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Lecture 1

Math 201

Application of Matrix:

Formation of Transformation Matrix:

𝑌
𝑌′

900 − 𝜃 𝑋′
𝜃

𝜃
𝑋

The transformation matrix can be written from adjacent figure as:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑥′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ′ , 𝑦
𝑄= ,
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 ′ , 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦, 𝑦′

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 900 − 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= .
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

A transformation of stress tensor,𝜎 from 𝑥, 𝑦 coordinates system to

𝜎 ′ = 𝑄. 𝜎. 𝑄𝑇 , (1)

Equation (1) can be expressed as:

′ ′ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
′ ′ = × 𝜎 𝜎𝑦𝑦 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 .
𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

After simplification one can be obtained as

′
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 2𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃,

′
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 2𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃,

′ ′
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ; as 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑥 .

1 2
Q.1 Let the stress tensor in a reference coordinate system is . If the
2 3
coordinate system rotated at an angle 500 , then find the components of the stress
tensor.

0
Answer: σ =
1 2
, 𝑸 = cos50 0 sin500 = 0.643 0.766 .
2 3 −sin50 cos500 −0.766 0.643

Therefore,
′ ′
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦 0.643 0.766 1 2 0.643 −0.766
′ ′ = 𝑄𝜎𝑄𝑇 = × ×
𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 −0.766 0.643 2 3 0.766 0.643

4.143 0.638
= .
0.638 −0.143
′ ′ ′ ′
Hence, 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 4.143, 𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦𝑥 = 0.638, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −0.143.

2-D stress orientation: The 2-D stress orientation is denoted by θ𝑝 and can be
obtained by putting in the expression of 𝜏𝑥𝑦 is equal to zero.
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That is, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃𝑝 − sin2 𝜃𝑝 = 0,

1
i. e. 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑝 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑝 = 0,
2

i. e. 𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑝 = −2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑝 ,

2𝜏 𝑥𝑦
i. e. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝜃𝑝 = ,
𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑥

1 2𝜏 𝑥𝑦
Therefore, the 2-D orientation, 𝜃𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 .
2 𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝑦𝑦

The principal stress tensors are denoted by 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 (= 𝝈𝟏 ) and 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 (= 𝝈𝟐 ), and
defined by

𝟏 𝟐
𝜎𝑥𝑥 +𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝟐𝒙𝒚 and
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝝈𝟐 = − + 𝝉𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

50 30
Q.2 Given that 𝜎 = , Find the principal orientation and principal stress.
30 −20
Also evaluate maximum shear value.

Answer: Here, 𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 50, 𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −20, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 30.

1 2𝜏 𝑥𝑦
Now from 𝜃𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 one can find 𝜃𝑝 = 20.30 ,
2 𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝑦𝑦

1 2
𝜎𝑥𝑥 +𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 2
𝜎1 = + + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 gives 𝜎1 = 61.1, and
2 2

1 2
σ xx +σ yy σ xx −σ yy 2
σ2 = − + τ2xy gives σ2 = −31.1.
2 2
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𝜎1 −σ 2
The maximum shear value, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 46.1.
2

Application of Eigen Value:

Note: (i) If the real part of each eigen values is negative, then the zero solution will
be stable as well as asymptotically stable

(ii) If at least one of the real part of eigen values is zero and remaining are
negative then the zero solution will be stable one.

(iii) If at least one of the real part of eigen values is positive then the zero
solution will be unstable.

Q. Test the stability of the zero solution to the system 𝑋 ′ = 𝐴𝑋 for the given
matrix 𝐴.

5 6 3 5 −6 3 −2 1
1. 𝐴 = , 2. 𝐴 = , 3. 𝐴 = , 4. 𝐴 =
−5 −8 −5 −5 1 −4 0 −2

−1 2 1 −1 −2 1
1 −6
5. 𝐴 = , 6. 𝐴 = 0 −3 2 , 7. −1 0 −1 , and
2 −7
0 0 −4 −4 4 −5

0 1 0
8. 𝐴 = 0 0 1.
1 −1 1

Answer:

2. The characteristic equation for 𝐴 is 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0

3−𝜆 5
or, =0
−5 −5 − 𝜆

or, −15 − 3𝜆 + 5𝜆 + 𝜆2 + 25 = 0

or, 𝜆2 + 2𝜆 + 10 = 0.
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−2± 4−40
Therefore, 𝜆 = ,
2

∴ 𝜆 = −1 ± 3𝑖.

∴ 𝜆1 = −1 + 3𝑖 and 𝜆2 = −1 − 3𝑖.

Since each real part of 𝜆 is negative, hence the zero solution of the given system is
stable, as well as asymptotically stable.

8. The characteristic equation for 𝐴 is 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0

−𝜆 1 0
or, 0 −𝜆 1 =0
1 −1 1 − 𝜆

or, −𝜆 −𝜆 + 𝜆2 + 1 − 1 0 − 1 = 0

or, 𝜆3 − 𝜆2 + 𝜆 − 1 = 0

or, 𝜆 − 1 𝜆2 + 1 = 0

∴ 𝜆 = 1, 𝜆 = +𝑖 and 𝜆 = −𝑖.

Since one of the real parts of 𝜆 is positive, hence the zero solution of the given
system is unstable.