1.

  A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate

observations that have been made about human growth is referred to as a
____________ theory.
humanistic
developmental
 
physiological
rational
    Score: 1 of 1
2.  _________ theories are systematic statements of general principles that provide a
framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older.
Aspirational
Developmental
 
Emotive
Humanistic
    Score: 1 of 1
3.  Which theory answers the following: Is survival a human instinct?

sociocultural
cognitive
 
evolutionary
humanism
    Score: 1 of 1
4.  Psychoanalytic theory originated with:

Sigmund Freud.
B. F. Skinner.
 
Erik Erikson.
Ivan Pavlov.
    Score: 1 of 1
5.  According to Freud, the erotic body part during infancy is the:

hands.
mouth.
 
genitals.
anus.
    Score: 1 of 1
6.  According to Freud, who is most likely to be in the phallic stage?
 
a 1-year-old boy
 a 4-year-old girl
a 7-year-old boy
a 12-year-old girl
    Score: 1 of 1
7.  Which of Erikson's stages occurs at the same time as Freud's oral stage?

autonomy versus shame and doubt

identity versus role confusion
 
trust versus mistrust
initiative versus guilt
    Score: 1 of 1
8.  Gretta is 78 years old and living in an assisted living facility. She feels great sadness
and disappointment when she thinks about all the things she was unable to
accomplish in life. Her behavior falls into which of Erikson's stages?
identity versus role confusion
industry versus inferiority
 
intimacy versus isolation
integrity versus despair
    Score: 1 of 1
9.  What do behaviorists study?

emotions
cognitive distortions
 
sexual urges
observable and measurable behavior
    Score: 1 of 1
10.  Based on behaviorism principles, the process by which responses become linked to
particular stimuli is called:
social learning.
counter-conditioning.
 
modeling.
conditioning.
    Score: 1 of 1
11.  The behaviorist most associated with operant conditioning is:
 
B. F. Skinner.
Ivan Pavlov.
Lev Vygotsky.
 Jean Piaget.
    Score: 1 of 1
12.  Modeling is also called:

operant learning.
classical learning.
 
observational learning.
reinforcement.
    Score: 1 of 1
13.  According to Piaget's cognitive theory, intellectual advancement occurs because
humans seek a state of mental balance called:
cognitive equilibrium.
cognitive disequilibrium.
 
formal operations.
collective efficacy.
    Score: 1 of 1
14.  Which of Piaget's periods of cognitive development highlights thinking that is limited
to what can be personally experienced?
preoperational
formal operational
 
sensorimotor
concrete operational
    Score: 1 of 1
15.  When new information is inconsistent with what we already know, we may change
our thinking by incorporating the new information. This would be an example of:
self-efficacy.
accommodation.
 
guided participation.
modeling.
    Score: 1 of 1
16.  These are two opposing theories that dominated psychology in the first half of the
twentieth century.
behaviorism and cognitive
humanism and cognitive
 
psychoanalytic and behaviorism
psychoanalytic and evolutionary
    Score: 1 of 1
 17.  This neuroscience technique measures electrical activity in the cortex and can
differentiate between active, sleeping, half-awake, or dreaming brains.
EEG
ERP
 
PET
MRI
    Score: 1 of 1
18.  The term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by more skilled
members of society is:
cognitive accommodation.
apprenticeship in thinking.
 
cognitive modeling.
cognitive apprenticeship.
    Score: 1 of 1
19.  The zone of proximal development:

is central to cognitive theory.

describes what the learner is not ready or able to learn.
 
describes what the learner could understand with guidance.
refers to a concept in one of Erikson's stages of development.
    Score: 0 of 1
20.  According to evolutionary theory, biologically based drives for every species are:

love and respect.

survival and reproduction.
 
self-fulfilling potential.
love and reproduction.
    Score: 1 of 1
21.  The ________________ posits that menopause and female longevity are
evolutionary adaptations meant to protect future generations.
diversity hypothesis
priming hypothesis
 
kin hypothesis
grandmother hypothesis
    Score: 1 of 1
22.  The text discusses lactose tolerance as an identified trait of _______________ that
resulted in greater survival and reproduction after thousands of years.
 
modeling
 selective adaptation
apprenticeship
guided participation
    Score: 1 of 1
23.  A psychologist who uses an eclectic approach during therapy:

implements elective theory.

emphasizes nurture.
 
emphasizes nature.
uses several theoretical perspectives.
    Score: 1 of 1
24.  Which theorist developed humanism?

Maslow
Vygotsky
 
Watson
Baltes
    Score: 1 of 1
25.  Erikson emphasized that infants need to develop ____________ in order to be
toilet trained successfully.
despair
trust
 
analytical reasoning
autonomy

1.  Which theory answers the following: Do early experiences of neglect or attachment in
childhood linger into adulthood?
sociocultural
behavioral
 
psychoanalytic
evolutionary
    Score: 1 of 1
2.  Which theory answers the following: Is survival a human instinct?
  cognitive
humanism
sociocultural
 evolutionary
    Score: 1 of 1
3.  A major difference between Erikson and Freud is that:
Freud emphasized adulthood, whereas Erikson emphasized childhood.
Freud emphasized the child's relationship to the family, whereas Erikson
emphasized the child's relationship to his or her own sexual urges.
  Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized
psychosocial development.
Freud thought that fathers had little role in development, whereas Erikson saw
fathers as central to development.
    Score: 1 of 1
4.  Which of Erikson's stages occurs at the same time as Freud's oral stage?
initiative versus guilt
trust versus mistrust
 
identity versus role confusion
autonomy versus shame and doubt
    Score: 1 of 1
5.  Gretta is 78 years old and living in an assisted living facility. She feels great sadness and
disappointment when she thinks about all the things she was unable to accomplish in life.
Her behavior falls into which of Erikson's stages?
industry versus inferiority
intimacy versus isolation
 
integrity versus despair
identity versus role confusion
    Score: 1 of 1
6.  What do behaviorists study?
cognitive distortions
emotions
 
observable and measurable behavior
sexual urges
    Score: 1 of 1
7.  Who said: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to
bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any
type of specialist I might select”?
  Piaget
Erikson
 Freud
Watson
    Score: 1 of 1
8.  In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the tone was the:
neutral stimulus.
unlearned response.
 
meaningful stimulus.
learned response.
    Score: 1 of 1
9.  The type of learning in which a reinforcer or punishment follows a particular behavior is
called:
Pavlovian conditioning.
operant conditioning.
 
classical conditioning.
respondent conditioning.
    Score: 1 of 1
10.  Operant conditioning is also called:
instrumental conditioning.
positive conditioning.
 
learning conditioning.
classical conditioning.
    Score: 1 of 1
11.  Pleasant consequences or _______________ are meant to increase a desirable behavior,
whereas the use of ___________ is meant to decrease undesirable behavior; each must be
tailored to the individual's likes and dislikes.
punishment; reinforcers
social; punishment
 
reinforcers; punishments
rewards; social
    Score: 1 of 1
12.  Consequences that increase the likelihood that a particular action will be repeated are
called:
  punishments.
learning.
 reinforcers.
positive punishments.
    Score: 1 of 1
13.  Through modeling, observed behaviors become copied behaviors. This is referred to as:
operant conditioning.
social learning.
 
instrumental conditioning.
classical conditioning.
    Score: 1 of 1
14.  According to information-processing theory, cognition begins with:
programming due to outside influences.
input received by the senses.
 
the interpretation of responses.
learning.
    Score: 1 of 1
15.  Modeling is also called:
reinforcement.
observational learning.
 
classical learning.
operant learning.
    Score: 1 of 1
16.  Piaget's third period of cognitive development is:
concrete operational.
preoperational.
 
formal operational.
sensorimotor.
    Score: 1 of 1
17.  Respondent conditioning is another term for _____ conditioning.
classical
operant
 
instrumental
observational
    Score: 1 of 1
18.  In sociocultural theory, the “zone” that includes all of the skills, knowledge, and concepts
 that a person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help is:
the sensorimotor zone.
the zone of proximal development.
 
the formal operational zone.
the apprenticeship zone.
    Score: 1 of 1
19.  The zone of proximal development:
refers to a concept in one of Erikson's stages of development.
is central to cognitive theory.
 
describes what the learner could understand with guidance.
describes what the learner is not ready or able to learn.
    Score: 1 of 1
20.  When only a few individuals survive a life-threatening condition due to their genotype
and then pass those genes on to their offspring, this leads to the survival of a species. This
process is called:
selective adaptation.
an advantageous gene.
 
epigenetics.
genetic programming.
    Score: 1 of 1
21.  The text discusses lactose tolerance as an identified trait of _______________ that
resulted in greater survival and reproduction after thousands of years.
guided participation
modeling
 
apprenticeship
selective adaptation
    Score: 1 of 1
22.  The concept of _______________ was discussed in terms of the evolution of genes to
reflect environmental variations, such as an individual being genetically less susceptible
to contract the Ebola virus.
accommodation
assimilation
 
plasticity
information processing
    Score: 1 of 1
 23.  A psychologist who uses an eclectic approach during therapy:
implements elective theory.
emphasizes nurture.
 
emphasizes nature.
uses several theoretical perspectives.
    Score: 1 of 1
24.  A well-known pediatrician, ___________, wrote a parenting book advising parents to
delay toilet training until their child was cognitively, emotionally, and biologically ready.
He indicated that this would likely occur around 2 years of age for daytime training and 3
years old for nighttime dryness.
Ivan Pavlov
James Watson
 
Benjamin Spock
Barry Brazelton
    Score: 1 of 1
25.  _______ theories were commonly criticized for ignoring current morals, laws, and norms.
Cognitive
Evolutionary
 
Sociocultural
Behavioral