Module 1: The Cell 11/23/20, 1:52 PM

Module 1: The Cell

Site: New Era University Printed by: Joshua C. Macawile

Course: GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 & 2 Date: Monday, 23 November 2020, 1:52 PM
Book: Module 1: The Cell

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Module 1: The Cell 11/23/20, 1:52 PM

Description

This module covers the cell theory, the cell's structure and its function.

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Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Learning Objectives

3. Ice Breaker

4. Lesson 1.1 The Cell Theory

5. Lesson 1.2 Cell Structure and Functions

6. Lesson 1.3 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

7. Video Clips to watch

8. Let's Discuss! (Forum)

8.1. RUBRICS FOR FORUM

9. ACTIVITY #1

10. QUIZ TIME

11. CHAT ROOM

12. REFERENCES

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1. Introduction

Why should we learn about cells?

The answer is that studying cells helps us understand how organisms,

including humans, function. After all, our bodies are made up of trillions
of cells. By learning about cells, we come to understand how we can

• protect cells to prevent infection and other harmful effects

• observe cells to diagnose disease
• treat cells to heal illnesses
• stop harming cells through our choices and actions

Watch this short introduction on Biology and may this give you an inspiration what to expect on this subject.

Introduction to Biology HD

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2. Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. explain the postulates of the cell theory
2. describe the structure and function of major and sub-cellular organelles
3. distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features

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3. Ice Breaker

Come and play a CELL game to recall the parts of the cell!!!

If you are using a desktop or a laptop computer make sure your adobe flash player is installed. This will not work on a
cellular phone. This is not graded. Click the link below. HAVE FUN!

[Link]

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4. Lesson 1.1 The Cell Theory

You would probably recall the discovery of the cell during your lower year level by the scientists and their
contribution. However, let us dig a little deeper what went about their discovery.

Before 330+ years ago, there was no knowledge of cells. Cells were too small to be seen. But with the invention of
the microscope, an entirely new world was discovered, where very large objects like humans are in fact made up of
billions of tiny individual pieces called cells.

Remember that the three basic principles in the cell theory are:

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

Recently, the theory was modified to include the following ideas:

Energy flow takes place within cells

Heredity information passes from one cell to another
All cells have the same basic chemical composition

Meet Zacharias Jansenn

1595

I. This scientist indirectly contributed to the cell theory. By creating the compound microscope in 1595 that allowed
Robert Hooke to discover the first cells, Jansenn gave him the tool he needed to make an innovative discovery.

II. Zacharias Janssen made this contribution in 1595

III. Janssen's invention didn't necessarily debunk spontaneous generation, but it did allow for other people to use it as
a way to collect more information regarding cells. With the newfound information, future scientists could finally debunk
the theory of spontaneous generation.

Meet Robert Hooke

1665

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In 1665, Robert Hooke made the revolutionary discovery of the cell. Through the use of a microscope, Hooke was
able to see what he believed was a plant cell, though, in actuality, Hooke was looking at dead cell walls that belonged
to a piece of cork. At the time, Hooke was unaware of the fact but it did not stop him from naming his observation
"cell". He called it this because he noticed the cork had tiny, room-like indentations which reminded him of cellulas or
small rooms monks lived in.

I. Hooke contributed to the cell theory by literally discovering cells.

II. Hooke made this contribution to the cell theory in 1665.

III. Hooke's discovery help paved the way to the rejection of spontaneous rejection by demolishing the idea that living
things came out of nothing or nonliving things. In truth, while Hooke only saw dead cell remains, it still proved that
there was something that made up a once-living thing.

Meet Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology

1673

I. This scientist contributed to the cell theory by being the first to prove that a living thing has cells. Hooke could not
take credit for this as he only witnessed the dead cells in a piece of cork.

II. This scientist made his contribution to the cell theory in 1673.

III. This scientist's discovery helped lead to the rejection of spontaneous generation through supporting the notion that
living things must come from somewhere and must be made out of some "entity" instead of randomly appearing out of
thin air or abiotic factors.

Meet Matthias Schleiden

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1838

By 1838 scientist Matthias Jacob Schleiden continued to analyze plants and their cells through a compound
microscope. Through various analysis, he noticed that cells were a consistent attribute all plants had. He proposed
that cells were a fundamental unit of life and that all living things have them.

I. This scientist contributed to the cell theory by creating one of the most prominent characteristics of the cell theory,
that of which is "cells are the fundamental units of life".

II. This scientist made the discovery in 1838.

III. This discovery helped debunk the theory of spontaneous generation by supplying the public with the fact that all in
order for something to be alive, it has to be made up of cells.

Meet Theodor Schawn

1839

In 1839, just a year after Matthias Schleiden's revolutionary input on the cell theory, Schleiden's research
primarily targeted plants and revealed that plants did indeed have cells. However, Schwann was curious as to whether
this would be the case with animals. Schwann went on to analyze animal tissue and thus, the fact that all living things
have cells was permanently ingrained into the cell theory.

I. This contributed to the cell theory as it officially confirmed the fact that all living things contain cells of some kind, be
it plant or animal.

II. Theodore Schwann made the contribution in 1839.

III. This discovery helped reject the theory of spontaneous generation by encouraging that living things don't appear
out of non- living things.

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Meet Louis Pasteur

1850

Louis Pasteur created an experiment that showed cells could only be formed from pre-existing cells.

I. This scientist contributed to the cell theory by supporting the idea that cells are products of other cells.

II. Louis Pasteur made this contribution in 1850.

III. This scientist's discovery helped lead to the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation by proving that living
things are products of cells, which are living things.

Meet Rudolph Virchow

1855

Virchow completed the third statement prominent in the Cell Theory. Through extensions research, Virchow
supported the claim that all cells arise from other cells. Virchow also stated that diseased cells can be a product of
healthy ones.

I. Rudolph Virchow contributed to the cell theory by proving the third statement to be true; cells come from other cells.

II. It was around 1855 when Rudolph Virchow made this contribution.

III. This scientist's contribution dispelled the theory of spontaneous generation by proving that living things do not come
from nothing. All living things, which are made of cells, come from other living things.

Watch the video below to recap the lesson

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The wacky history of cell theory - Lauren Royal-Woods

[Link]/4OpBylwH9DU

Note: See sources on reference page

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5. Lesson 1.2 Cell Structure and Functions

NOTE: Best viewed in a landscape view if using a cellular phone.

Cells are the smallest form of life; the functional and structural units of all living things. Your body contains several
billion cells, organised into over 200 major types, with hundreds of cell-specific functions.

The Common Parts of a Cell

Although cells are diverse, all cells have certain parts in common. The parts include cell membrane (found in animal
cell) or cell wall (found in plant cell), cytoplasm and nucleus. They also serve as the cell’s structure.
(Think of a cell like a city, in which each part has a contribution to the community.)

MAIN THINK.. STRUCTURE FUNCTION

CELL
PARTS
Cell The city’s gate/wall The cell membrane supports
Membrane and protects the cell.

Cell Wall
It controls the movement of
substances in and out of the
It is a porous membrane (with cells.
pores) which permit the movement
of selective substances in and out
of the cell.
Serves as a check point that
regulates who can come in and
out of the city

Cytoplasm The city’s park The function of the cytoplasm is

to hold the organelles in the cell.

Most of the chemical reactions

within a cell take place in this
cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm is made up of a jelly
like substance called cytosol inside
the cell membrane. It is mainly
composed of water, salts, and
Where the city is grounded on . proteins.

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Nucleus The City Hall

Regulates all cell activities.

The nucleus contains the

hereditary material of the cell,
the DNA.

It sends signals to the cells to

grow, mature, divide and die.

Where the city is controlled by The nucleus is the center of a cell.

the government The nucleus is a spherical body it
contains the nucleolus.

Cell Organelles
Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. The
different cell organelles, along with its principal functions, are as follows:

CELL THINK.. STRUCTURE FUNCTION

ORGANELLES
Chromosomes Blueprint

Chromosomes play a
crucial role in
determining the sex of an
individual. Each human
cell contains 23 pairs of
chromosomes.

The chromosomes are the DNA

of a cell which is like a blueprint A threadlike structure of nucleic
for a building or structure. acids and protein found in the
nucleus of most living cells

Nucleolus Factory

The nucleolus is the site

of ribosome synthesis.
Also, it is involved in
controlling cellular
activities and cellular
reproduction.

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A factory where large amounts

of goods are made. Inside the nucleus

Ribosome Shops

Ribosomes are the

protein synthesizers
(producers)of the cell.

Ribosomes are made of proteins

and ribonucleic acid (abbreviated
as RNA), in almost equal
amounts.
The ribosomes produce
proteins like shops produce It comprises of two sections,
important things for the city. known as subunits. The tinier
subunit is the place the mRNA
binds and it decodes, whereas
the bigger subunit is the place the
amino acids are included.

Endoplasmic Highways

reticulum The endoplasmic

reticulum is involved in
the transportation of
substances (like protein
made by the ribosome)
throughout the cell. It
plays a primary role in
the metabolism of
carbohydrates, synthesis
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is of lipids, steroids and
like roads in a city, transporting A continuous membrane system proteins.
proteins around the cell. that forms a series of flattened
sacs within the cytoplasm of Rough ER- contains
eukaryotic cells. ribosomes-transport
proteins

Smooth ER- without

ribosomes-stores
proteins

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Golgi apparatus Post office

Golgi apparatus receives

the protein packed inside
the vesicle and send it to
other parts within the
cell.

The Golgi Appartus is like the It is a complex of vesicles and

post office, packaging & folded membranes within the
sending proteins to other parts cytoplasm.
of the cell.

lysosomes Garbage Collector

Lysosomes protect the

cell by engulfing the
foreign bodies entering
the cell and helps in cell
renewal. Therefore, it is
known as the cell’s
suicide bags.

Collects the wastes within the Lysosomes are spherical,

cell. membrane bound organelles that
are generated by the golgi
apparatus.

Mitochondria Power plant

It is known as the
"power house" of the cell
because it produces ATP
– the cell’s energy
currency.

They are made of two

membranes. The outer
The mitochondria are like a membrane covers the organelle
power plant because it and contains it like a skin. The
produces energy like a power inner membrane folds over many
plant does for a city. times and creates layered
structures called cristae.

Chloroplast Solar panels

Chloroplasts are the

primary organelles for
photosynthesis. It
contains the pigment
chlorophyll.

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The internal (thylakoid)

membrane vesicles are
The Chloroplast (only in plant organized into stacks, which
cells) convert sunlight into reside in a matrix known as the
usable energy. stroma.

Vacuole Storage Warehouse

Vacuoles stores food,

water, and other waste
materials in the cell

Vacuoles are more larger

in plants as plants needs
to store more water
which also gives it its
shape.
The vacuole is like warehouse They generally have no basic
that stores the supplies. shape or size;

Vacuoles have a simple structure:

they are surrounded by a thin
membrane and filled with fluid
and any molecules they take in.

The image below shows nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and how they work together. The process of secretion from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi
apparatus is shown.

Note: See sources on reference page

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6. Lesson 1.3 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

There are two basic types of cells, prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. The main difference between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Eu means ‘new,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ so these are
the advanced type of cells found in plant, animals, and [Link] nucleus is where cells store their DNA, which is the
genetic material. The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Instead, their DNA floats around inside the cell. Organisms with prokaryotic
cells are called prokaryotes. All prokaryotes are single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Bacteria and Archaea are
the only prokaryotes. Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are
eukaryotes. All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes. Eukaryotes may also be single-celled.

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have structures in common. All cells have a plasma membrane, ribosomes,
cytoplasm, and DNA. The plasma membrane, or cell membrane, is the phospholipid layer that surrounds the cell and
protects it from the outside environment. Ribosomes are the non-membrane bound organelles where proteins are
made, a process called protein synthesis. The cytoplasm is all the contents of the cell inside the cell membrane, not
including the nucleus.

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus No Yes

DNA Single circular piece of DNA Multiple chromosomes

Membrane-Bound No Yes
Organelles

Examples Bacteria Plants, animals, fungi

Note: See sources on reference page

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7. Video Clips to watch

Ma'am Marilen L. Borilla

This video clip is a simple explanation about the parts and functions of the cell

Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells: Crash Course Biolo…

[Link]/cj8dDTHGJBY

This is another video clip for a more closer look at the parts and function of the cell

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Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media

[Link]/URUJD5NEXC8

This video clips shows the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic Vs. Prokaryotic Cells

[Link]/zZtcMBTQaS4

How about a tip how to remember between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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[Link]/-ivGgYgAB0A

Would you like to see a cheek cell under a microscope?

If we were in a laboratory we would have performed this activity as well!

Cheek Cells Under The Microscope

[Link]/jTSC4ntCPY4

Let us RAP everything up! This cell song was made for 6th graders but I'm sure you are going to like it!

Cells Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap

[Link]/-zafJKbMPA8

Note: Videos used are for educational purposes only. See links on references page.

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8. Let's Discuss! (Forum)

Your participation in this forum will be graded.

CLICK THE IMAGE TO ENTER THE FORUM.

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8.1. RUBRICS FOR FORUM

CLICK THE IMAGE TO SEE THE RUBRICS FOR FORUM

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9. ACTIVITY #1

CLICK THE IMAGE FOR YOUR ACTIVITIES

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10. QUIZ TIME

CLICK THE IMAGE FOR YOUR QUIZ

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11. CHAT ROOM

If you have any questions about the lesson, the videos, or instructions with regards to your activities, quizzes and
forum question CLICK THE IMAGE TO ENTER THE CHAT ROOM ...

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12. REFERENCES

Bailey, Regina. Types of Cells in the Human Body. (13, November 2019). Retrieved from: [Link]
373388

Shields. J. What's the Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells? Retrieved from: [Link]
microscopic/[Link]

Basic Parts of a cell and Cell Organelles. Retrieved from: [Link]

Biology of Cells. Retrieved from: [Link]

Cells parts and functions. Retrieved from: [Link]

Cell Structure and Function. Retrieved from: [Link]

basic-units-of-life-03

Cytology. Retrieved from: [Link]

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Retrieved from: [Link]

Cells-MS-LS/

The Evolution of The Cell Theory. Retrieved from: [Link]

Ribosome. Retrieved from: [Link]

Ribosomes Definition, Structure, Size, Location and Function. Retrieved from:

[Link]

Sample rubric. Retrieved from: [Link]

[Link].earth501/files/file/rubrics/Online_Discussion_Forum_grading_rubric.pdf

Sample rubric. Retrieved from: [Link]

module/4_Online_Discussions/resources/sample_rubrics_for_discussions_Simmons.pdf

Why are cells important? Retrieved from: [Link]

IMAGES

Blueprint. Retrieved from: [Link]

Cell wall. Retrieved from: [Link]

Cytoplasm. Retrieved from: [Link]

Factory. Retrieved from: [Link]

Endoplasmic reticulum. Retrieved from: [Link]

Hooke’s Book. Retrieved from: [Link]

Lysosome. Retrieved from: [Link]

Theodore Schwann. Retrieved from: [Link]

Mall. Retrieved from: image [Link]

Nucleolus. Retrieved from: [Link]

Post office. Retrieved from: [Link]

Ribosome. Retrieved from: [Link]

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Solar panel. Retrieved from: image [Link]

Warehouse. Retrieved from: [Link]

GIF ANIMATIONS

Retrieved from: [Link]

Cells . Retrieved from: [Link] ;

Consultation. Retrieved from: [Link]

VIDEOS

Biology: Cell Structure I Nucleus Medical Media. Retrieved from: [Link]/URUJD5NEXC

Cell Rap Song. Retrieved from: [Link]/-zafJKbMPA8

Cheek cell under microscope. Retrieved from: [Link]/watch?v=jTSC4ntCPY4

Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells. Retrieved from: [Link]/-ivGgYgAB0A

Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells: Crash Course Biology #4. Retrieved from: [Link]/cj8dDTHGJBY

Eukaryotic Vs. Prokaryotic Cells. Retrieved from: [Link]/watch?v=zZtcMBTQaS4&feature=[Link]

Introduction to Biology HD Retrieved from: [Link]/watch?v=7L7x0BAqWis&list=RDQMTqcXFoz9SLU&start_radio=1

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