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Module 1

The principles of matter, measurements, structure and periodicity of atoms,

molecules and compounds, and their chemical reactions will be discussed in
Chemistry 1.
Introductory Chemistry 1, the inorganic chemistry establishes the principles of
matter, calculation, composition and periodicity of the atoms, molecules and
compounds and their chemical reactions. This builds on the above-mentioned
principles by being the foundation stone for chemicals to be better described and the
various ways of classifying the elements in chemistry.

With the ever-expanding awareness of chemistry, the subject provides an

explanation of the Periodic Table of Elements, how and why they are listed as such.
The table allows us to understand, early enough, the concepts and facts of the
chemistry of the elements. The chemistry of the elements and their compounds
enables for a systematic arrangement of these elements and their compounds on the
basis of their common properties.

In module 1, lesson 1 matter and beyond discusses the scope of chemistry. It

deals about how chemistry affects our society and how society affects chemistry. In
Lesson 2, Chemistry and other field of science talks about how chemistry related to
other field of science and non-science related subjects. Lesson 3 discusses about
the scientific method and lesson 4 talks about measurements, the mathematical
aspects of chemistry. Laboratory equipment’s and safety precautions are also
discussed in this module.

General Objectives:
1. To provide students a comprehensive foundation in chemistry that
highlights scientific reasoning and analytical problem solving.

2. The student will understand the interdisciplinary nature of chemistry and

to integrate knowledge of mathematics, physics and other disciplines to a
wide variety of chemical problems.
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Lesson 1. Matter and beyond

In this module, the students will learn the following specific objectives;

 Define chemistry and the types of activities it includes.

 Differentiate the different Branches of Chemistry

 Describe how chemistry is applied in ways affect our

lives and our society;

 Explain how chemistry is related to other sciences; and

 Understand the scientific method

 Analyze and solve Measurements

Review on matter

Matter refers to all things that ____________ and have ______________.

Some of these we can see, some cannot; some found in nature, some are
manmade or synthetic; some are edible, others are poisonous.
Chemistry is the study of matter which includes composition, properties and
structures. It also study the changes that matter undergoes and the energy involved
in these changes.

To discover the fundamentals of chemistry, let’s have the graffiti activity on

the components of chemistry.

Let’ get started

These are the basic building blocks of matter.

___________ consist of two or more atoms joined together and recognized as a unit.
The properties of matter depend to a large extent on how these building
blocks are put together and these may be the same as in diamond and graphite; but
if you put them together differently, different substances with different properties will
come out. The composition of matter also depends on what and how they are put
together.
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Chemistry is the study of matter-its composition, structure and properties and

the changes it undergoes. Unravelling the concepts of matter and beyond will help
learners discover and appreciate the subject.
The work of scientists are guides with logic and precision, thus it would be
helpful for the students to discover and learn how scientist conduct their studies.

Self-Check
1. Make a short article on the contributions and significance of chemistry in
the society.

Lesson 2: Chemistry and

other Fields of Science

The world of science is as much as big as the universe. Science is also

concerned in studying the world and the universe. Chemistry plays a fundamental
role in all fields of science.

Give at least 5 other field of science related to chemistry. Specify their

contributions and relationship to chemistry
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
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Chemistry is also related to other no science field of study. Artists are one of
the examples. They have more choices of paints to use and many more chemicals to
help them achieve the effect they want. There are primers or conditioners for better
adhesion of paint and topcoats to give a painting more durability against
environmental factors such as water and light. They have graffiti-resistant finishes to
protect artwork form vandals. Numerous additives that allow artists to control
textures, finish and color. The world of art has also challenged chemists in the area
of conserving and restoring old masterpieces.
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What are the major of fields of study in Chemistry?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Self-Check
3. Cite other areas of science aside from what you give earlier to which
chemistry is linked. Give other examples and cite sources.

Tasks for the next Lesson

A scientist once said “ Concern for man and his fate must always form chief
interest of all technical endeavors…in order that the creations of our mind
shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind”, who is this scientist?
Give your reactions to this quotation and cite examples.
Do a research about nanotechnology article to give you an overview on the
application of chemistry. From this article, describe how chemistry affects our
lives and society.

Lesson 3: The
Scientific Method

Activity: Make a tower using scientific method

Answer the following question after building a tower.
1. What went well on building the tower?

2. What went wrong in building the tower?

3. How it is related to scientific Method?

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4. What is a Scientific Method?

Lesson 4:
Measurements

Mathematics is the language of science. Italian astronomer and

physicist Galileo Galilei is attributed with the quote, "Mathematics is the language in
which God has written the universe." When taking observations and gathering data,
several questions should be taken more considerations like color, shape, length, price
and temperature.
Measurement is the process of finding out how many measuring units are there
in something. It give quantitative information about the physical world. The properties
of matter can be measured by comparing it to the standard which has a fixed and
known value for property.
Metric system is the most common and most widely used system of
measurement. The most recent version of metric system is the Systeme Internationale
d’ Unites (International system of Units) or SI.
What are the seven fundamental quantities of SI units?
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Table 1: Units and Measurements

BASE QUANTITY BASE UNIT

Name Typical Symbol Name Symbol

Time t Second s

Length x, l, r, etc. Meter m

Mass m Kilogram kg

Electric Current I, i Ampere A

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Temperature T kelvin K

Amount of n Mole m
Substance
Luminous intensity Iv Candela cd

Source: [Link]
Length is the distance between two points. The basic unit for length is the
meter. A meter is equal to the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299 792
458 second (s). All measurements of length can be expressed in meters. Very small
and very large measurements of length can be expressed in meters with the
appropriate prefix.
Mass is defined as the amount of matter in an object. Its basic unit is the
kilogram (kg). The standard kilogram is the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder that is
kept in Sevre, France. One kilogram is equal to 1000 grams (g). The mole is a unit
used to measure the amount of substance contains about 6.02 x 10 23 elementary
particles that make up the substance. Elementary particles may be atoms, molecules
or ions. This large number is known as Avogadro’s number after the Italian scientist
Amedeo Avogadro’s (1776-1856), who developed the concept of a mole, which
could be discussed in more detailed in Module 6.
Temperature is the degree of hotness and coldness of an object. There are
several temperature scales that one can use. One of these is the Celsius (°C) scale
after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744). The freezing point and
boiling point of water are the reference temperatures for this scale. The freezing
point of water is set at °C and the boiling point is set at 100°C. The distance between
these two points is divided into 100 equal intervals or degrees. Another temperature
scale is the Kelvin (K) or absolute temperature scale. It was proposed by William
Thomson (1824-1907), a British physicist with the title of Lord Kelvin. There are no
negative temperatures in this scale since the lowest possible temperature is 0 K,
known as absolute zero. In the absolute temperature scale, the boiling point of water
is 373 K and the freezing point is 273 K. The relationship of the Celsius and absolute
temperature is

K = °C + 273

Absolute zero is equal to -273 °C. Instruments used in the study of X rays
emitted by heavenly bodies need to be cooled down to temperatures a fraction
above absolute zero.
Volume is the space occupied by an object. Volume is not considered a basic
quantity; it is derived from length. To determine the volume of a box, one has to
measure its length, width and height. The product of the three measurements gives
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the volume of the box. The SI unit for volume is cubic meter, m3. The more common
unit for volume is liter (L) which is a non-SI unit. One liter is equal to 1000 milliliters
(mL). A box with sides that measure 1 cm each has a volume of 1 cubic centimeter
or 1 cm3. One cubic centimeter is equal to 1 mL.

1 cm3 = 1mL
1L = 1000 mL
Density is derived from mass and volume. It is expressed as the ration of
mass in grams and volume cubic centimeter, making the unit of density g/cm3 (or
g/mL).
d= mass/volume = g/cm3 or g/mL

The density of some common substances is listed in Table 3. Water has a

density of 0.9971 g/mL at 25°C. All substances with a density less than 0.9971 g/mL
will float on water. On the other hand, all substances with a density greater than
0.9971 g/mL will sink in water.

Table 2. Density of common substances

Material Density (g/cm3) State of Matter
hydrogen (at STP) 0.00009 gas
helium (at STP) 0.000178 gas
carbon monoxide (at STP) 0.00125 gas
nitrogen (at STP) 0.001251 gas
air (at STP) 0.001293 gas
carbon dioxide (at STP) 0.001977 gas
lithium 0.534 solid
ethanol (grain alcohol) 0.810 liquid
benzene 0.900 liquid
ice 0.920 solid
water at 20°C 0.998 liquid
water at 4°C 1.000 liquid
seawater 1.03 liquid
milk 1.03 liquid
coal 1.1-1.4 solid
blood 1.600 liquid
magnesium 1.7 solid
granite 2.6-2.7 solid
aluminum 2.7 solid
steel 7.8 solid
iron 7.8 solid
copper 8.3-9.0 solid
lead 11.3 solid
mercury 13.6 liquid
uranium 18.7 solid
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Material Density (g/cm3) State of Matter

gold 19.3 solid
platinum 21.4 solid
osmium 22.6 solid
iridium 22.6 solid
white dwarf star 10 7 solid

Sample Problem 1.
A wooden cylinder has a mass of 5.6 g. What is the density of the wood if it
has a volume of 4.0 cm3?
Given: mass = 5.6 g
Volume = 4.0 cm3
Find: Density
Solution:
D = mass / volume
= 5.6 g / 4.0 cm3
= 1.4 g/cm3
Sample Problem 2.
What is the density of the wooden block shown below if its mass is 15 g?
Given: mass = 15 g width = 1.5 cm
Length = 3 cm height = 1.5 cm
Find: density

Solution:
First, find the volume of the block. The volume of the block can be
calculated from the product of its length, width and height.
V=lxwxh
= 3 cm x 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm
= 6.75 cm3
Then, solve for density,
D = 15 g / 6.75 cm3 = 2.22 g/ cm3
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Self-Check

I. Identify common measurements used in the following.

1. The mass of a paperclip is about 1 _____.

2. The length of the common housefly is about 1 _____.

3. The mass of a bowling ball is 7.25 _____.

4. Stand with your arms raised out to your side. The distance from your
nose to your outstretched fingers is about 1 _____.

5. Colas may be purchased in two or three _____ bottles.

6. On a statistical basis, smoking a single cigarette lowers your life

expectancy by 642,000 _____, or 10.7 minutes.

II. Problem solving. Solve the following properly and correctly.

1. Calculate the density in g/mL of 0.2 L of solution weighing 250
grams.
2. Calculate the density in g/mL of 3000 mL of solution weighing 4 kg.
3. Calculate the density in g/mL of 50 mL of solution that weighs 160
grams.

4.3 Conversion of Units

Conversion of units is very important since not all measurements are
expressed in the same units. In calculations, it is necessary that the units of
quantities match to come up with the correct answer. One method that can be used
in converting from one unit to another is dimensional analysis. Dimensional analysis
The main purpose of this process is to cancel out units other than the desired units
through the use of fixed relationship. A quantity has been converted from a unit for
volume into other units of volume, weight, amount in moles, and number of atoms.
Every factor used for the unit conversion is a unity. The numerator and denominator
represent the same quantity in different ways
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Source:[Link]
stanceid=3450&dataid=6686&FileName=Conversion_Factors.pdf

Let us consider the following examples.

Sample Problem 1
Convert 3.6 Km to meters.
Given: 3.6 Km
Find: Value in meters
Solution:
Since, 1 km is equal to 1000m. In ration form, it can be expressed as

1 Km or 1000m
1000m 1 Km

_____meter = 3.6 Km x 1000m

Km
= 3600 m
2. Convert 310 pounds to kilograms. Round off your answer to the correct number of
significant figures.
1 pound (lb) = 454 grams (g)
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1000grams (g) = 1 Kilograms (kg)

Step 1: pounds to grams to kilograms
Step 2: 310 lbs x 454g x 1 kg = 140.74 kg or 1.4 x 10 2 kg
1lb 1000g

Self-Check. Problem solving. Solve the following properly and correctly.

1. 180 cm = _____ mm 6. 9 mm = _____ cm

2. 178g = _____ Kg 7. 6 lb = ______g

3. 5.6 m = _____ cm 8. 4.5 L = _____mL

4. 27.5 mg = _____ g 9. 2 mi = _____ft

5. 56,500 mm = _____ Km 10. 26,000 cm = _____ m

4.1 Scientific Notation

It is very tedious to write a very large or a very small numbers. You have to
write several zeros just to indicate how large or how small a number is. To get rid of
this problem, the scientific notation can be used. The scientific notation has the
following format:
N X 10n

Where N is the coefficient whose value ranges from 1 to 9 and n is the

exponent of 10 and is either positive or a negative integer. The exponent indicates
how many times the coefficient must be multiplied by 10. For example,
3.2 x 10 4 = 3.2 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 32,000

Quantities can be written in scientific notation by counting how many time the
decimal point has been moved either to the left or to the right. The sign of the
exponent depends on the movement of the decimal point. Let’s take into consider
the Avogadro’s number:

602 214 210 000 000 000 000 000 particles

Move the decimal point to the left to obtain the coefficient less than 10. The decimal
point is moved 23 times to the left. This results in

6.0221421 x 1023 particles

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Let us take another example, this time the mass of an electron.

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 910 938 97 kg

This time, move the decimal point to the right to obtain a coefficient less than
10. Since the decimal point is moved 31 times to the right, the mass of the electron
in scientific notation is

9.1093897 x 10-31 kg

From the examples given, moving the decimal point to the left results in a
positive sign of the exponent while moving it to the right results in a negative sign.

Self-Check. Express the following in scientific notation

1. 0.000143 6. 5.900 x 108

2. 1005000000 7. 2.77958 x 1012

3. 8.5 x 106 8. 3.14159 x 10-2

4. 0.00000000000007 9. 6.108 x 1018

5. 1.1010 x 1021 10. 0.00000000099

4.2 Significant Figures

These are all digits that we are sure of plus the one that we guessed are
called significant figures. In calculations. It is important to record the answer and that
we retain only those numbers that are significant. For example, solving using
calculator, like,
9.817 X 3.16 X 4.26 =?

The number on the screen of the calculator is __________________. It would

not be correct to write all these figures because it would mistakenly indicate that the
measurements made were very precise, having ten significant figures. The correct
number to record after the calculation is ______. Rules have been devised to help us
determine how many significant numbers to retain after calculation.
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The following rules will help us determine the number of significant figures in a
given number.
1. All non-zero digits are significant.
Examples:
1. 12 345m = 5sf 3. 1 597 567s = 7 sf
2.17.8 L= 3 sf 4. 567 mL = 3 sf
2. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
Examples:
1. 10.36g = 4sf 3. 5.2800006 = 8 sf
2. 7.08 g= 3 sf 4. 12.7003 mL = 6 sf

3. Zeros before the first non-zero digits are not significant. These are called leading
zeros.
Examples:
1. 0.46 = 2sf 3. 0. 00001 = 8 sf
2. 0.00128 = 3 sf 4. 0.003 mL = 1 sf

4. Zeros after the last non-zero digit may or may not be significant. These are called
trailing zeros.
4.1 If there is a decimal point in the number, all trailing zeros are significant.
1. 10.23 = 4sf 3. 1. 0000 = 5 sf
2. 1895.0 = 5 sf 4. 50.0 mL = 3 sf

4.2 If there is no decimal point in the number, the trailing zeros are not
significant.
1. 14 500 km= 3sf 3. 8300 = 2 sf
2. 3800 = 2 sf 4. 1 000 000 mL = 1 sf

5. Exact numbers are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures.

These are the numbers obtain by counting or multipliers in numbers that are part
of a formula.
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Example:
The number 2 in the formula of calculating the area of a circle, 2∏r 2, is an
exact number.
Self-Check. Determine how many significant figures are there in the following:
1. 5.3900007 g = ______________ 6. 180.75 mL = ______________

2. 8 220 km = ______________ 7. 6430056 m/s = ______________

3. 1 593 567 s = ______________ 8. 658.000m = ______________

4. 0.005869 = ______________ 9. 0.60 mm = ______________

5. 1.00g = ______________ 10. 17.24 L = ______________

2. Explain why 0.0023040g is a measurement having 5 significant figures.

3. Determine if each of the following is an exact number or a measured quantity
having uncertainties.
a. the mass of a rock sample collected from Mars
b. the number of students in a class
c. the distance of your house from your school is a method of using units in
calculations to check for correctness.

4.4 Laboratory Apparatus

Experiments are vital in the field of science, hence it is also very important to
chemists and scientists. They need to test their hypothesis and come up with a valid
conclusion through experimentation. Knowledge of laboratory apparatuses and their
functions makes experimentation easier. Thus, students of chemistry must also learn
and understand the use of the different laboratory equipment’s to avoid troubles in
conducting experiments or test in the laboratory.

Most apparatus that you will find in the laboratory are made of borosilicate
glass. This material can withstand heat and chemical attack. These properties of
borosilicate glass make it useful as a component in laboratory apparatus for heating
and mixing different chemicals.
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Table below are the outlines of some apparatus commonly used in chemical
laboratory.

[Link]
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4.5 Safety Precautions in the Laboratory

[Link]

[Link]
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Chemistry Laboratory is an interesting place to witness the excitement of

exploration through studying and adopting safety precautions.
1. Wear a protective laboratory gown or apron and hair before going inside

the laboratory.

2. Wear your goggles, face mask and gloves when performing in the

laboratory.

3. Wear your shoes or laboratory footwear while in the laboratory.

4. Do not eat or drink in the laboratory. Do not taste anything in the

laboratory.

5. Always read instructions carefully. When in doubt or if you do not

understand the instructions clearly, ask your teacher or the laboratory

assistant.

6. Note the location of the fire extinguisher and other protective

equipment.

7. Wait for the instructions of your teacher before doing any experiments.

Never perform unauthorized experiments.

8. Keep the table tops clean.

9. Report all injuries or any spilling of chemicals to your teacher.

10. Handle the glassware with care.

11. Keep flammable materials away from the flame.

12. Keep everything in place before going out of the laboratory.

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It is really important to know and familiarize yourself with chemicals,

symbols and their significance. When you see these symbols, take the
appropriate precautions.

LABORATORY SAFETY SYMBOLS

[Link]

KEY CONCEPTS AND SUMMARY

 The scientific method is a process for making a systematic inquiry.

 Scientific is not a procedure that is followed step-by-step in a definite

sequence, making observation as the first step.
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 Through observation, a tentative explanation or prediction is made called

hypothesis.

 Law is the statement of general observation that is found to be true in many

different systems.

 A theory is a well-tested hypothesis that provides a basis for making

predictions about still unobserved phenomena.

 A very large or a very small numbers can be written in scientific notation.

This is done using a standard format N x 10 x, with N as the whole number
coefficient with a value from 1 to 9.

 Dimensional analysis is used to convert one unit to another. This involves

multiplying the value to be converted by a factor that enables one to cancel
units other than the desired unit.

 In measurement, all digits that we are sure of plus the one that is uncertain
is known as significant figures.

 In determining the number of significant figures, the following rules should

be followed:
All non-zero digits are significant.
Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
Zeros before the first non-zero digits are not significant. These
are called leading zeros.
Zeros after the last non-zero digit may or may not be significant.
These are called trailing zeros.
Exact numbers are considered to have an infinite number of
significant figures. These are the numbers obtain by counting or
multipliers in numbers that are part of a formula.
 The procedures for determining the number of figures to retain after
calculations is as follows:
a. When calculation involves addition and/or subtraction only, the digits
we should pay attention to are those after decimal point.
b. When calculation involves multiplication or division, the result should
have the same number of significant figures as the number with the
least number of significant figures.

 Familiarity with certain laboratory apparatus and observance of safety

precautions in the laboratory are necessary to derive maximum benefit from
the chemistry laboratory.
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ASSESSMENT/ ENRICHMENT
I- A. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which does not belong to the group? Justify your answer.
a. m3 c. m2
b. mL d. kg
2. Which of the following is NOT true about the scientific method?
a. Scientific method is a systematic way of finding a solution to a problem.
b. The scientific method is done by the following step-by-step procedure in an
exact sequence.
c. The scientific method may be followed even outside the laboratory.
d. Observation is the first step.
3. How many grams are there in 4.8 x 102 kg?
a. 0.48 g c. 0.048 g
b. 480 g d. 480 000 g
4. Which number is equivalent to 2.03 x 10-4
a. 0.000203 c. 20300
b. 0.00203 d. 2030
5. The temperature in this room is 30C. Express this temperature in F.
a. 40. F b. 62 F c. 22F d. 72 F

I-B. Determine the number of significant figures in each quantity.

1.309.2m 3. 420.09L 5. 0.00900 7. 70.52 m/s 9. 6.89

2. 0.8003cm 4. 700.8 mL 6. 8100 8. 288 00 km 10. 0.046

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III. Briefly answer the following.

1. Bottled water is commonly sold in many stores. Many buy bottled water even
if it costs much more than the tap water. What hypothesis can be drawn from
these observations?

2. Suppose your hypothesis is bottled water is better than tap water. How would
you test your hypothesis so that you can have a better basis for deciding if
you should buy bottled water or not?

IV. Moving /Oral Exam on the Laboratory apparatuses and its uses.

References:
Helmenstine, A. (2020, August 27). Table of Densities of Common
Substances. Retrieved from [Link]
densities-of-common-substances-603976
Ma. Cristina Padolina, Ph.D., et al. (2004).Conceptual and Functional
Chemistry modular approach. Vibal Publishing House Inc.
Moore, J.; Stanitski, C. & Jurs, P. (2017). General Chemistry 1. JO-ES
Publishing house, Inc.
Nacum, Z. (2017). General Chemistry 1 for Senior High School. C&E
Publishing, Inc.
SI Units - [Link]