Advanced Calculus Assignment 1
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Debasish TAdvanced Calculus Assignment 1
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Debasish TCommon questions
Powered by AIThe expansion of \( \sin(xy) \) around \( x=1 \) and \( y=\frac{\pi}{2} \) using Taylor series up to third degree terms involves calculating partial derivatives and applying factorial normalization. Starting with \( \sin(xy) \approx \sin(\frac{\pi}{2}) + (xy-\frac{\pi}{2})\cos(\frac{\pi}{2})\), further derivatives evaluated at the point will contribute higher degree terms, but due to zero derivative values at the origin, only linearization is relevant within third degree will feature the initial terms without added complexity.
FALSE. A continuous function from \( \mathbb{R} \) to \( \mathbb{R}^2 \) implies that the image of an interval in \( \mathbb{R} \) (a connected set) must be connected. However, the set \( \{ (n, \frac{1}{n}) \mid n \in \mathbb{N} \} \) is clearly not connected in \( \mathbb{R}^2 \), hence no such continuous function exists.
Given that \( f \) is thrice differentiable and has specific boundary values, by applying Rolle's theorem between any successive critical points, we can infer there are at least three distinct roots for \( g'(x) = 0 \) since \( f(0) = -1 \), \( f(1) = 2 \), \( f(3) = -2 \), and \( f(4) = 4 \) implies negatives and positives require at least changes in slopes, making at least one change per interval between these points.
The symmetry in the expression \((x^2 + y^2) \log(x^2 + y^2)\) around the point \((0,0)\) allows \( f_{xy}(0,0) = f_{yx}(0,0) \) despite lack of overall continuity. The terms derived from \((x^2 + y^2)\) dominate asymmetrically approaching from different directions, but symmetry allows equality, while neither achieves continuity across all directions.
For a non-constant continuous function \( f: \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R} \), if \( f(x, y) = 5 \) on the open set \( x^2 + y^2 < 1 \), \( f \) must be constant on this open set by the property of connectedness, contradicting non-constancy. Hence, such a function does not exist.
Taylor's expansion assumes smoothness (differentiability to all orders) near expansion points. For \( f(x, y) = \sqrt{|xy|} \), \( \sqrt{|xy|} \) loses differentiability at the origin \((0,0)\) and within many paths towards it, since derivatives involving absolute values become non-smooth at zero, invalidating any power series expansion across points including origin.
The function is not continuous at \( (0,0) \) since approaching \( (0,0) \) along different lines (e.g., \( y = mx \)) gives different limits. Hence the limit is path-dependent and does not exist. The first-order partial derivatives exist everywhere except possibly at \( (0,0) \), as their limit behavior must also be checked separately.
The limit does not exist. By evaluating the expression along different paths such as \( y = 0 \) and \( x = 0 \), or \( y = x^{\frac{21}{12}}, \) different values for the limit can be obtained, demonstrating path-dependency and thus non-existence of the limit.
At \((0,0)\), \( f_{xy} \neq f_{yx} \) implies a failure of Clairaut's theorem, usually due to a lack of continuity of one or both partials at the point. The specific forms of \( f_{xy} \) and \( f_{yx} \) yield expressions that do not converge to the same limit as \((x, y)\) approach \((0,0)\) from various directions, indicating non-continuity.
Since \( f(c) > 0 \), and \( f(a) = f(b) = 0 \), by Rolle's theorem, there exist points \( \xi_1 \in (a, c) \) and \( \xi_2 \in (c, b) \) such that \( f'(\xi_1) > 0 \) and \( f'(\xi_2) < 0 \). Applying the Mean Value Theorem on \( [\xi_1, \xi_2] \), there exists a point \( \xi \in (\xi_1, \xi_2) \) such that \( f''(\xi) < 0 \). This follows because \( f' \) changes from positive at \( \xi_1 \) to negative at \( \xi_2 \) implying a local maximum at some \( \xi \).