See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/352639273

Mathematical Performance Analysis(2021)

Article · June 2021

CITATIONS READS
0 43

4 authors:

Pankaj Chandra Kar Md. Ariful Islam

Comilla University University of Dhaka
4 PUBLICATIONS   2 CITATIONS    11 PUBLICATIONS   2 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Joydip Chakrabarti Subrata Sutradhar

Comilla University 3 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS   
3 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS   
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Analysis of Performance Constraints of the Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter with Various Filter Algorithms and Design a Low Pass IIR filter with Desired Specifications
View project

Brain Tumor Detection from MRI Images using Image Processing View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Pankaj Chandra Kar on 23 June 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) ISSN 2347 – 3983

Mathematical Performance Analysis of the Absorbing Sun Light for Rotating and
Non-rotating solar cell panel.

Pankaj Chandra Kar 1,*, Md. Ariful Islam2, Joydip Chakraborti 3, Subrata Sutradhar4
1,3
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla, Bangladesh;
2
Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
4
Department of Mathematics, Comilla Victoria Government College, Cumilla, Bangladesh;
*pankajkarcouict@[Link],

constant, since the sun's location varies during the day. As a

ABSTRACT result, the solar tracker is critical for having more sun rays on
the PV module. A solar tracker is a device that is used to
The most pressing issue in today's world is an energy control a solar photovoltaic panel, particularly in solar cell
shortage. Conventional energy supplies are not only minimal, applications, and it requires a high level of precision to ensure
but also a major source of contamination in the atmosphere. that focused sunlight is accurately focused on the power
Renewable energy supplies are becoming a global focus as a source [1]. When the intensity is higher, the productivity is
way to reduce reliance on traditional energy sources. Solar higher. The sun is the most important source of sunlight,
energy is quickly gaining popularity as a viable source of either directly or indirectly, and the fuel for most renewable
green energy. Solar cells, which turn sunlight into electricity, energy systems. Photovoltaic technology, out of all green
are both expensive and inefficient. By observing the sun, the systems, has the best chance of replacing traditional energy
solar tracking device is used to increase the performance of sources. A solar panel transforms solar rays directly into
solar cells. This paper presents a microcontroller-based electricity. Semiconductor materials are used to make solar
architecture approach that utilizes solar power to its full panels. Solar panels with a maximum efficiency of 24.5
potential by tracking the sun throughout the day. The solar percent use Si as a main feature [2].
tracker follows the sun from east to west during the day. More
energy is collected by controlling the solar panel to follow the 1.1 Photovoltaic Cell
sun like a sunflower. The solar tracking system is a Photovoltaic energy is dependent on the photovoltaic effect,
mechatronic system that integrates electrical and mechanical which occurs when a photon (primary particle of light) strikes
systems, and computer hardware and software. The main a semiconductor panel. When exposed to light, this reaction
components in the solar tracking system are standard produces electricity. The semiconductors in photovoltaic
photovoltaic solar panels (PV), a deep cycle rechargeable energy solar panels are formed into thin layers that provide an
battery, a battery charger, a servo motor, a light-dependent electric current. Semiconductors are devices that absorb
resistor, and an "Arduino Uno" microcontroller. The solar electric current and transform it into electricity.
tracker uses light-dependent resistors as its sensors. The solar
panels are directed at the sun and follow its path across the 1.2 Solar Tracking
atmosphere to maximize photon capture. This caused the sun's A device that points an object at an angle to the Sun is known
rays to fall perpendicularly onto the panels. The main aim of as a solar tracker. Positioning photovoltaic (PV) panels (solar
this project is to consume as many photons as possible in panels) perpendicular to the Sun's rays and positioning space
order to improve the solar battery's charging cycle. The telescopes to determine the Sun's path are two of the most
suggested solution can hold almost twice as much solar light common uses for solar trackers [3]. PV solar trackers change
as existing methods. The proposed approach is 40% more the orientation of a solar panel in response to the Sun's
efficient than previous approaches. location in the atmosphere. More illumination enters the solar
panel, less light is reflected, and more energy is consumed
Key words: Photovoltaic cell, solar tracking, photo resistor, while the panel is held perpendicular to the Sun. It is possible
microcontroller, Servo motor. to turn energy into electricity.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.3. Servo Motor

A servo motor is a rotary actuator or motor that can adjust
Green energy, also known as renewable energy, is gaining
angular direction, acceleration, and velocity precisely. It
popularity these days. Solar energy is a very important source
essentially possesses abilities that a standard motor lacks. As a
of renewable energy that can be used to produce electricity. A
photovoltaic (PV) module is used to transform solar energy. result, it employs a conventional motor in conjunction with a
The efficiency of a solar module is determined by the strength location feedback sensor. Servo motors are classified as AC
of the light. When the intensity is higher, the productivity is servo motors, DC servo motors, brushless DC servo motors,
higher. The force of the sun's rays on the PV module is not positional rotation servo motors, continuous rotation servo
motors, and linear servo motors.
1.4. Photo resistor performance of solar cells by observing the sun is a solar
Light-based resistors, also known as LDRs or photo resistors, monitoring device. The authors presented a
are often used in electronic circuit designs to sense the microcontroller-based architecture approach for an automated
presence or level of light. The semiconductor has a high solar tracker [5].
resistance because there are very few electrons that are free The authors of [6] developed two prototype solar tracking
and able to move. As the light falls on the semiconductor, the systems with single-axis and dual-axis solar tracking controls
light photons are absorbed by the lattice and some of their that can generate 10.3 volts, 1.5 watts, and charge handheld
energy is transferred to the electrons. batteries. The solar panels were directed at the sun and
followed its path across the atmosphere to maximize photon
1.5. Arduino Uno capture. This caused the sun's rays to fall perpendicularly onto
the panels.
It features 14 digital input/output pins (six of which can be
A solar monitoring device made of microcontrollers and
used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
LDRs that effectively monitored the sun and adjusted its
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB port, a power jack,
direction to optimize energy production. The solar panel's
an ICSP header, and a reset button. It comes with all you'll
LDRs assist in the detection of sunlight, causing the panel to
need to get started with the microcontroller; all you have to do
shift as required [7].
is plug it into a device via USB or power it with an AC-to-DC
The architecture of a two-axis sun monitoring solar energy
adapter or battery.
system using fuzzy logic as an intelligent quality strategy was
1.6. Breadboard proposed in [8]. To determine the timing for monitoring the
A breadboard is a temporary solderless structure for light, a fuzzy logic controller was developed as the system's
prototyping electronics and testing circuit designs. The software architecture. The database was used to find the
majority of electronic components in electronic circuits can be closest location that receives direct sunlight. That is
connected by slipping their leads or terminals into the holes completely automated in an evolving climate, taking into
and linking them with wires as required. Underneath the account meteorological changes as well as the effects of the
breadboard, metal strips link the holes on the end. The metal external environment caused by a malfunction.
strips are arranged in the following pattern.
No paper expresses the mathematical analysis of the proposed 3. METHODOLOGY
model clearly. At different frequencies and phases of rays, 3.1. Graphical representation of the proposed model
this paper provides an approximate mathematical analysis of
the resultant solar light on the solar panel. The primary goal of
this paper is to determine the efficacy of rotary mechanisms
for photovoltaic panels and to determine the best design for
using photovoltaic panels for ease of use.
In Section II, related work of the proposed model is described.
In Section III, the methodology of this work is described. In
Section IV, simulated results are presented. Section V
compares our simulated results to previous measurements
from the literature review. Finally, conclusions are drawn in
Section VI.
(a)
2. RELATED WORK

The authors of [3] proposed a concept based on a solar

monitoring unit with dual axes that could connect with the
smart grid through the Power Line Communication system.
The wastage of available energy was reduced.
The paper resulted in a dual axis light-sensitive solar tracking
system. The aforementioned device was designed and tested
in [4] using both a solar map and a light sensor-based
continuous monitoring mechanism. A static solar monitoring
device was used to compare the power gain and system power
usage. It was discovered that the system's power gain was
more efficient and advantageous than its counterpart. As a (b)
result, the solar system with dual-axis tracking was able to
parallel the fixed solar system more efficiently. Figure-1: Schematic diagram of methodology (a) rotating
Solar energy is quickly gaining traction as a viable option for solar panel against incident sun light (b) different rotating
extending renewable energy use. Solar cells, which turn the position of solar panel
sun's energy into electrical energy, are both expensive and The rotation of the solar panel is regulated by a light sensor.
inefficient. The most appropriate equipment for increasing the
The light sensor detects light and sends a signal to the based on the sensor data. The light-detection receptors
microcontroller, which automatically controls the panel (LDRs) detect the presence of light. The system will turn left
rotation. The microcontroller sends a signal to the servo and right, with a change in the direction of the movement of
motor, which rotates the panel in the direction of the the sun. The motor will rotate clockwise, when the time will
microcontroller's spinning angle. At all times, the sun shines be afternoon. The motor will rotate counter-clockwise in the
in the opposite direction of the panel. morning. When the sun's rays are reflected in the morning
from the solar cell panel, the servo motor will rotate left. It
3.2. Experimental flow chart will turn around around 2 p.m. It will remain neutral until 12
Depending on the rotation of the sun, the solar panel p.m. today.
rotates. Rotation occurs in such a way so that the solar panels
are directed at the sun and follow its path across the
atmosphere to maximize photon capture. The solar panel's
rotational angle in the morning is between 00 and 900. The
rotational angle is 900 at midday. The rotational angle in the
afternoon is between 900 and 1800.

3.3. Working principle of the proposed method

4 LDRs, a solar panel, a servo motor, and an "Arduino UNO"
Micro controller make up the Sun monitoring solar panel. On
the roof, a light-dependent resistor is mounted. As light falls
on light based resistors, they produce low resistance. The
panel rotates in the direction of the Sun thanks to a servo
motor attached to it. The panel is set up such that light from
either side of the LDRs are compared, and the panel is rotated
against the side with the highest strength, i.e. lowest Figure-2: Tracking system [30].
resistance. The panel is rotated at a certain angle by a servo It transmits information about the sun's rotational movement.
motor. The screen steadily switches to the right when the light The solar panel's rotation is regulated by the microcontroller.
intensity on the right side of the LDR is higher and to the left The solar panel is rotated in such a way that it faces the sun
when the light intensity on the left side of the LDR is higher. and traces its course through the atmosphere, maximizing
The sun is ahead of us at midday, and the amount of light on photon capture. The sun's rays fell perpendicularly on the
both panels is the same. In such cases, panel is constant and panels as a result. To increase the solar battery's charging time
there is no rotation. The proposed method uses the by consuming as many photons as possible. The sun’s
location-sensing unit to determine the Sun's rotational location is sensed by the position sensor, which feeds the
position, allowing it to determine which direction the motor information to the control circuit. The control circuit decodes
will turn to shift the shaft to the desired position. The analog the signals from the location sensor, compares the actual
values from the LDRs are compared for east – west position of the motors to the desired position, and controls the
monitoring, and if the left side of the LDR receives more light, direction of rotation of the DC motors accordingly to achieve
the servo will travel in that direction. The primary feature of the desired position. The angular orientation of the servo
the DC motors is to watch the light. The sun's up-down motor is determined by the pulse frequency. A control pulse is
movement is tracked by the upper panel holder DC motor, used in certain circuits to generate a DC reference voltage
while the sun's east-west movement is tracked by the lower corresponding to the desired direction or speed of the motor.
panel holder DC motor. These DC motors and sensors are It also refers to a converter that converts pulse width to
connected to a microcontroller, which controls the DC motors
voltage. When the pulse is high in this converter, the capacitor
begins to charge at a steady rate.

The charge on the capacitor is fed to the buffer amplifier when

the pulse is short. As a result, the duration of the pulse
determines the desired voltage applied to the error amplifier to
achieve the desired speed or location.

The microcontroller read this data and made a comparison

between them and then decided on the movement direction of
the DC motors. The electronic circuit is shown in Figure 3.

Figure- 4: Resultant sun light on the proposed solar panel.

We only measure a single ray for simplicity's sake.

…………………….(2)
Let, the original signal, refracted signal and scattered rays are
………………………………..(3)
………………………….(4)
…………………………..(5)
Putting the values on the equation (2) we get,

Figure-3: The electronic control circuit [30].

……………………………………….(6)
3.4. Mathematical analysis of the incident sun light on the
solar panel If A is maximum, then the amplitude of the resulting ray will
be maximum. Value of A depends on the value of .
3.4.1 Resultant (direct, refracted and scattered) sun light’s Maximum value of is 1.
amplitude calculation

At any given time, different types of sun light can strike the
solar panel. The magnitude of these rays may be the same, but
their phase is not. If A is minimum, then the amplitude of the resulting ray will
At the same time, allow direct, refracted, and scattered rays to be minimum. Value of A depends on the value of .
strike the solar panel. The resultant ray's equation is now Minimum value of is 0.
given below.

………(1)
3.4.2 Resultant (direct, refracted and reflected) sun light’s
amplitude calculation

The sun's light may be refracted by a drop of rain or other free

space particles during propagation. The amplitude must be
adjusted after refraction. Particles reflect this ray.
 …………(8)

Let direct, refracted rays occur on the solar panel at a time.

The equation of the resultant ray is given below,

……………………...(9)

Figure-5: schematic diagram of sun light refraction through

the solar panel

The lateral path gap decreases with increasing refracted angle.

The step disparity reduces in tandem with the direction
…………………………………(10) difference.

Let the phase difference between the original ray and the
………………….(15)
reflected ray is .
For simplicity we calculate only single ray,

………………………………….(16)
……………………(11)

For simplicity we calculate only single ray,

…………………………….(12)

………………………………….(13) The path difference is approximately zero which is negligible.

But practically it is not negligible.

Here, A is the amplitude of the resultant ray. 3.4.4 Waste energy calculation

3.4.3 Path difference of incident sun light between The following equation calculates the total amount of solar
non-rotating and rotating solar panel calculation energy lost due to path differences:

………….(17)
………………………………(14)

Incident angle of solar light in the non-rotating panel is and

rotating panel is .

Deviation of the refracted angle,

 comparison of the solar panel output voltage from the
spinning panel, left side, and right side.

(a)

………………….(18)

3.4.5 Proposed method efficiency calculation

Energy of the rotating sun light,

...................................................(19)

Energy of the non-rotating sun light,

…………………………..………(20) (b)
Figure-6: Solar panel voltage against time (a) winter season
(b) summer season

It can be shown that the spinning panel's voltage increases

…………………………………….(21)
rapidly, peaks at 1 p.m., and then decreases as the sun sets.
Although the solar panel voltage on the left side panel was the
same as the revolving panel from 4am to 10am, the voltage on
………………………….….(22) the right side panel was lower. The voltage was the same for
right angle solar panels as it was for rotating solar panels
4. SIMULATED RESULT (10.30 am-2.30 pm). The voltage for the right-hand solar
panel was the same as for the revolving solar panel on the left
4.1 Solar panel voltage against time (3pm-7pm). The voltage was lower at other times than on the
revolving plate. The voltage of solar panels is greater in the
Four different kinds of panels were put to the test: one was a summer than it is in the winter.
spinning solar panel, while the others were the left side, the
right angle, and the right side. The induced output current and 4.2 Solar Power Output against Time
voltage were calculated from 4 a.m. to 4 p.m. local time in
Cumilla (7 pm). Figure-6 shows how the output voltage of the
solar panel changes over time. Figure-6 depicts a schematic
 depending on the angle of incidence. The energy of the solar
light is represented by various colors for different phase
variations. The energy was at its highest, while the phase gap
and incidence angle were both zero. Energy was dwindling as
the phase gap grew.

4.4 Waste energy against incident angle

Figure-7: Solar power output against time

Four different kinds of panels were put to the test: one was a
spinning solar panel, while the others were the left side, the
right angle, and the right side. The induced output current and
voltage were calculated from 4 a.m. to 4 p.m. local time in
Cumilla (7 pm). Figure-7 shows how the output power of the Figure-9: Waste energy against incident angle.
solar panel changes over time as the result of the short circuit
current Iss and the open circuit voltage Vos. Figure-7 depicts An equation was used to quantify the sun's waste energy (18).
a schematic comparison of the solar panel output power from Waste energy was high because there was a significant path
the spinning panel, left side, and right side. It can be shown gap. The disparity is due to the sun's light incident angle. The
that the spinning panel's power increases rapidly, peaks at 1 black color means that there is no excess energy. The solar
p.m., and then decreases as the sun sets. Although the solar panel was at a perpendicular angle to the incident angle. For
panel power on the left side panel was the same as the different phase differences, different colors represent waste
revolving panel from 4am to 10am, the power on the right side energy.
panel was lower. The power was the same for right angle solar
panels as it was for rotating solar panels (10.30 am-2.30 pm).
4.5 Efficiency against incident angle
The power for the right-hand solar panel was the same as for
the revolving solar panel on the left (3pm-7pm). The power
was lower at other times than for the revolving plate.

4.3 Sun light energy against incident angle

Figure-10: Efficiency against Incident angle.

Figure-8: Sun light energy against incident angle. The efficiency as a function of incident angle is depicted in
The sun's excess energy was measured using the formula the diagram. The efficiency was maximum when the
(19-20). The amount of energy in the sun's light varies incidence angle of the sun light was 00. As the incident angle
increased, it decreased. The efficiency was zero or minimum M.A.I. edited the manuscript, supported designing the
when the incident angle was 900. The efficiency was experimental work and led the overall research works. J.C.
measured using the formula (22). The efficiency of our supported writing the edited manuscript. S.S. supported
proposed method is always 100% because the incident angle designing the experimental setup.
of the sun light is always 00.
REFERENCES
5. DISCUSSION
1. S. Ray and A. K. Tripathi, "Design and development
This work presents a mathematical analysis for increasing the of Tilted Single Axis and Azimuth-Altitude Dual
absorption rate of sun light. A microcontroller was used to Axis Solar Tracking systems," 2016 IEEE 1st
absorption maximum sun light automatically. The major aim International Conference on Power Electronics,
of this project was to reduce the path difference of the incident Intelligent Control and Energy Systems
sun light. In section 3.1, Experimental methodology of this (ICPEICES), Delhi, India, 2016, pp. 1-6, doi:
proposed model is presented. In section 3.4, mathematical 10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853190.
analysis of the proposed work is presented. Computer 2. M. A. Green, “Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics,”
simulation with Tinkercad for the experimental circuit model Ed. Mary D. Archer and R. Hill, Series on
is presented in section 3.3. The results simulated by Matlab® Photoconversion of Solar Energy, V. 1, Imperial
and Tinkercad are discussed in several ways: 4.1 Solar panel College Press, UK.
voltage against time 4.2 Solar Power Output against Time 4.3 3. Yoshitake, Jake. "Solar tracker". Encyclopedia
Sun light energy against incident angle 4.4 Waste energy Britannica, Invalid Date,
against incident angle 4.5 Efficiency against incident angle. [Link]
No paper gave a clear concept about the mathematical r. Accessed 12 April 2021.
analysis of the path difference of the sun light. We measured 4. S. Aziz, S. Hassan, On Improving the Efficiency of a
path difference and waste energy against path difference in Solar Panel Tracking System, Procedia
this article. We used a light sensor to detect the sun's light and Manufacturing, Volume 7, 2017, Pages 218-224,
send a signal of the sun's rotational angle to the ISSN2351-9789,[Link]
microcontroller, which then rotated the servo motor, keeping 016.12.053.
the solar panel perpendicular to the incident sun light beam. 5. Md. Rezwan Munshi, Faisal Hussain, Farzana Bristi,
S. Kumer Karmoker, Z. Mahamud Zefat & F. Begum
6. CONCLUSION Sumu (2020) Design and fabrication of
microcontroller-based dual axis light-sensitive
The "Arduino Uno" microcontroller was used in this analysis rotating solar panel, Advances in Materials and
to suggest a sun monitoring solar energy device. The angular Processing Technologies, DOI:
orientation of the servo motor is determined by the pulse 10.1080/2374068X.2020.1815137
frequency. The light sensor records the sun's movement and 6. M. T. A. Khan, S. M. S. Tanzil, R. Rahman and S. M.
transmits it to the microcontroller, which rotates the solar S. Alam, "Design and construction of an automatic
panel. The microcontroller's program monitors the timing of solar tracking system," International Conference on
sun monitoring and database theory, and correlates them with Electrical & Computer Engineering (ICECE 2010),
the location that is nearest to direct sunlight. This method is Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2010, pp. 326-329, doi:
more reliable than conventional sensor sun monitoring 10.1109/ICELCE.2010.5700694.
systems because it is easier to monitor the angle and the 7. S. Ray and A. K. Tripathi, "Design and development
circuit configuration is simpler, without taking into account of Tilted Single Axis and Azimuth-Altitude Dual
the error generated by external condition adjustments. Axis Solar Tracking systems," 2016 IEEE 1st
International Conference on Power Electronics,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Intelligent Control and Energy Systems
(ICPEICES), Delhi, India, 2016, pp. 1-6, doi:
P.C.K. and M.A.I. gratefully acknowledge the 10.1109/ICPEICES.2016.7853190.
experimental support of the Electronics and Communication 8. P. Sharma and N. Malhotra, "Solar tracking system
Engineering Lab, ICT Department, Comilla University, under using microcontroller," 2014 1st International
the scope of an undergraduate research project. Conference on Non Conventional Energy (ICONCE
2014), Kalyani, India, 2014, pp. 77-79, doi:
Funding Information 10.1109/ICONCE.2014.6808687.
9. Huang, C.-H.; Pan, H.-Y.; Lin, K.-C. Development of
This research received no specific grant from any funding
Intelligent Fuzzy Controller for a Two-Axis Solar
agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Tracking System. Appl. Sci. 2016, 6, 130.
[Link]
Author’s Contributions
10. Rizk, J.C.A.Y. and Chaiko, Y., 2008. Solar tracking
P.C.K. conceived the project idea and designed experimental system: more efficient use of solar panels. World
works, mathematical analysis and edited the manuscript.
 Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 25. Burhan, M., Oh, S.J., Chua, K.J.E. and Ng, K.C.,
41, pp.313-315. 2016. Double lens collimator solar feedback sensor
11. Bingol, O., Altintas, A. and Oner, Y., 2006. and master slave configuration: Development of
Microcontroller based solar-tracking system and its compact and low cost two axis solar tracking system
implementation. Journal of Engineering Sciences, for CPV applications. Solar Energy, 137,
12(2), pp.243-248. pp.352-363.
12. Saravanan, C., Panneerselvam, M.A. and 26. Reddy, K.S., Kumar, K.R. and Ajay, C.S., 2015.
Christopher, I.W., 2011. A novel low cost automatic Experimental investigation of porous disc enhanced
solar tracking system. International Journal of receiver for solar parabolic trough collector.
Computer Applications, 31(9), pp.62-67. Renewable Energy, 77, pp.308-319.
13. Sefa, I., Demirtas, M. and Çolak, I., 2009. 27. Hashemi, S.A., Kazemi, M., Taheri, A.,
Application of one-axis sun tracking system. Energy Passandideh-Fard, M. and Sardarabadi, M., 2020.
conversion and Management, 50(11), pp.2709-2718. Experimental investigation and cost analysis on a
14. Ponniran, A., Hashim, A. and Joret, A., 2011. A nanofluid-based desalination system integrated with
design of low power single axis solar tracking an automatic dual-axis sun tracker and Fresnel lens.
system regardless of motor speed. International Applied Thermal Engineering, 180, p.115788.
Journal of Integrated Engineering, 3(2). 28. Flores-Hernández, D.A., Palomino-Resendiz, S.,
15. Oo, L.L. and Hlaing, N.K., 2010, May. Lozada-Castillo, N., Luviano-Juárez, A. and
Microcontroller-based two-axis solar tracking Chairez, I., 2017. Mechatronic design and
system. In 2010 second international conference on implementation of a two axes sun tracking
computer research and development (pp. 436-440). photovoltaic system driven by a robotic sensor.
IEEE. Mechatronics, 47, pp.148-159.
16. Akbar, H.S., Siddiq, A.I. and Aziz, M.W., 2017. 29. Ahmed Rhif (2011) A Position Control Review for a
Microcontroller based dual axis sun tracking system Photovoltaic System:Dual Axis Sun Tracker, IETE
for maximum solar energy generation. American Technical Review, 28:6, 479-485, DOI:
Journal of Energy Research, 5(1), pp.23-27. 10.4103/0256-4602.90755
17. Das, P.K., Habib, M.A. and Mynuddin, M., 2015. 30. Akbar, H. S. , [Link], A. , & Aziz, M. W. (2017).
Microcontroller based automatic solar tracking Microcontroller Based Dual Axis Sun Tracking
system with mirror booster. vol, 4, pp.125-136. System for Maximum Solar Energy Generation.
18. Elagib, S.B. and Osman, N.H., 2013, August. Design American Journal of Energy Research, 5(1), 23-27.
and implementation of Dual Axis solar tracker based
on solar maps. In 2013 International Conference on
Author’s Profile
Computing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(ICCEEE) (pp. 697-699). IEEE. Pankaj Chandra Kar passed [Link] (Engg.) from Department
19. Das, S., Sadhu, P., Pal, N. and Mukherjee, S., 2014. of Information and Communication Technology, Comilla
Single Axis Automatic Solar Tracking System Using University, Bangladesh. His current
Microcontroller. TELKOMNIKA Indones. J. Electr. research interest includes Antenna
Eng, 12, pp.8028-8032. Design and Wave Propagation,
20. Hallas, J.M., Baker, K.A., Karp, J.H., Tremblay, E.J. Electronic Circuit Analysis, VLSI
and Ford, J.E., 2012. Two-axis solar tracking circuit Design and Signal Processing,
accomplished through small lateral translations. Analog and Digital Communication. He published his
Applied optics, 51(25), pp.6117-6124. research articles in various international journals. He is
21. Mustafa, F.I., Al-Ammri, A.S. and Ahmad, F.F., actively engaged in research activities. Email:
2017, March. Direct and indirect sensing two-axis pankajkarcouict@[Link]
solar tracking system. In 2017 8th International
Renewable Energy Congress (IREC) (pp. 1-4). Md. Ariful Islam passed [Link] (Hon’s) and [Link] (Hon’s)
IEEE. from Department of Electrical and
22. Ozcelik, S., Prakash, H. and Challoo, R., 2011. Electronics Engineering, University of
Two-axis solar tracker analysis and control for Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is currently a
maximum power generation. Procedia Computer lecturer in the Department of Robotics
Science, 6, pp.457-462. and Mechatronics Engineering,
23. Maliani, O.D., Bekkaoui, A., Baali, E.H., Guissi, K., University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. He
El Fellah, Y. and Errais, R., 2020. Investigation on was former lecturer in the Department
novel design of solar still coupled with two axis solar of Information and Communication Technology, Comilla
tracking system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 172, University, Bangladesh. His research interest includes the
p.115144. areas of Artifical Intelligence, Digital Signal Processing,
24. Şenpinar, A. and Cebeci, M., 2012. Evaluation of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Neural Network. He is
power output for fixed and two-axis tracking
PVarrays. Applied Energy, 92, pp.677-685.
actively engaged in research and educational activities. Email:
[Link]@[Link]

Joydip Chakrabati is currently a student

in the Department of Information and
Communication Technology of Comilla
University, Bangladesh. He passed [Link]
(Engg.) from Department of Information
and Communication Technology, Comilla
University, Bangladesh. His research interest includes
Computer Network Technology, Information Security
Technology and Cloud Computing Technology. Email:
[Link]@[Link]

Subrata Sutradhar passed [Link]

(Hon’s) and [Link] (Hon’s) from
Department of Mathematics, Cumilla
Victoria Government College,
Bangladesh. His research interest
includes the areas of Linear Algebra, Application of
Integral and Differential Calculus. He is actively engaged in
research and educational activities. Email:
subratasutradharcvgcmath@[Link]

View publication stats