I
nthe year1
498,Vasco De Gama,a Por
tuguese expl
orer
,reached
Cal
i
cuti
nKer
ala,f
ort
hef
ir
stt
imef
oraPor
tuguese.
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

 Col
umbus,upon r
eachi
ng WestI
ndi
es,pr
edi
cted a vastl
and mass
beyond t
he WestI
ndi
es coast
,whi
ch gave r
ise t
othe di
scover
y of
Amer
[Link]
sis why,even t
hough Amer
icus l
anded i
n Amer
ica,
Col
umbusi
scr
edi
tedf
ort
hedi
scover
yofAmer
ica.
 Fer
dinand Mangel
i
nwast
hef
ir
stper
sont
o ci
rcumnavi
gat
etheent
ir
e
gl
obe,st
art
inghi
sjour
neyi
n151
[Link]
art
edhi
sjour
neyf
rom Spai
n,and
t
hencr
ossedt
heAt
lant
icOcean(
themostt
urbul
entofal
loceans)
,and
t
henr
eachedSout
hAmer
[Link]
om Sout
hAmer
ica,heent
eredi
ntot
he
Paci
fi
cOcean(
themostpeacef
ulofal
loceans)
,thenr
eachesPhi
l
ippi
nes,
wher
ehehadabr
awl
wit
hthel
ocal
peopl
eandgotki
l
[Link]
terhi
sdeat
h,
hi
sent
ir
e cr
ew r
eached backt
o Spai
n and hence i
scr
edi
ted f
ort
he
ci
rcumnavi
gat
[Link]
sal
sol
edt
othedebunki
ngoft
heFl
atEar
tht
heor
y.

Consequences/
Impact
sofGeogr
aphi
calDi
scover
ies
 Expansi
onofKnowl
edge:I
texpandedt
hel
ear
ningandknowl
edgeabout
t
hewor
[Link]
esul
t,t
heout
lookandat
ti
tudeofpeopl
etowar
dst
he
wor
ldal
sowast
ransf
ormed.
 Br
oughtMar
it
imeSupr
emacyf
orEur
ope:Thesebr
oughti
mmenseweal
th
f
orr
enai
[Link]
ingt
hist
ime,noi
ndi
vi
dualcoul
ddoexpl
orat
ionon
t
hei
rownunl
esst
heywer
esponsor
edbyt
heSt
[Link]
e,when
VascoDeGamacamet
oIndi
a,seaexpl
orat
ionwasr
isky(
get
ti
ngl
ost
andmenaceofpi
rat
es)
;despi
tet
hatpeopl
etookupexpl
orat
ionbecause
t
he r
etur
nswer
eimmensel
yhi
[Link] i
n hi
scase,Vasco De Gama
ear
ned a pr
ofi
twhi
ch was60 t
imest
he expendi
tur
e.I
nthe f
iel
d of
mer
cant
il
istent
erpr
ise,Spai
nandPor
tugalwer
etheear
li
est
,andwer
e
f
oll
owedbyBr
it
ain,Fr
ance,Hol
l
and,et
c.
 Commer
cialRevol
uti
on:Asar
esul
toft
his,commer
cialr
evol
uti
onwas
made possi
[Link]
ri
est
hatwer
e neart
he sea became i
mpor
tant
cent
res f
ort
rade,commer
ce,and busi
[Link]
s gave way f
ora
commer
cial
revol
uti
on,subsequent
ly.
 Evol
uti
onoft
heBanki
ngSyst
em:Pr
imar
il
y,i
tmeanst
hedevel
opmentof
t
hemoder
nbanki
ngsyst
[Link]
orer
swant
edsecur
it
yfort
hei
rdeposi
ts,
andasar
esul
tthesyst
em devel
opedi
nt 5th-1
he1 6th cent
[Link]
ntSt
ock
Sem – I
II Hi
stor
y-I
I

Compani
es (
anyone coul
d buy i
ntot
he Compani
es)al
so came i
nto
exi
stence(
li
ket
heEastI
ndi
aCompany)
.Insur
ancecompani
esal
socame
i
ntoexi
stenceasar
esul
toft
hegeogr
aphi
cal
expansi
on.
 Col
oni
sat
ion:Col
oni
ali
sm woul
d nothave been possi
ble wi
thoutt
he
devel
opmentoft
he t
rade and sea r
out
[Link]
om t 8th cent
he 1 uryt
o
begi
nni he20thcent
ngoft urywasaner
aforcol
oni
sat
ion.
 Sl
aveTr
ade:Thi
sal
sogavewayf
ort
hesl
avet
[Link]
ri
cawasami
nef
or
sl
avest
hatwer
e bei
ng expor
ted t
o Eur
ope and Amer
ica.I
nAmer
ica,
i
nit
ial
l
yitwasal
lEur
opeanst
hatcol
oni
sedi
tandt
hesl
aveswer
eusedas
i
ndent
uredl
abour
s.
 Spr
eadofEur
opeanCul
tur
e:Chr
ist
iani
tyspr
eadi
ngt
hroughoutt
hegl
obe
al
ong wi
th var
ious f
acet
s oft
he Eur
opean cul
tur
e was a r
esul
tof
geogr
aphi
cal
expansi
onandexpl
orat
ion.