Lesson 6 3.
Observation method – data pertaining to
behaviors of individuals or group of
Statistics may be defined as a process of the
individuals can be best obtained by direct
collection of data and analysis for drawing
observation.
conclusions.
4. Use of documents – historical data,
Statistical data refers to the numerical government records, school and company
description of quantitative aspects of things in records, text books and published thesis
the form of counts or measurements. and journals are the best sources for data
collection.
Statistical knowledge helps you use the 5. Experimentation – experimental researches
proper methods to collect the data, employ obtain or collect their data through a series
the correct analyses and effectively present of measurement.
the result.
It allows you to understand a subject much
more deeply.
a. Primary Data – data collected from where
they arise.
b. Secondary Data – data taken from a
published source.
Several techniques used in gathering statistical
data
1. Interview method – person to person
encounter between the one soliciting
information and the one supplying the data.
The interview can be structured or
unstructured.
advantage: questions can be clarified for
better understanding
disadvantage: time consuming
2. Questionnaire Method – utilize questions
to obtain information. It can be closed
ended or open-ended questionnaire.
Tabular form – a more effective way of
presenting data is by means of statistical tables.
Example 1.
This method generally is advised when there
are many figures involved. A statistical table has Given is the examination scores in statistics
four essential parts, table heading, body, stub class. Construct the frequency distribution
and column caption or box heads. table.
Graphical
a. Line graph
b. Bar graph
c. Pie chart
d. Pictograph
e. Statistical maps
Frequency distribution
Raw Data – data which have not been
organized or classified and usually exhibit no
pattern.
Array – is an arrangement of data according to
size or magnitude.
1. Get the lowest and the highest value in the
distribution.
2. Get the value of the range. R = H – L
3. Determine the number of classes.
Generally, the number of classes must not Example 2.
be less than 5 and should not be more than
A researcher assumed that age is one of the
15. approximately
factors affecting the level of development of
k = 1 + 3.3 log n
mayors capability. He was able to gather the
Where k = number of classes ages of 75 mayors as shown.
n = sample size Construct a frequency table.
4. Determine the size of the class interval, c =
r/k
5. Construct the classes
6. Determine the frequency of each class.