PART II

UNIT IX
TOPIC: Artificial Intelligence
GRAMMAR: modal verbs/past perfect/past
continuous

 TEXT I
Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is invading the world. In the 1990s and early 21st century AI achieved
its greatest success. There are more and more jobs which humans leave to robots such as exploring
another planet, defusing bombs, exploring inside a volcano or just doing boring household chores like
cleaning. Computers can perform a lot of functions: they can control cars and planes, give us the news,
play chess and football or compose music. Many factory jobs are performed by industrial robots
nowadays. It has led to cheaper production of various goods, including automobiles and electronics.
Industrial robots have little resemblance to a human being.
Artificial intelligence has successfully been used in a wide range of fields including medical
diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery and toys. Industrial robots are also used
for packaging of manufactured goods, transporting goods around warehouses or hospitals or removing
tiny electronic components with great accuracy, speed and reliability. Robots can move around, sense
and manipulate their environment, predict the actions of others and exhibit intelligent behavior. Scientists
are interested in designing robots that resemble a human.
Are robots our best friends or are they dangerous? It is still very difficult to answer this question.
Some futurists believe that artificial intelligence will fundamentally transform society. Ray Kurzweil has
calculated that desktop computers will have had the same processing power as human brains by the year
2029, and that by 2045 artificial intelligence will have reached a point where it is able to improve itself.
Other futurists and science fiction writers have predicted that human beings and machines will merge
into powerful cyborgs - humans with significant mechanical enhancements. Many people fear that highly
intelligent robots may take over and destroy the human race. There are a lot of books and films about
people losing control over clever machines which begin to kill their creators. But maybe it is early to
worry as robots are still clumsy and not very intelligent.
But of course there are some reasons to worry about robots. Their use in industry leads to
unemployment, as many jobs are performed by machines. Besides, industrial robots can be dangerous
and cause harm to human workers. So, much attention must be paid to security.
There are a number of competitions and prizes to promote research in artificial intelligence. Many
large companies have created robots which can perform specific functions in the manner of a man. Here
are some of them:

ASIMO (Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility) is a humanoid robot created by Honda Motor
Company. The robot is 130 cm tall and weighs 54 kilograms. It can walk or run on two feet at speeds up
to 6 km/h. The robot can perform various functions. ASIMO can follow the movements of people with its
camera, follow a person, or greet a person when he or she approaches. ASIMO can also recognize when a
person offers him a handshake, and other people's movements. It can also sense the environment and
avoid hitting people and other objects. It can respond to its name, face people when being spoken to, and
recognize sudden, unusual sounds. ASIMO is also able to respond to questions, either by a brief nod, a
shake of the head or a verbal answer. The robot has the ability to recognize 10 different faces. By
accessing information via the Internet, ASIMO can provide news and useful information.
 Wakamaru is a Japanese domestic robot made by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. The robot has
been created to provide companionship to elderly and disabled people and to make their life easier. The
robot is yellow, lm tall, and weighs 30 kilograms. Wakamaru can connect to the Internet, and has limited
speech and speech recognition abilities. It can say, 'Welcome back!', 'Let me search the Internet' and
other simple phrases. The functions it can perform include reminding the user to take medicine on time,
and calling for help if it suspects something is wrong. When its batteries run out, Wakamaru recharges
itself.

Hitachi created its second humanoid robot EMIEW2 in 2008. EMIEW2 weighs 13kg and can
move on wheels, as well as two legs. The robot is 80cm tall, high enough for looking over desk tops. It
has 14 microphones which enable it to recognize human voice and sounds. The robot can distinguish
voices even when three people are speaking at the same time and it can recognize voices spoken as far as
2m away.

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute of Korea has developed a robot with four
human senses such as seeing, hearing, touching, and smelling. POMI (Penguin robot for Multimodal
Interaction) can move the eyebrow, eye lid, eye ball and lips. It also uses various colours to show face
expressions. POMI has two kinds of built-in scent sprays to express happiness, sadness, and joy. It also
has a heartbeat device which makes people feel like the robot's heart really beats up when they put the
hands on the left chest of the robot. It can also talk to people through a built-in speaker.

1. Give the definitions of the following words

• artificial intelligence (AI) • robot • cyborg • android • humanoid

2. Answer the questions

1) Why do people make robots? 2) Why do some people believe that robots can be dangerous? 3) What
are the real reasons to worry about robots? 4) Are there any limits to how intelligent machines can be? 5)
What is the difference between human intelligence and artificial intelligence? 6) Can a machine have
human feelings? Why? 7) What may happen if humans hand over important decisions to machines? 8)
What science fiction books and films about robots do you know? What role do robots play in people's life
in these books or films? 9) What is your personal attitude to robots? 10) Would you like to have a
domestic robot? Why

GRAMMAR
MODAL VERBS

Modal verb Usage Example

I can do several things
ability
at the same time.
can when something is possible Miracles can happen.
permission You can go now.
informal requests Can you come here for a minute?
She said she could pay
past form of "can"
for us as well.
Could you move
could polite requests
your bag, please?
It could be that he
possibility
missed the train.
may possibility It may rain tomorrow.
 ask for or give
May I speak?
permission (formal)
He said he might
past form of "may"
might change his mind.
possibility This might fail.
you have to do it You must obey the law.
must it's very logical or They left so early, they
very likely to happen must be home by now.

must not/
you are not allowed to do it You mustn't smoke in here.
mustn't

future for "I" and "we" I shall see him tomorrow.

shall questions and suggestions for "I"
Let's continue, shall we?
and "we"
the right thing to do She should call the police.
- What should I do?
advice - You should stop
should
thinking about it.
what is likely or We should be
expected to happen back by midnight.
future action or state Prices will go up
will (not plans) next summer.
promises and intentions It's alright, I'll pick it up.
past form of "will" He told me he would come.
What would you do
imagined situations
if you were him?

would for polite requests, offers and

- Would you please sit down?
invitations

to say what you want to do or

I would like a piece of cake.
have
ought to the right thing to do You ought to apologize.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I was going was I going? I was not working
you were going were you going? you weren’t going

he/she/it was going was he/she/it going? he/she/it wasn’t going

we were going were we going? we weren’t going

you were going were you going? you weren’t going

they were going were they going? they weren’t going

use sentence
1. actions in the middle of happening at a 1. e.g. They were playing football at 5.30
stated past time: yesterday.
2. past action in progress interrupted by 2. e.g. Mark was having dinner when
another past action. The longer action is in somebody knocked at the door.
the Past Continuous, the shorter is in the
 Past Indefinite: 3. e.g. While I was swimming, Jane was
3. two or more simultaneous past actions or sunbathing.
background description to events in a e.g. She was flying to Rome. The sun was
story: shining.

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I had worked/seen had I worked/ seen? I had not worked/ seen
you had worked/seen had you worked/ seen? you had not worked/ seen

he (she, it) had worked/ had he (she, it) worked/ he (she, it) had not worked/ seen
seen seen?
we had worked/ seen had we worked/ seen? we had not worked/seen

you had worked/seen had you worked/ seen? you had not worked/ seen

they had worked/ seen had they worked/ seen? they had not worked/ seen

use sentence
1. an action which began before a certain 1. When I met him, he had been in the army for 2
moment in the past and continued up to years. When I arrived, Ann had just left. He had
that moment or stopped just before it. done the work by June.

2. After he had left Rome, he went to Paris. As

2. an action expressed in clauses after soon as he had passed the exam he went to see his
the prepositions after, as soon as: friends.

3. They had scarcely come home when it began to

3. hardly … when, scarcely .... when, no rain. Hardly had she laid the table when the
sooner ..... than: phone rang. No sooner had they entered the hall
than the lecture began.

EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct tense.
1. By the time he died, Beethoven … nine symphonies.
a) had written b) wrote
2. Jack … chess before so I showed him what to do.
a) didn’t play b) hadn’t played
3. When we got to the airport, I realized I … my passport at home.
a) left b) had left
4. She … oysters before, so she wasn’t sure what to do with them.
a) hadn’t eaten b) wasn’t eating
5. I wasn’t sure how Jane would react because I … her long
a) wouldn’t know b) hadn’t known
6. We chose the Hotel Rio because we … there before.
a) had stayed b) stayed
7. Tom … at the factory when he was made a manager.
a) didn’t work b) hadn’t worked
8. I … the film before, so I knew how it ended
a) had seen b) was seeing
9. I wanted to say goodbye to Mary but she … .
 a) left b) had left
10. When he got married, I … Chris for about ten years.
a) had known b) was knowing
11. At first Columbus believed he … Asia.
a) will reach b) had reached
12. Scott reached the South Pole in 1912 but Amundsen … him by a month.
a) had beaten b) beat
13. Before Columbus discovered America, people … that the Earth was flat.
a) were believing b) had believed
14. He was broke as he … all his money on clothes.
a) would spend b) had spent

II. Put the verbs into the past continuous tense.

1. They stayed in the tent because it – (rain). 2. When she opened the window, she was happy to see it –
(snow) slightly. 3. When the teacher came in, the pupils – (run) around and they – (scream) at the top of
their voices. 4. They – (knock) over chairs and desks and someone – (draw) funny pictures on the board.
5. When he reached the place, everyone – (wait) for him. 6. I walk up to find that water – (pour) through
the bedroom ceiling. 7. I looked out of the window and saw that we – (fly) over the mountains. 8. While I
– (talk) to the manager somebody walked into my office and stole the computer. 9. Your telegram came
just as I – (leave) my house.10. At 8 o’clock, when you telephoned I – (look through) the newspapers.

III. Complete the article, using the past simple, past continuous or past perfect tenses.

By the time he (begin) classes at Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg … (achieve) a reputation as a

programming genius. Before the end of his second year at university, he (already/design) Course Match, a
program that helped students choose classes based on the choices other students (make). At the time,
Mark (study) psychology and computer science. A short time later, he created Facemash, a program that
let students select the best-looking person from different photos. Until then students (use) books called
“Face Books”, including the names and photos of everyone who lived in the student dorms. Facemash
went up over the weekend but by Monday morning the college (take) it down because its popularity
(flood) Harvard’s server. Before Facemash, the students(ask) the university to develop a similar website.
Mark promised to build a better site than what the university (plan).

IV. Choose the correct answer.

1. Did you have to / Must you have your hair cut before the interview last week? 2. She didn't
need/needn't have to take any money because her friend was going to pay. 3. We wouldn't/ weren't
allowed to talk to our partner during the exam. 4. You need/have to be a member of the library before you
can borrow books. 5. You mustn’t/ don't have to wear your seatbelt during the whole flight. 6. Hurry up,
we're late! We might/should have been ready hours ago. 7. It may/must be cold tomorrow. 8. He
can't/may have taken the money, he was with me all the time. 9. “Someone's at the door.” “That can/will
be my uncle.” 10. She can/can’t be Italian! Her name is Smith. 11. I wonder if you may/could do me a
favour: can I use your phone? 12. Would/Should you like me to do the shopping for you? 13. It must/can’t
have been raining all night. The roads are wet. 14. I failed the test. I must/should have studied harder. 15.
I can’t find my glasses-where must/could they be?

V. Write one word in each gap, using the words given below.
Ought, had, can’t/couldn’t, must; can; can’t; may/might/could/must;
should/could/may/might; could/may/might; not; could/might
When I broke my arm a week ago, I guess it … to have hurt. But it didn’t! We were doing PE at
school, and we were making a pyramid. We … to stand on each other’s shoulders. I was doing it properly
because suddenly the pyramid collapsed and we all fell. I landed on my arm.
 Mr Smith … have known immediately that I’d broken my arm because he sent someone to call on
ambulance. “Sit still, and don’t move your arm at all until the ambulance comes,” he said, I … still
remember the feeling … my arm was numb, and looked very strange, but there was no pain at all. I
remember thinking: ”It …be broken. If it was broken, I’d be in agony.” I suppose not feeling any pain …
have been because I was in shock. The plaster … come off in about three weeks but it … have to stay on
longer. It depends on whether the break has healed properly or not. The next three weeks may … be the
best three weeks of my life –no basketball, no playing in the playground, no swimming- but I’m counting
my blessings. It … have been a lot worse!

VI. Make up a complex sentence. Combine two simple sentences using either the Simple Past
or Past Perfect.
Model: The children went to bed. They did their lessons.
The children went to bed after they had done their lessons.
1. She wrote a very good article. She studied the problem thoroughly. 2. The train started. He kissed her
tenderly and wished good luck. 3. He rose to fame. He wrote the novel "Pickwick Papers". 4. She learned
the poem by heart. She listened to the record 10 times. 5. He was a widower for a year. He met Mrs.
Jones. 6. She fell ill. They moved to Siberia. 7. We packed our things. The taxi arrived. 8. The bell rang.
The children ran out of the classroom. 9. Mary dusted the furniture in her flat. Soon she felt tired. 10.
Mother laid the table for supper. The family sat down to table to have it.

VII. Write a compound sentence to show that one action happened after another in the past.
Use the conjunctions "after, before, as soon as".
Model: Irene's mother cooked dinner. Irene came home soon.

Irene's mother had cooked dinner before Irene came home.

1. I washed and dressed. Then I had breakfast. 2. Gill felt tired. She stopped working. 3. The weather
became stormy. The air Traffic Control delayed the flights. 4. The plane took off from Gatwick Airport.
Then the hijackers seized it. 5. Andrew got the first profits. Then he decided to expand his business. 6.
James listened to the latest news. Then he went downstairs to the recreation room. 7. Nelly introduced her
sister Helen to us. Then Helen joined our company. 8. Mary had bacon and eggs, a cup of tea. Then the
clock struck 8. 9. I bought tickets. Then I went to the theatre. 10. I learnt the material. Then I went to pass
the exam.

VIII. Combine two sentences to make a compound one with the conjunctions hardly … when,
scarcely … when, no sooner ... than.
Model: She started cooking. The phone rang.
Hardly had she started cooking when the phone rang.
1. He saw the policemen approaching the house. He decided to escape at once. 2. We ran
into difficulty. Jacob knew how to overcome it. 3. She typed one letter but then the boss gave her
another. 4. Mark started business but then the war began. 5. They packed the things. Then it was
high time to go to the station. 6. The last passengers got on the train. It started. 7. He touched the
pillow. He fell asleep. 8. He entered the hall. The lights went out and the curtains rose. 9. We
started. It began raining cats and dogs. 10. She recovered from the illness. There followed
another heart attack.

FAMOUS ARMENIAN SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS

HOVHANNES ADAMIAN
 Today we can’t imagine our life without TV-s, so it is very important to know much
about the inventor of this "magic box". The idea of black and white, as well as colour
television belongs to our compatriot1: Hovhannes Adamian, who was also the author
of more than 20 useful inventions. This great scientist was born on February 5,1879 in
Baku in a family of petrol businessman Abgar Adamian, who was from proud, brave
and talented peoples’ cradle:2 Kharabakh! After finishing the school, 18 years old
promising 3 youngster 4 moved to Europe. He studied at the glorified5 universities of
Germany and Switzerland (Berlin, Zurich) with great success. The talented scientist,
being the first in the world, invented and received practical results on colour TV and firstly represented
colour television transfers 6. The first TV project was patented7 by 28 years old H. Adamian in Germany
on March 31,1908 patent № 197183, then he got patents in Britain, in April 1, 1908, in France and in
Russia in 1910. In Yerevan, 1925 the bright scientist demonstrated a device8 for transfer of the colour
image on distance. Supported by his Armenian friends and assistants Adamian demonstrated a number of
colour figures and patterns on the screen, transferred from the next laboratory. In 1925 he received the
new patent for 3-color TV. The first experimental colour television was shown by [Link] in London,
1928: based on his tricolour (red,green,blue) principle. It should be mentioned that this talented person
was also known as a witty caricaturist. The outstanding9 scientist died at the age of 53, in Leningrad on
September 12, 1932 and was beried in the local Armenian cemetery. Thirty - eight years later, in 1970
the remains10 of the great Armenian inventor were brought to Yerevan Pantheon of famous Armenians.
It should be noted that the history of television involves the work of many inventors and engineers in
several [Link] western scientists are of the opinion that the inventor of colour TV is the Scottish
scientist John Logie Baird, who gave the public demonstration of televised images in motion in London
on March 25,1925. Nevertheless, [Link] was the first to propose the idea of TV and he is fairly11
considered to be its inventor and one of the most prominent 12 and one of the greatest scientists of all
times! Watching and enjoying various TV programs we should do justice13 to "the father of TV ":
Hovhannes Adamian!

Answer the questions:

1. What did Hovhannes Adamian invent?
2. Where did he get his higher education?
3. How old was our great compatriot when he made one of the greatest and one of the most useful
inventions of the world?

The new words

1. compatriot - n.- ѳÛñ»Ý³Ïից

2. cradle - n. - ûññ³Ý
3. promising -adj. - ËáëïáõÙݳÉÇó
4. youngster - n. - »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹
5. glorified - adj. - ÷³é³µ³Ýí³Í
6. transfer - n.- ÷á˳ÝóáõÙ,÷á˳¹ñáõÙ, Ñ»é³ñÓ³ÏáõÙ
7. patent - n.-³ñïáݳ·Çñ,å³ï»Ýï
8. device - n. - ë³ñù
9. outstanding - adj.- ϳñϳéáõÝ, ³Ïݳéáõ
10. remains - n. - ³×ÛáõÝ
11. fairly – adv. - ³ñ¹³ñ³óÇáñ»Ý
12. prominent - adj.-Ý߳ݳíáñ, ³Ï³Ý³íáñ
13. to do justice to smb. - v. - å³ïß³×Á ѳïáõó»É
UNIT X
TOPIC: Google
GRAMMAR: future continuous/ future
perfect

 TEXT
Tech giant Google is investing $1billion in renewable energies to make its operations totally green.
The company hopes to exploit solar energy, wind farms and other forms of alternative energy to power its
data centres around the world. Rick Needham, Google's Director of Energy and Sustainability, told the
reporters: "We've invested over a billion dollars in 15 projects that have the capacity to produce two giga-
watts of power around the world." Mr Needham added it was an economic necessity for Google to invest
in energy. He said: "Procuring power for ourselves and investing in…renewable power plants…all make
business sense. They make sense for us as a company to do. We rely on power for our business."
Mr Needham said Google still has a long way to go before all of its operations are fuelled by
renewable energy. He said about 34 per cent of Google's power requirements are sourced from
renewables. Needham told the reporters it wasn't always easy to meet this target in some parts of the
world, saying: "Our goal is to be 100 per cent renewable powered. There are lots of challenges in getting
there, not the least of which is operating in many jurisdictions that are in different parts of the world." He
added: "At Google we invest in innovative renewable energy projects that have the potential to transform
the energy landscape and help provide more clean power to businesses and homes around the world."

1. CHAT: In pairs / groups, decide which of these topics or words from the article are the
most interesting and which are not so much.
tech / giant / renewable energy / sustainability / power / necessity / business sense /
operations / meet a target / challenges / innovative / projects / transform / landscape

2. Complete this table and share what you wrote with your partner(s).
What I know about them Their potential in my country
Wind power
Hydropower
Solar energy
Biomass
Biofuels
Geothermal energy
3. Students A strongly believe we won't be using fossil fuels by the end of the century; Students
B strongly believe we will always use fossil fuels
4. Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with the word "energy".
5. TRUE / FALSE: Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
a. Google says it is planning to compete with the big oil companies. T /F
b. Google wants to power all of its operations using renewable energy. T /F
c. A Google spokesman said it economically unnecessary to go green. T /F
d. The spokesman said it made business sense to invest in renewables. T /F
e. Over a third of Google's operations are fuelled by renewables. T /F
f. Some countries make it difficult for Google to be 100% green. T /F
g. Google said it isn't interested in changing the energy industry. T /F
h. Google isn't interested in providing power to homes and businesses. T /F
6. Match the following synonyms.
1. operations a. depend
2. exploit b. cutting edge
3. capacity c. wisdom
4. sense d. use to good advantage
5. rely e. authorities
6. fuelled f. businesses
7. requirements g. change
8. jurisdictions h. power
9. innovative i. needs
10. transform j. powered
7. Answer the questions.
1. What kind of farms does Google want to exploit?
2. What kind of centers does Google want to power?
3. How much power can Google's projects currently produce?
4. What did a spokesman say was an economic necessity?
5. What does Google rely on for its business?
6. How much of Google's operations are powered by renewables?
7. What is Google's goal in terms of being powered by renewables?
8. What is one of the biggest challenges for Google?
9. What do Google's projects have the power to transform?
10. To whom does Google want to provide power?

 ROLE-PLAY
Role A – Use less power: You think using less power is the best way to go green. Tell the others three
reasons why.
Role B – Borrowing instead of buying: You think borrowing instead of buying is the best way to go
green. Tell the others why.
Role C – Walking to work: You think walking to work is the best way to go green. Tell the others three
reasons why.
Role D – Eating less meat: You think eating less meat is the best way to go green. Tell the others three
reasons why.

GRAMMAR
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I shall be going shall I be going? I shall not be
going
you will be going will you be going ? you will not be
going
he/she/it will be going will he/she/it be going he/she/it will
not be going
we/you/they/ will be going will we/you/they be we shall not be
going going? going
you will be will you be you will not be
going going? going
they will be will they be they will not be
going going? going
 use example
1. An action will be in e.g. I shall be flying to Rome this time next month.
progress at a certain e.g. He will be watching his favourite program when you come.
time in the future. This
action has begun before
the certain time.
Something happens
because it normally
happens.

The Future Perfect Tense

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I shall have written shall I have written? I shall not have
written

you will have written will you have written? you will not have
written
he/she/it will have will he/she/it have written he/she/it will
writtenww
written? written? not have written
we/you/they/ will have will we/you/they have we shall not have
written going written
written? written
you will have written? will you have written? you will not have
written
they will have written? will they have written? they will not have
writtenwr
written

use example
1. sth. will already have e.g. I shall have finished that project by Monday.
happened before a e.g. They will have done that work by the time you return.
certain time in the
future
EXERCISES
I. Complete the conversation. Use the future simple, future continuous or future perfect.

Jane: So, when shall I come round? Is Thursday still OK?

Mary: Yes, but don’t come at six - I – then.
Jane: What time do you think you (be) free?
Mary: Let’s see. As I said, I (work) on the manuscript all day, and I expect (complete) the second
chapter by about seven.
Jane: Good, because I (be) quite busy at about six tomorrow as well. I’ve got an appointment with my
dentist and I don’t think she (finish) much before seven.
Mary: Well, we really must be getting on with the book, you know. By the end of this month, we
(spend) a whole year on this project! It’s taking too long.
Jane: Yes. I (jump) for joy when it’s finished!
Mary: Me too! By the way, (you/go) near the post office?
Jane: Probably. It’s not far from the dentist.
Mary: I’ve been expecting an important parcel and I think it (arrive) by Thursday. Could you collect it
for me?
Jane: Sure, no problem. So I (see) you later. Bye for now.

II. Put the verbs in brackets in the Future Continuous or Future Indefinite tense.
1. – Don't ring him up tomorrow, you won't get him on the phone. He (to have) a wonderful time with his
friends on the bank of the river. 2. – What you (to do) at this time on Sunday? – I (to walk) in the park. 3.
All morning the day after tomorrow we (to discuss) the company's profits. 4. Our company (to develop)
new markets in a year's time. 5. I (not to work) at 8 o'clock in the evening. 6. There's a nasty-looking
cloud just coming up behind us. I think it (to rain) heavily in about ten minutes. 7. According to the
weather forecast the frost (to get) more severe the whole week. 8. The temperature today is 8 degrees
below zero. I am sure your friends (to ski) in the woods all afternoon. 9. She (to help) her grandmother to
pick fruit in the orchard all day long next Sunday. Gardening is her hobby. 10. Jane and Kate (to watch)
video until midnight.

III. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect tense.
1. By 7.00 p.m. they (to play) cricket 8 times. 2. I (to finish) painting your room by the time you get
home. 3. Tom (to write) his third novel by the end of this year. 4. This film (probably/ not/ finish) until
midnight. 5. Don't worry! You (to forget) all about it by this time next year. 6. Hopefully, he (to cook)
dinner for us by the time we get home. 7. I (to read) this book by tomorrow night. 8. He hopes he (to
make) a million pounds by the time he is thirty. 9. By 5 o'clock I (to do) this crossword puzzle. 10. By the
time he arrives in London, John (to graduate) from the University.

FAMOUS ARMENIAN SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS

RAYMOND V. DAMADYAN

Dr. Raymond Vahan Damadian is a prominent, world-wide known scientist and

physician. He was born to an Armenian family in Melville, New York, USA, on March
16, 1936. He earned his B.S.1 in mathematics in 1956 and an M.D.1 degree in 1960.
This multi-talented2 scientist studied the violin at the world famous Julliard school for
8 years, he is also known as a very good and talented artist.
 [Link] [Link] is "the pioneer and the father of MRI" (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)3,
who invented the MRI scanner.
On July 3,1977, the first MRI body exam was performed on a human being. Dr. Damadian tirelessly
labored for seven long years to reach this point. He and the colleagues working with him named the
original machine “Indomitable” 4 to capture the spirit of their struggle to do what many said couldn’t be
done.
This brilliant diagnosis machine 5 has major advantages over other
Diagnostic methods, as it allows the insides of the body to be viewed
without actually using any kind of surgery6, X-rays or other harmful
radiation, it’s really a wonderful medical tool! It consists of magnet,

transmitter7, gradient 8 receiver coils 9 and a computer to analyse the

incoming signal and produce image. MRI is mostly used to image brain,
spinal cord, eye, ear, heart.
Dr. Damadian was the first to detect10 cancer11 in tissue12 by his MRI. In 1978 he formed his own
company "FONAR", which produces MRI scanners. Dr. V. Damadian’s the world’s first Upright Multi –
Positional MRI was recognized as The Invention of the Year in 2007. [Link] Damadian has got lots of
awards: one of them is National Medal of Technology. His name was inducted13 into the National
Inventors’ Hall of Fame14 in 1989! He was also named "Knights of Vartan" 2003 "Man of the Year".
Many world-wide known experts and scientists were much surprised, learning that Dr. Damadian didn’t
get the 2003 Nobel Prize given for MRI. The experts and scientists around the world believe he should
have received recognition for his invention, but instead, two other American scientists got the Nobel
Prize…
Dr. Raymond Vahan Damadian is one of the greatest scientists of the world, whose contribution15 in
science and medicine is inestimable17 !

Answer the questions:

1. Who’s "the father of MRI"?
2. What advantages has Dr. Damadian’s diagnosis machine got ?
3. Dr. Vahan Damadian is one of the greatest scientists and inventors of the world, isn’t he?

The new words

1. B.S. (Bachelor of Science) - ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ

µ³Ï³É³íñ
M.D. (Doctor of Medicine) - µÅßϳϳÝ
·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹áÏïáñ
2. multi – talented - adj. - µ³½Ù³ï³Õ³Ý¹
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Ù³·ÝÇë³-
黽áݳÝë³ÛÇÝ å³ïÏ»ñ³·ñáõÙ
4. “Indomitable”- adj. - ³Ýë³ÝÓ, ѳٳé
5. diagnosis machine - n.- ³ËïáñáßÇã ë³ñù
6. surgery - n. - íÇñ³µáõÅáõÃÛáõÝ
7. transmitter - n.- ѳÕáñ¹Çã, ÷á˳ÝóÇã
8. gradient – [ʹgreıdıӘnt] - ûùáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»óáÕ
9. coil - n. - ¿É»Ïïñ³Ï³Ý Ïá×,ûÕ³Ï
10. detect - v. - ѳÛïݳµ»ñ»É
11. cancer - n. - ù³ÕóÏ»Õ
12. tissue - n.- ÑÛáõëí³Íù
13. induct - v.- Ý»ñ·ñ³í»É, ÙïÝ»É
 14. National Inventors’ Hall of Fame-
¶Ûáõï³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ö³éùÇ êñ³Ñ
15. contribution -n.- Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙ
16. merit - n. - í³ëï³Ï
17. inestimable - adj. - ³Ý·Ý³Ñ³ï»ÉÇ

UNIT XI
TOPIC: Internet addiction
GRAMMAR: the passive voice

 TEXT
Internet addiction sign of mental health problems
A new survey suggests that people who use the Internet too much may have mental health
problems. A survey says that people who are addicted to the Internet have problems in life if they cannot
get online regularly. The survey is from McMaster University in Canada. Researchers have looked at the
Internet habits of 254 students and then - at the students' general mental health. Thirty-three of the
students were addicted to the Internet. The researchers said another 107 students had problems because of
their Internet use. These included depression, anxiety, impulsiveness and inattention. A professor said,
“We still know little about the dangers of Internet addiction and need to do more research into it”.
The leading researcher in the study, professor Michael Van Ameringen, explained what kind of
problems he found with the students. He said: "We found that the students addicted to the Internet had
significantly more trouble dealing with their day-to-day activities, including life at home, at work or
school and in social settings." Professor Van Ameringen added: "People with Internet addiction also had
significantly higher amounts of depression and anxiety symptoms, problems with planning and problems
with time management." The professor said we needed to find out just how big the problem of Internet
addiction is. He also said we needed to find out if mental health problems caused Internet addiction.

1. Match the following antonyms.

1. depression a. irregularly
2. significant b. offline
3. addicted c. safety
4. trouble d. security
5. regularly e. elevation, joy
6. need f. insignificant
7. anxiety g. useless
8. health h. happiness
9. danger i. unaddicted
10. online j. sickness

 ROLE-PLAY
Role A —Lack of exercise: You think lack of exercise is the biggest problem regarding the Internet. Tell
the others three reasons why.
Role B —Traffic accidents: You think accidents on the road is the biggest problem regarding the
Internet. Tell the others three reasons why.
Role C —No conversation: You think no conversation is the biggest problem regarding the Internet. Tell
the others three reasons why.
2. WORD SEARCH: Look in your dictionary / computer to find collocates, other meanings,
information, synonyms for the words “internet”, “addiction”

3. Answer the questions.

1. What did you think when you read the headline? 2. What springs to mind when you hear the word
'Internet'? 3. How important is the Internet to you? 4. What would life be like without the Internet? 5. Are
you addicted to the Internet? 6. How can we help people with an Internet addiction? 7. Are people who
browse the Internet while walking addicted? 8. Who is the most Internet-crazy person you know? 9. Will
everyone be addicted to the Internet in the future? 10. What is wrong with spending a long time online?
11. Is being online better than being with people? 12. How might Internet addicts have problems with
day-to-day life? 13. What are the signs of being addicted to the Internet? 14. How dangerous is Internet
addiction for children? 15. How might the Internet help people with depression?

GRAMMAR
PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

T O BE + PA ST PARTICIPLE

Simple Form
Present am, is, are
Past was, were
Future shall be, will be
Fut. in the Past should be, would be

Perfect Form
Present have been, has been
Past had been
Future shall have been, will have been
Future in the Past should have been, would have been

Continuous Form
Present am being, is being, are being
Past was being, were being
Future
Fut. in the Past

Perfect Continuous Form

Present
Past
Future
Fut. in the Past
Indefinite Tense Form
Present Indefinite
He receives the information. The information is received.
Past Indefinite
He received the information. The information was received.
Future Indefinite
He will receive the The information will be received.
information
Future in the Past
He would receive the The information would be received.
information
Perfect Tense Form
Present Perfect
He has received the The information has been received.
information
Past Perfect
He had received the The information had been received.
information.
Future Perfect
He will have received the The information will have been
information. received.
Future in the Past
He would have received the The information would have been
information. received.
Continuous Tense Form
Present Continuous
He is receiving the The information is being received.
information.
Past Continuous
He was receiving the The information was being received.
information.
EXERCISES
I. Write the sentences in the passive.

1. Our teacher corrects our exercises at home. 2. Mr Jackson saw the accident. 3. My friend has just
finished the report. 4. My sister had written her composition by noon. 5. Everybody will see this film
soon. 6. They will have built the new bridge by next year. 7. The newspapers reported the events
immediately. 8. The maid broke the plate and the glass. 9. Two of the girls were writing a composition.
10. The police are holding him for further questioning. 11. You ought to water the plants once a week. 12.
They couldn’t sell the house at that price. 13. He has to pay the bill before the first of the month. 14. We
must warn them of the danger. 15. When did they build the house?

II. Rewrite the sentences in the passive in two ways.

1. They’ve just sent me an email. 2. They gave each of the children a bottle of milk. 3. Someone’s telling
the children a story. 4. They may offer her the job. 5. Her father gives her a lot of money. 6. They teach
the students French. 7. They showed us the sights. 8. The teacher has returned our written works to us. 9.
The teacher is explaining the new lesson to us. 10. I should give this book to my friend tomorrow.

III. Rewrite in the passive starting with the words given.

1. People think that heart disease is caused by eating the wrong things. (Heart disease) 2. People say that
Bali is a beautiful city. (It) 3. It is said that Vikings discovered America before Columbus. 4. It is
generally said that Christmas is too commercialized. (Christmas) 5. People have suggested that the school
should start to produce a magazine. 6. People generally think that life won’t be found on Jupiter. (It) 7.
People say that crocodile tastes like squid.

IV. Change to causative form.

1. I must repair my watch. 2. They are going to paint their house. 3. I cut my hair once a month. 4. I
expect to repair my radio soon. 5. My sister cleaned my clothes. 6. You ought to check the motor in your
car before starting your trip. 7. I have pressed my costume. 8. I should mail these letters tomorrow. 9. She
is going to manicure her nails. 10. We must paint our house.

FAMOUS ARMENIAN SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS

KHACHATUR SEROBIAN

The founder1 of US dollar’s green colour is Khachatur Serobian

(Christopher Der – Seropian): a gifted2 Armenian scientist, who was born
in 1825 in Western Armenia, in Kharpert. Coming to the USA at the age
of 18, he had to do various works: he worked as a stable-boy3, as a
veterinary4. But an eager to learn5 youth wanted to get substantial 6, good
education. So he entered the famous Yeyl university and successfully
studied at the three: medical, chemical and divine7 [Link]
graduating from the university Khachatur worked as a lecturer in his
"Alma Mater"(Mother University). They say, he was the first in the
university to introduce8 the usage of registers9.
Khachatur was famed as a very talented chemist and so he was instructed11 by the US government to
10

discover special paint for US dollars: in this way to put an end to the counterfeiting12. After long and
hard work, the talented scientist discovered the needed paint when he was very young: about 22 years
old. For this great and very important discovery Khachatur was given 6000 dollars ( a very big sum of
money for those days ) and was decorated with honourable and valuable orders13 from the US
government for his great scientific discovery, went to Constantinopole, Turkey. In Constantinopole he
worked as a courtier – doctor14 and held high posts15 at the Turkish Monetary – house ( mint )16. In
Turkey also, the talented scientist was highly appreciated17 by the local government. Khachatur wasn’t
only a great scientist, but also a very kind person, who always helped the people in need.
The famous chemist died in 1874, when he was only 49 years old. We should always remember the
gifted Armenian scientist, the founder of US dollar’s green colour Khachatur Serobian and be proud of
him.

Answer the questions:

1. What did this great Armenian scientist invent?
2. How many faculties did he study at?
3 Why should the Armenians be proud of Khachatur Serobian?

The new words

1. founder - n.- ѳÛïݳµ»ñáÕ

2. gifted - adj.- ûÅïí³Í
3. stable – boy - n. - Ódzå³Ý
4. veterinary - n. - ³Ý³ëݳµáõÛÅ
5. eager to learn - adj. - áõëáõÙݳï»Ýչ
6. substantial - adj. - ÑÇÙݳíáñ
7. divine - adj. - ³ëïí³Í³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý
8. introduce - v. - Ý»ñÙáõÍ»É
9. register - n. - Ù³ïÛ³Ý
10. to be famed - Ñéã³Ï, ѳٵ³í í³Û»É»É
11. to be instructed - ѳÝÓݳñ³ñí»É
12. counterfeiting - n.-¹ñ³Ù³Ý»Ý·áõÃÛáõÝ
['kauntӘfItIŊ]
13. to decorate with honourable and valuable orders
- å³ñ·¨³ïñ»É å³ïí³íáñ ¨ ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ ßù³Ýß³ÝÝ»ñáí
14. courtier- doctor - n.- å³É³ï³Ï³Ý µÅÇßÏ
15 .to hold posts - v. - å³ßïáÝÝ»ñ ½µ³Õ»óÝ»É
16. Monetary– house (mint) - n.- ¹ñ³Ù³Ñ³ï³ñ³Ý
mint - n. -³Ý³ÝáõË, ¹³ÕÓ

17. to be appreciated - ·Ý³Ñ³ïí»É

UNIT XII
TOPIC: Scientists make self-repairing
clothes
GRAMMAR: sequence of tenses

 TEXT
Scientists make self-repairing clothes
Humans have learnt many things from nature. These things have helped us in our daily life. The
latest thing is self-repairing clothing. Scientists have developed a special way for clothing to repair rips
and tears by itself, without the need for sewing. It works with materials such as cotton, linen and wool.
Those scientists are from the Naval Research Office and Pennsylvania State University in the USA. Dr.
Walter Dressick and Dr Demirel looked at how squid can cling on to things so well. The research team
found a protein in the rings of teeth that cover the suckers on a squid. The protein is similar to the one
found in the silk that spiders use to make spider webs. It is very strong and elastic (stretchy). The new
protein has been developed as part of a coating, which is put on clothes. When the coating is dipped in
water, the area around the rip or tear joins together in less than a minute. This could help clothes last
longer and save money. It could also be useful for military and survival clothes. People like soldiers and
mountaineers would be safer if they had clothes that repaired quickly and easily. Professor Demirel spoke
about the invention. He said: "The coatings are thin, less than a micron, so they wouldn't be noticed in
everyday wear." He added: "Even thin, they increase the overall strength of the material. For the first
time, we are making self-healing textiles."

1. Match the following antonyms.

1. learnt / learned a. fat, thick
2. repair b. consider
3. similar c. ignorant
4. strong [Link]
5. safe e. dissimilar
6. quickly f. weak
7. thin g. insecure
8. increase h. slowly
9. join i. decrease
10. neglect j. divide

2. Answer the questions.

1. What have humans learnt a lot from? 2. What is not needed for the self-repairing clothes to fix
themselves? 3. What material is used for the clothes besides cotton and linen? 4. What sea creature did
scientists get the idea of the clothes from? 5. What kind of silk was mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
6. What must people dip the coating in for it to repair? 7. How long does it take for a rip or tear to join
together? 8. What could the new invention save us? 9. How thin are the coatings that are put on clothes?
10. What does the coating increase in the clothes?

ROLE-PLAY
Role A — T-shirts: You think T-shirts are the most important items of clothing. Tell the others three
reasons why.
Role B — Socks: You think socks are the most important items of clothing. Tell the others three reasons
why.
Role C — Jeans: You think jeans are the most important items of clothing. Tell the others three reasons
why.
Role D — Suits: You think suits are the most important items of clothing. Tell the others three reasons
why.

3. Now answer these questions.

1. What did you think when you read the headline? 2. What springs to mind when you hear the word
'clothes'? 3. What's the most important thing we can learn from nature? 4. Would self-repairing clothes be
useful for you? 5. What is your favourite material, and why? 6. Would you buy clothes that are self-
repairing? 7. How long should clothes last for? 8. What's the oldest item of clothing you have? 9. How
useful are self-repairing clothes? 10. Do you prefer wearing new clothes or old clothes? 11. What else
could we learn from squid? 12. Who might benefit from self-repairing clothes? 13. What new inventions
would you like for clothes? 14. How popular do you think self-repairing clothes will be? 15. What do you
think of self-repairing bodies? 16. What else would be good if they were self repairing? 27. What
questions would you like to ask the scientists?

GRAMMAR SEQUENCE OF TENSES

If the main clause is in then the dependent clause will be in
a) present tense (indefinite, continuous, perfect)
present tense b) past tense
b) will, can, may + verb

e.g. I know that he is looking for a job.

e.g. He says that he will win that game.
e.g. I hope they arrived early.

If the main clause is in then the dependent clause will be in

a) past tense (indefinite, continuous,

perfect)
past tense b) would, could, might + verb

e.g. I knew that he was looking for a job.

e.g. He said that he would win that game.

 EXERCISES
I. Change the sentences to past tense.
1. She says she cannot do that translation. 2. The weatherman predicts that it will rain tomorrow. 3. He
thinks he may finish his work by 3 o’clock. 4. The students think they are making sufficient progress. 5.
She complains that she has a headache. 6. The jury declares that the prisoner is guilty. 7. I wonder what
changes the new chairman will introduce. 8. I am certain that the price will go up again. 9. I say to the
clerk, “How much does this cost?” 10. James asks me, “Where are you going?” 11. She says to me,
“When will you get back from your trip?” 12. John says, “I have finished studying my lesson”. 13. Jack
says, “I certainly hope, it won’t change the situation”. 14. They feel sure the battle will be over before
tomorrow. 15. He swears he has never seen the man before. 16. He says he is taking English lessons from
Mr. Roberts.

II. Choose the right tense form.

1. Не said he (is staying, was staying) at the "Ritz" Hotel. 2. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their
way in the dark. 3. He asked me where I (study, studied). 4. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish)
my work at that time. 5 He says he (works, worked) at school two years ago. 6. Victor said he (is, was)
very busy. 8. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting-room. 9. He said
he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 10. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter.
11. I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not change, would not change)
for the worse. 12. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 13. I want to know what he (has bought, had
bought) for her birthday. 14. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum.

III. Put into the correct tense form.

1. Не said he (to leave) tomorrow morning. 2. She says she already (to find) the book. 3. He stopped and
listened: the clock (to strike) five. 4. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong.
5. I asked my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 6. The policeman asked George where he (to
run) so early. 7. The delegates were told that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten minutes. 8. I
knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 9. I didn't know that you already
(to wind) up the clock. 10. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to unlock the front door and (to
go) upstairs to help her. 11. He says that he (to know) the laws of the country. 12. Sarie understood why
Lanny (not to come) the previous evening.

IV. Change the sentences to past tense.

1. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3.
Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought) 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our
sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7.
He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She dances better than anybody else, (I was told) 9. My cousin
has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt) 10. She will come to stay with us. (My aunt
wrote in her letter).
FAMOUS ARMENIAN SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS

SEMYON KIRLIAN

Semyon Kirlian was a genius inventor and talented researcher1, who using high voltage2
, discovered the new type of photography: "Kirlian photography". Besides this one, he
made more than 40 useful inventions. S. Kirlian was born in Krasnodar, Russia on
February 20, 1898 to an Armenian family.
This amazing scientist shook the world, when being the first in the world took
photographs of auras! How this happened? In 1939,whenrepairing the high-frequency
electrotherapy device3 at a polyclinic,he noticed that there was a small flash of light
between the machine’s electrodes and the patient’s skin and wondered if he would be able to photograph
it. After experimenting with various equipments he was able to take an unusual and striking photograph
of an apparent4 energy discharge5 around his own hand. This talented scientist amazed the world taking
photographs with no camera, merely with electric current and photographic film! It was surprising that in
addition to living materials (men,leaves), inanimate6 objects such as coins also produced images on the
film in a Kirlian photograph setup7. His first scientific paper on the new type of photography was
published in 1962. Later, many prominent scientists wrote articles and books about this talented
researcher and scientist.
 The gifted scientist died on April 4, 1978, at the age of 80. "The Kirlian effect " has got widespread
recognition all over the world and it is widely used in various spheres. This outstanding scientist like Dr.
V. Damadian, rendered an incalculable service8 in medicine, as well as in science!

Answer the questions:

1. What did this genius researcher invent ?
2. Did he use any cameras taking photographs of auras ?
3. When was Kirlian’sfirst scientific paper on the new type of photography published?

The new words

1. researcher - n. - ѻﳽáïáÕ
2. voltage - n. - ɳñáõÙ
3. high frequency electrotherapy device –
µ³ñÓñ ѳ׳˳ϳÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ûÅïí³Í
¿É»Ïïñ³Ã»ñ³ådzÛÇ ë³ñù
4. apparent - adj. - »ñ¨³óáÕ [əʹpærənt]
5. discharge – n.- ÉÇóù
6. inanimate – adj. ³ÝßáõÝã [ınʹænımıt]
7. setup – n.- ë³ñù,ë³ñù³íáñáõÙ
8. to render an incalculable service -
³Ý·Ý³Ñ³ï»ÉÇ ³í³Ý¹, ͳé³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ
Ù³ïáõó»É
UNIT XIII
TOPIC: Life in future
GRAMMAR: reported speech

 TEXT
A new report shows what life might be like in 100 years from now. It describes skyscrapers that are
much taller than today's buildings, underwater 'bubble' cities, and holidays in space. The report is from
Samsung's Smart Things. It asked experts on space, architecture, and city planners to give their ideas on
life in 2116. They said the way we live, work and play will be totally different from how we do these
things today. The experts said that 25 years ago, people could not imagine how the Internet and
smartphones would change our lives. The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, learn and
do daily things. The experts said the changes in the next century would be even more unbelievable.
Researchers questioned 2,000 adults about the predictions they thought were most likely to happen in the
future. According to them, few people will go to an office but will work from home and have virtual work
meetings. People will have advanced 3D printers that will let you download a design for furniture or a
food recipe and then 'print' the sofa, table or pizza at home. There will also be less need for visits to the
doctor. We will all have a home health capsule that will tell us what the problem is and give us treatment.
We will also go into space for holidays and get resources that we have used up on Earth. A prediction that
was missing was whether people would still need to study English.

1. PREDICTIONS: What are your predictions for the way we will live in 2116? Complete this table
with your partner(s).

Prediction Good or bad? Why?

English
Food
Smartphones
Environment
World peace
Your country

2. Students A strongly believe life in the year 2116 will be better than life today in 2019; Students
B strongly believe in the opposite.

3. Rank these with your partner. Put the things that will be better about the year 2116 at the top.
Peace/ friendships/ holidays /food/ jobs/ education/ movies

4. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).

a. Buildings in the future will be shorter than today's buildings. T /F

b. Experts say people will be living in underwater cities. T /F
c. The report is from the tech company Apple. T /F
d. Experts say the changes to come by 2116 will be unbelievable. T /F
e. Researchers asked 20,000 people about the future. T /F
f. People will be able to print download and print pizzas. T /F
g. People won't need to go to the doctor as much as they do now. T /F
h. According to people, we will still need to study English. T /F
4. Match the following synonyms.

1. report a. futuristic
2. experts b. completely
3. totally c. transformed
4. revolutionized d. finished
5. unbelievable e. study
6. questioned f. plan
7. advanced g. specialists
8. design h. medical care
9. treatment i. asked
10. used up j. incredible

6. Match the best answer.

1. Where will the bubble cities in the future be? 6. How many people did the researchers
question?
a) the USA a) 2,000
b) under water b) 12,000
c) in space c) 20,000
d) in caves d) 22,000
2. What company made the report? 7. What kind of meetings will we have at work in
the future?
a) McDonald's a) productive meetings
b) Google b) busy meetings
c) Apple c) virtual meetings
d) Samsung d) never-ending meetings
3. What kind of planners gave their ideas on life 8. Who will people need to visit less in the
in 2116? future?
a) city planners a) the doctor
b) daily planners b) family
c) space planners c) friends
d) design planners d) old people
4. What could we not have imagined 25 years 9. Where will we be going to on holiday?
ago about the Internet?
a) cyber-bullying a) space
b) how cheap it would be b) Russia
c) how it would change our lives c) Antarctica
d) that it would still be here d) cyberspace
5. What did the experts say the changes in the 10. What language did people not make a
next century would be? prediction about?
a) small a) Chinese
b) unbelievable b) Arabic
c) gradual c) Esperanto
d) boring d) English
RO
7. WORD SEARCH: Look in your dictionary / computer to find collocates, other meanings,
information, synonyms for the words 'life' and 'future'.

8. Answer the questions.

1) What did you think when you read the headline?
2) What springs to mind when you hear the word 'future'?
3) What do you think about what you read?
4) Do you think the future will be good?
5) What do you think your future will be like?
6) What do you think of really tall skyscrapers?
7) What do you think of the idea of underwater cities?
8) Would you prefer to live in the future or in today's world?
9) What bad things do you think might be in the future?
10) What has the Internet changed for you?
11) Did you like reading this article?
12) What are your predictions for the future?
13) Do you think everything we see in science fiction movies will come true?
14) What do you know about 3D printers?
15) What do you think of the idea of printing and eating a 3D pizza?
16) What do you think of the idea of home health capsules?
17) What are the good and bad things about holidays in space?
18) What will life be like in 1,000 years from now?
19) Will people still need to study English in the year 2116?
20) What questions would you like to ask an expert on the future?

GRAMMAR
REPORTED SPEECH
Commands and requests
e.g. I said to him, "Close the e.g. I told him to close the window.
window." e.g. I asked him to open the window.
e.g. I said to him, "Open the e.g. I asked them not to make so much
window, please". noise.
e.g. I said to them, "Please
don't make so much noise”
Statements
Simple Present Past Indefinite
e.g. He said, “I live in New- e.g. He said that he lived in New-York.
York.”
Simple Past Past Perfect
e.g. She said to Jack, “ I e.g. She told Jack that she had worked at
worked at the office.” the office.
Simple Future Future Indefinite in the Past
e.g. Ann said, “I shall arrive e.g. Ann said (that) she would arrive the
tomorrow.” next day.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
e.g. Nick said,” I am writing e.g. Nick said (that) he was writing a test
a test now.” then.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
e.g. Mary said, “I have e.g. Mary said (that) she had already
already finished my work.” finished her work.
General questions
e.g. I said to her, "Are you a
student?" e.g. I asked her if she was a student.
e.g. He said to me, "Do you e.g. He asked me if I lived in the hotel.
live in the hotel?"
 Special questions
e.g. I said to her, “What are
you doing?” e.g. I asked her what she was doing.
e.g. I said to him, “Where do
you work?”
e.g. I asked him where he worked.
Direct speech Indirect speech
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
yesterday the day before, the previous day
last night the previous night
tomorrow the next day, the following day
ago before
two years ago two years before

 EXERCISES
I. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. “I have something to show you,” I said to her. 2. “I’m going away tomorrow, mother,” he said. 3. “I’ve
been in London for a month but so far I haven’t had time to visit the Tower,” said Mike. 4. “It isn’t so
foggy today as it was yesterday,” I remarked. 5. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work,” they said.
6. “I’ll come with you as soon as I am ready,” She replied. 7. “If you let the iron get too hot you will
scorch your clothes,” I said to her. 8. “If you give me some wire, I’ll hang that picture for you,” said my
cousin. 9. “My new house is supposed to be haunted, but so far I haven’t seen any ghosts,” she said. 10.
“If I press my ear against the wall, I can hear what the people in the next flat are saying,” he said.

II. Put the following into indirect speech (statements).

1. “The mirror is there so that you can see yourself when you are dancing,” the instructress told him. 2.
“If the ground is dry on the day of the race, my horse might win,” said the owner. 3. “If Tom wants seats,
he’d better apply early,” she said. 4. “It’s time we began training for our next match,” the coach said to
them. 5. “If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow,” the captain said. 6. “I
was intending to do it tomorrow,” he said,” but now I don’t think I’ll be able to.” 7. “The steak is
overdone again. I’m not complaining; I’m just pointing it out,” said her husband. 8. “If you saw my
father, you’d recognize him at once. He is the most extraordinary-looking man”, he said to me. 9. He said,
“My wife wants to take a job but I’d rather she concentrated on our home.” 10. “Would you like me to go
with you?” I said.

III. Put the following into indirect speech (questions).

1. “Which of his sons inherited his estate?” asked another 2. “What will happen to his racehorses?” asked
someone else. 3. “Who is playing next week?”, he asked. 4. “Where is the ticket office?”, asked Mrs
Jones. 5. “What platform does the train leave from?”, asked Bill. 6. “How much does a day return to Bath
cost?” Mrs Jones asked. 7. “When are you coming back?”, I asked them. 8. “Why does the price go up so
often?” she wondered. 9. “When does it arrive in York?”, he asked. 10. “Which team has won?”, asked
Ann.
IV. Put the following into indirect speech (commands, requests, advice).

1. “Don’t watch late-night horror movies,” I warned them. 2. “Shut the door, Tom,” she said. 3. “Please
fill up this form,” the secretary said. 4. “Don’t touch that switch, Mary,” I said. 5. “Come to the cinema
with me,” he asked her. 6. “Cook it in butter,” I advised her. 7. “Don’t argue with me,” the teacher said to
the boy. 8. “Make a list of what you want,” she told us. 9. “Don’t lend her anything,” he advised us. 10.
“Look at the paper,” he said to her.

FAMOUS ARMENIAN SCIENTISTS AND INVENTORS

ARDASHES AYKANIAN

When it is hot or when we want to refresh ourselves, we

drink various cold liquids: either tasty juices, cock – tails,
Pepsi-Colas or Coca – Colas! And of course, it’s very
convenient 1 to drink them with bandy straws 2. Nowadays
bars and cafes, serving various juices and cock – tails, also
can’t do without these useful straws. When we eat cold
stewed fruits 3 instead of using bandy straws, it is more
convenient to use spoon straws 4 (picture 4 ), as we can
both drink the aromatic juice and eat the stewed fruits with
it ! These kinds of things are very important, wisely thought
of and they are called “two in one ” goods.
But have you ever thought who’s the inventor of these
very useful things? We are sure, you’ll be surprised to know that not only these goods, but also the first
plastic Tupperwares, which are used to store food in your fridges, your cars’ windshields’ 5 blue strips
and many other things:(which we use or see every day) were invented by our compatriot: Ardashes
Aykanian! Every time drinking Coca – Cola, remember, that Cola’s "Plastic bottle production machine"
is also one of Mr. Ardashes Aykanian’s inventions. This famous inventor and chemist was in the
first group of scientists that ever extracted 6 Uranium !

Answer the questions:

1. What did Ardashes Aykanian invent ?

2. Many people like to drink juice with bandy – straws. What about you?
3. Have you ever used spoon - straws? What for?

The new words

1. convenient - adj. - ѳñÙ³ñ

2. bandy straws- n,- ͳÉíáÕ ÓáÕÇÏ
3. stewed fruit - n.- ÏáÙåáï
4. spoon straw – n.- ÓáÕÇÏ - ·¹³É
5. windshield - n. - ¹ÇÙ³å³ÏÇ
6. to extract - v. – ëï³Ý³É
UNIT XIV
TOPIC: Breakthrough technology
GRAMMAR: conditional sentences

 Breakthrough technology
The medical world sees another example of science fiction coming true. Scientists have revealed a
"breakthrough technology" that repaired cells and organs in mice and pigs with a 90 per cent success rate.
Researchers at Ohio State University in the USA have developed a device barely a centimeter wide that is
full of tiny microchips called nanochips. The new device is a pad that is placed on the skin. It initiates the
process of repairing the damaged organs and healing serious wounds. The nanochips "reprogramme" the
damaged cells to restore them to their functional state. Researcher Dr Chandan Sen said: "With this
technology, we can convert skin cells into elements of any organ with just one touch." The new
technology is called tissue nano-transfection (TNT). It is a non-invasive procedure, which means
surgeons do not have to cut the body. It works by placing the pad of nanochips over a damaged area of
the body. A small electric current then injects DNA into the skin's cells in less than a second. This
transforms the cells into building blocks that then regenerate any nearby damaged tissue, such as skin,
arteries, or even organs like the liver, lungs and heart. Researchers say it could replace the need for
patients needing reconstructive surgery and revitalize organs that are prematurely aging. It could even
help repair the brain. Testing will begin on humans next year.

1. In pairs / groups, talk about these topics or words from the text. What does the text say
about them?
medical / science fiction / coming true / mice / pigs /microchips / healing / wounds / tissue / surgeons /
DNA / building blocks / skin / heart / patients / aging / testing

2. Students A strongly believe it is wrong that technology can regenerate body parts;
Students B strongly believe it isn't.

3. What do you think medicine will be like for these things in the future? Complete this
table with your partner(s).

What medicine will be like Good or Bad?

Transplants
Obesity
Teeth
Brain disease
Looks

4. TRUE / FALSE: Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
1. The article says science fiction is coming true in the medical world. T / F
2. A device repaired organs with 90% success in pigs and mice. T / F
3. The new device has microchips in it. T / F
4. The device can transform skin cells into elements of any organ. T / F
5. The new technology still needs surgeons to cut the body. T / F
6. The procedure involves injecting DNA into the skin's cells. T / F
7. The technology will not be effective for the brain. T / F
8. Testing will begin on humans in five years from now. T / F

5. Match the following synonyms.

1. breakthrough a. launches
2. barely b. fix
3. initiates c. components
4. convert d. revive
5. elements e. advance
6. procedure f. putting
7. placing g. untimely
8. regenerate h. change
9. prematurely i. method
10. repair j. hardly

6. Answer the questions.

1. What kind of fiction did the article say this news was an example of? 2. What kind of success did the
tests have on mice and pigs? 3. What is the device made up of? 4. What does the device heal besides
organs? 4. Who is Dr Chandan Sen? 5. What does the technology mean surgeons do not have to do? 6.
What does the device inject into the skin? 7. What do the building blocks regenerate? 8. What kind of
organs could the device revitalize? 9. When will testing on humans begin?


Role play
Role A – Staying Young - looking: You think staying young- looking is the most desired medical
breakthrough. Tell the others three reasons why.
Role B – No obesity: You think no obesity is the most desired medical breakthrough. Tell the others
three reasons why.
Role C – Easy transplants: You think easy transplants is the most desired medical breakthrough. Tell
the others three reasons why. Tell them what is wrong with their breakthroughs.
Role D – A No sleep pill: You think a no-sleep pill is the most desired medical breakthrough. Tell the
others three reasons why.

7. WORD SEARCH: Look in your dictionary / computer to find collocates, other meanings,
information, synonym for the words “body”, “repair”.

8. Answer the questions.

1. Did you like reading this article? Why/not? 2. What do you think of when you hear the word 'repair'? 3.
What do you think about what you read? 4. How could this technology change the world? 5. Would you
be happy if this device lets us live to be 200...? 6. Have you ever had surgery? 7. Could technology one
day replace all doctors? 8. How do you think the testing will go on humans? 9. How might this device
change your life? 10. What questions would you like to ask the researchers?
GRAMMAR
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

REAL CONDITIONS (POSSIBLY TRUE)

Future Time
If + subject + simple present tense + will/can/may/ must + verb in simple
form

e.g. If I have time, I will help you to finish the project.

Simple Present Future Simple
HABITUAL
If + subject + simple present tense + simple present tense…

e.g. Mike usually walks to the office if he has enough time.

COMMAND
If + subject + simple present tense + command form…

e.g. If you see him, please call me.

UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)

Present or Future Time

If + subject + simple past tense + would/could/might + verb in simple
form

e.g. If I had time, I would help you to finish the project.

Past Simple Future Simple in the Past
Past Time
If + subject + past perfect + would/could/might + have + participle II

e.g. If I hadn’t lost my way, I would have arrived earlier.

Past Perfect Future Perfect in the Past

Had + subject + participle II

e.g. Had she seen the play, she would have told you.

Note:

I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY WERE….

e.g. If I were rich I would travel around the world.

e.g. If I were you I wouldn’t sign that document.
 Present Wish Past Wish Future Wish
Subject + wish+(that) Subject + wish+(that) Subject +
+subject+ simple past +subject+ past wish+(that)
tense perfect/could have + +subject+ could
e.g. I wish that I had participle II + verb/would
enough time to finish e.g. I wish I had washed +verb/were
my report. the clothes yesterday. +verb+ ing
e.g. We wish that
you could come to
the party tonight.
e.g. We wish that
you would stop
saying that.
e.g. We wish that
she were coming
with us.

EXERCISES
I. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If she (leave) at five o’clock, she’ll be there by half past seven. 2. If you (be) ill all day, you shouldn’t
come to the club tonight. 3. If your cousin (phone), I’ll let you know. 4. If he (be) careful, he wouldn’t
break so many things. 5. If they didn’t have to work late, they (join) us. 6. Unless you (waste) time, I’m
leaving right now! 7. (Take) more exercise and you’ll feel much better soon. 8. If it wasn’t raining, we
(go) for a walk. 9. If a fire (start), the alarm goes off. 10. If you had come to the theatre yesterday, you
(enjoy) the play. 11. If I (come) to London last year, I (visit) you. 12. If yesterday (be) a holiday, I would
have gone to the beach. 13. If John (be) here, he would help us with the work. 14. If I (receive) your
message, I would have come at once. 15. If his brakes (be) better, the accident would not have happened.
16. If it (not be) so icy, I wouldn’t slip and fall down. 17. We (not begin) the meeting unless he (come).
18. Jane (not go) to work tomorrow if she (run) temperature.

II. Finish the sentences.

1. I’m not in your position, but if I … . 2. If yesterday had been a holiday, … . 3. If I were you … . 4. If I
had known it was going to rain, … . 5. If you had asked me, … . 6. I’m mot a millionaire, but if … . 7. If I
could speak English better, … . 8. If I had been in your place, … . 9. I didn’t know his address, but if … .
10. If George were here with us, … .

III. Change the following as in the model.

e.g. If John comes, he will help us.
If John came, he would help us.
If John had come, he would have helped us.
1. If I have the money, I will buy a new car. 2. If he has time, he will go with us. 3. If they work hard,
they will learn English. 4. If he works hard, he may get a better job. 5. If it rains, we won’t go. 6. If I am
not busy, I will be glad to join you. 7. If I see her, I will give her your message. 8. If the weather is nice,
we will go to the beach. 9. If John is present, the party will be a success. 10. If she studies hard, she will
pass her exam.

IV. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 2. If you (to do) your morning
exercises every day, your health would be much better. 3. If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the
museum with us. 4. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 5.
If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 6. If they (to know) it before, they
would have taken measures. 7. If I (to get) this book, I shall give it to you? 8. If you really loved music,
you (to go) to the Philharmonic much more often. 9. If you had not wasted so much time, you (not to
miss) the train. 10. If you (not to miss) the train, you would have arrived in time.

V. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If it (to snow), the children will play snowballs. 2. If I (not to know) English, I should not be able to
enjoy Byron's poetry. 3. I (not to do) it if you did not ask me. 4. If men (to have) no weapons, would wars
be possible? 5. You will never finish your work if you (to waste) your time like that. 6. If I (to have) his
telephone number, I should easily settle this matter with him. 7. If I (to have) this rare book, I should
gladly lend it to you. 8. The dish would have been much more tasty if she (to be) a better cook. 9. He
never (to phone) you if I hadn't reminded him to do that. 10. Your brother (to become) much stronger if
he took cold baths regularly. 11. If he (to be) more courageous, he would not be afraid. 12. If the
fisherman had been less patient, he (not to catch) so much fish.

UNIT XV
TOPIC: Bilingual people
GRAMMAR: subjunctive

TEXT
A study by the USA's Northwestern University provides biological evidence that people who are
bilingual have a more powerful brain. Drs Viorica Marian and Nina Kraus investigated how bilingualism
affects the brain. They found that studying another language "fine-tunes" people's attention span and
enhances their memory. In particular they discovered that when language learners attempt to understand
speech in another language, it activates and energizes the brain. Professor Kraus stated: "Bilingualism
serves as enrichment for the brain and has real consequences when it comes to…attention and working
memory."
Professor Marian explained why studying and learning another language was so beneficial for the
brain. She said: "People do crossword puzzles and other activities to keep their minds sharp, but the
advantages we've discovered in dual language speakers come automatically simply from knowing and
using two languages." She added: "It seems that the benefits of bilingualism are particularly powerful and
broad, and include attention, inhibition and encoding of sound." She said bilinguals are better listeners
because they are "natural jugglers" of sound. She said: "The bilingual juggles linguistic input and, it
appears, automatically pays greater attention to relevant versus irrelevant sounds."

1. Talk to other students about being bilingual.

2. CHAT: In pairs / groups, decide which of these topics or words from the article are most
interesting and which are boring.
evidence / powerful brain / bilingualism / fine-tune / attention span / memory / studying / another
language / crossword puzzles / inhibition / better listeners / juggle
3. What boosts it? Complete this table with your partner(s).
Effectiveness? Why?
Studying languages
Crossword puzzles
Exercise
Reading
Maths
Food

4. Students A strongly believe we must all be bilingual; Students B strongly believe that we need not. 5.
Which would you rather have? Put the best at the top
 A more powerful brain  A better sense of humour
 A more beautiful smile  More get up and go
 A flatter stomach  More tolerance
 Bigger muscles  Better athletic ability

5. Spend one minute writing down all different words you associate with the word “brain”.

6. Match the following synonyms.

1. evidence a. especially
2. investigated b. triggers
3. enhances c. advantageous
4. activates d. proof
5. ancient e. intelligent
6. beneficial f. boosts
7. sharp g. deals with
8. dual h. inquired into
9. particularly i. twin
10. juggles j. old
BEING GRAMMAR
SUBJUNCTIVE

advise
ask
insist
command
order
Subject + prefer + that + subject + verb in simple form
request
urge
suggest
require
propose

e.g. The doctor insisted that his patient take this medicine.
e.g. We suggested that she go to the seaside.

urgent
recommended
necessary
It + be (any tense) + important + that + subject + verb in simple form.
obligatory
advised
proposed
imperative

e.g. It is necessary that she take the exams.

e.g. It was recommended that they leave at once.

EXERCISES
I. Correct the errors.
1. The teacher demanded that the students left the room. 2. It was very important that we would delay
discussion. 3. The king declared that the new laws took effect the following month. 4. I advised you took
the prerequisites before registering for this course. 5. She urged that we found another alternative. 6. It
was urgent that he must call her immediately. 7. The judge insisted that the jury will return the verdict. 8.
The university requires that all its students must take this course. 9. The doctor suggested that the patient
stopped smoking. 10. Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax was abolished. 11. It is important that
you would remember this question. 12. It is necessary that he found the books. 13. It was recommended
that we will wait for the authorities.

II. Supply the correct form of the verbs.

1. I wish it (be) possible for me to help you. 2. Mary wishes she (can) drive a car. 3. I wish I (can) help
you but I can't. 4. I wish you (leave) nearer me. 5. I wish I (have) yesterday off I'd have gone swimming.
6. I wish I (go) to the movie with you last night. 7. I wish I (own) an automobile. 8. John wishes (be) a
mechanical engineer. 9. I wish I (have) today off. I'd go swimming. 10. I wish that for just one day, I (be)
President of the United States.

III. Change each sentence to the subjunctive mood.

Part A. Use the word "that" to begin a clause after the verb.
Examples: I asked them to be quiet. / The thief told her to give him the money.
I asked that they be quiet. / The thief demanded that she give him the money.
1. She asked him to fix the computer. She requested … . 2. Sandra wanted the post office to hold onto her
mail. Sandra asked … . 3. The judge told the lawyer to be quiet. The judge insisted … . 4. My supervisor
said it would be a good idea for me to accept this new position. My supervisor suggested … . 5. "He
should fix it himself," I said. I suggested … .
Part B. Change each command to a sentence that uses the subjunctive mood in the clause following the
verb.
6. "Give me a refund," John told the clerk. John demanded … .
7. "Could you help me move some boxes," Tom asked me. Tom requested … .
8. " Can you work this weekend?" Sue's boss asked. Sue's boss asked … .
9. "Stop drinking so much!" Bill's wife told him. Bill's mother demanded … .
10. "Take a vacation," our boss told us. Our boss insisted … .
UNIT XVI
TOPIC: Plants
GRAMMAR: infinitive/gerund

 TEXT
Plants are a lot smarter than we thought. According to researchers, they are capable of making
intelligent decisions regarding risk. Scientists have discovered that one plant, the humble pea, can make
decisions regarding how to survive best, even though it does not have a brain. Researchers from the UK's
Oxford University and Israel's Tel-Hai College grew several pea plants that had their roots separated
between two pots. Each pot contained differing amounts of nutrients. One pot always had the same
amount, while the other pot varied between a lot and a little. The plants turned out to be remarkably
consistent at diverting their roots to the pot with the most nutrients.
A research paper will be published this week in the 'Current Biology' journal. Researcher Alex
Kacelnik said the experiment, "raises a question, not about plants, but about animals and humans". He
wondered whether the pea plant might be more efficient in using its limited decision-making resources
than humans. He said: "We have a very fancy brain, but maybe most of the time we're not using it."
Professor Kacelnik said he did not think that pea plants were intelligent in the human sense, but that they
exhibited complex behaviours to efficiently take advantage of natural opportunities. It would be
interesting to see how our lives would be different if we adopted similar strategies.

1. Students A strongly believe plants have intelligence; Students B strongly believe they
don't.

2. In what ways might these be smarter than humans? Could we do as they do?
 plants leopard
 ants rats
 dolphins bees

3. Spend one minute writing down all of the different words you associate with the word
"risk".

4. Read the headline. Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
1. Researchers say plants make decisions regarding risk. T / F
2. Scientists found that the pea plant has a brain. T / F
3. Scientists tied the roots of different pea plants together. T / F
4. The roots of pea plants were inconsistent in finding pots with nutrients. T / F
5. The research will be published in a journal called 'Current Biology'. T / F
6. A researcher said we don't use our brain most of the time. T / F
7. The researcher said pea plants were intelligent in the human sense. T / F
8. The researcher said pea plants took advantage of natural opportunities. T / F

5. Match the following synonyms.

1. smarter a. amazingly
2. capable b. divided
3. humble c. meaning
 4. separated d. simple
5. remarkably e. competent
6. raises f. exploit
7. wondered g. took on
8. sense h. brings up
9. take advantage of i. cleverer
10. adopted j. pondered

ROLE-PLAY
Role A — Relationships: You think decisions about relationships are the hardest. Tell the others
three reasons why. Tell them why their decisions aren't so difficult.
Role B — What to buy: You think decisions about what to buy are the hardest. Tell the others
three reasons why.
Role C — Hair: You think decisions about hair are the hardest. Tell the others three reasons why.
Role D — What to eat: You think decisions about what to eat are the hardest. Tell the others three
reasons why.

6. Answer the questions.

1. What did you think when you read the headline? 2. What springs to mind when you hear the word
'pea'? 3. What do you think of peas? 4. What kind of intelligence do you think plants have? 5. What does
the adjective "pea-brained" mean? 6. What's the worst decision you've ever made? 7. What do you think
about what you read? 8. In what ways are plants more intelligent than humans? 9. What do you think of
the test the researchers did? 10. What are your favourite plants, and why? 11. Did you like reading this
article? Why/ why not? 12. How interesting do you think the research paper might be? 13. What's the best
decision you've ever made? 14. What processes do you go through when making a decision? 15. How
'fancy' is our brain? 16. Why do some people talk to plants? 17. How decisive are you? 18. What
decisions do you have to make next week? 19. How would our lives be different if we made decisions
like a pea plant? 20. What questions would you like to ask the researchers?

GRAMMAR
VERBS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE

hope fail forget demand desire

plan learn need offer strive
expect want refuse seem tend + infinitive
claim decide wish agree

e.g. He learned to swim last month.

e.g. They decided to accept the document.

ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE

boring eager ready
dangerous easy difficult
usual common hard + infinitive
anxious prepared strange

e.g. Jack is eager to see his friends.

e.g. It is difficult to remember that rule.

VERBS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

report delay avoid consider approve of

miss postpone can’t help risk give up
suggest enjoy finish resume rely on + gerund
deny resist quit mind worry about
insist on succeed in keep on think about depend on
put off think of object to confess to look forward to

e.g. Would you mind not smoking in this room?

e.g. He insisted on taking the taxi instead of the bus.

ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

intent on accustomed to
afraid of successful in + gerund
interested in fond of
capable of tired of

e.g. Ann is fond of dancing.

e.g. We are interested in learning foreign languages.

NOUNS + PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND

possibility of reason for

choice of method for/of + gerund
excuse for
intension of

e.g. He has no excuse for arriving so late.

e.g. There is no reason for leaving the party early.

VERBS FOLLOWED EITHER BY THE INFINITIVE OR

THE GERUND

begin like try

hate start dread + infinitive or gerund (with no change in
regret continue prefer meaning)
can’t stand love

e.g. She started to study after classes/ or She started studying after
classes.

stop remember forget + infinitive or gerund ( the meaning changes)

 e.g. He stopped to read. (He stopped doing smth. in order to read.)
e.g. He stopped reading. (He is not going to read anymore.)

EXERCISES
I. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. Robert returned to his home after (to leave/leaving) the game. 2. She is looking forward to
(return/returning) to her country. 3. We are not ready (to stop/stopping) this research at this time. 4. Helen
was anxious (to tell/telling) her family about her promotion. 5. Charles hopes (to finish/finishing) his
thesis this year. 6. Jim pretended (to be/being/sick) yesterday. 7. Mary refused (to accept/accepting) the
gift. 8. Jack has an intention of (leave/leaving) the city now. 9. My brother is interested in (open/opening)
a bar. 10. We found it very difficult (reaching/to reach) a decision. 11. His father doesn’t approve of his
(going/to go) to Europe. 12. They appreciate (having/to have) this information. 13. Mary regrets (to be/
being) the one to have to tell him about it. 14. It is uncommon (to find/finding) such good crops in this
section of the country. 15. There is a possibility of (acquiring/ to acquire) this property at a good price.

II. Put particle "to" before infinitive where necessary.

1. I like ... play the guitar. 2. My brother can ... speak French. 3. We had ... put on our overcoats because
it was cold. 4. They wanted ... cross the river. 5. It is high time for you ... go to bed. 6. May I ... use your
telephone? 7. They heard the girl ... cry out with joy. 8. I would rather ... stay at home today. 9. He did not
want ... play in the yard any more. 10. Would you like ... go to England? 11. You look tired. You had
better ... go home. 12. I wanted ... speak to Nick, but could not... find his telephone number. 13. It is time
... get up. 14. Let me ... help you with your homework. 15. I was planning ... do a lot of things yesterday.
16. I'd like ... speak to you. 17. I think I shall be able ... solve this problem. 18. What makes you ... think
you are right? 19. I shall do all I can ... help you. 20. I like ... dance.

III. Put in the right form of the infinitive.

1. Не seems (to read) a lot. 2. Не seems (to read) now. 3. He seems (to read) since morning. 4. He seems
(to read) all the books in the library. 5. I want (to take) you to the concert. 6. I want (to take) to the
concert by my father. 7. She hoped (to help) her friends. 6. She hoped (to help) by her friends. 9. I hope
(to see) you soon. 10. We expect (to be) back in two days. 11. He expected (to help) by the teacher. 12.
The children seem (to play) since morning. 13. I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday. 14. She
seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here. 15. I am sorry (to break) your pen.
 ADDITIONAL TEXT
James Baghyan: The Only Armenian that Has Been in Space and Can Make Dolma

On March 13, 1989, the American astronaut, doctor, engineer, sportsman and pilot of Armenian
origin, James Baghyan, flew to the space by ‘’Discovery’’ shuttle in the framework of the Space Shuttle
STS-29 program. Then Armenian people got another reason for pride, after all, we had our own
cosmonaut!
James Baghyan was born in 1952 in Philadelphia. His parents moved to the USA from Trabzon. “I
am a second-generation representative: my father, his brothers and sisters were born in America, I am
Armenian by half: my mother is German, my father was the only one in the family who married a
stranger (this word James said in Armenian: “Otar” and laughed.)
By the way, Baghyan’s first space flight was planned for 1985, but he did not get into the final
crew list, and this saved his life: the “Challenger” exploded on the 73rd second of the flight in front of
millions of viewers around the world watching the direct broadcast of it.
In June 1991, James Baghyan conquered space for the second time, and in preparation for the next
flight he was assisted by the chief engineer of the Norton company Joan Yazedjian-Poghosyan and
NASA’s life support director Dr. Arnold Nikoghosyan.
Today Baghyan, of course, does not appear in NASA’s astronaut’s lists, but he has not changed his
surprisingly active way of life: James plays tennis, swims, climbs mountains. And he also has a fairly rare
hobby, he loves to repair old cars.
Talking about the Armenian traditions of the family, Baghyan notes that he himself can cook
national dishes. “Dolma, kufta, yalanchi, cherek … I can cook them myself. My mother also learned to
cook them. My grandmother always said to her daughters and daughters-in-law: “You see, our foreign
daughter-in-law prepares Armenian dishes better than you!” I remember that we often went to Armenian
carnivals, we danced Armenian group dances, even our non-Armenians were happy to come to these
dancing evenings. To be honest, one of the reasons for their popularity was the delicious Armenian dishes
served there,” the astronaut said, laughing and adding that he did not have the opportunity to come to
Armenia, and that, of course, he would like to see his historical homeland…
UNIT XVII
TOPIC: Reading
GRAMMAR: miscellaneous
structures/revision

 TEXT People who read live longer

New research shows that people who read a lot live longer. The study was carried out by researchers
from Yale University in the USA. The researchers said reading keeps the mind active, helps reduce stress
and makes us take better care of our health. The researchers said that books help the brain more than
newspapers and magazines, but any kind of reading will help us to live longer. Even reading for half an
hour a day could help us to live longer. In the study, researchers looked at the lifestyles of 3,500 men and
women over a 12-year period. They looked at their reading habits, health, lifestyle and their education.
All of the people were at least 50 years old at the start of the research. The study is in the journal 'Social
Science and Medicine'. It found that people who read for up to 3.5 hours a week were 17 per cent less
likely to die during the study’s 12-year research period than those who read no books. Those who read for
more than 3.5 hours a week were 23 per cent less likely to die. Researcher Becca Levy said: "Older
individuals, regardless of gender, health, wealth or education, showed the survival advantage of reading
books." She suggested people swap watching TV for reading to live longer. She said: "Individuals over
the age of 65 spend an average of 4.4 hours per day watching television. Efforts to redirect leisure time
into reading books could prove to be beneficial."

1. Match the following antonyms.

1. live a. disprove
2. keep b. poverty
3. help c. die
4. wealth d. ease
5. effort e. lose
6. beneficial f. slow, inactive
7. prove g. end
8. active h. disadvantageous
9. period i. obstruct
10. start j. eternity

 ROLE- PLAY:
Role A —Newspapers: You think newspapers are the best things to read. Tell the others three reasons
why.
Role B —Manga: You think manga is the best thing to read. Tell the others three reasons why.
Role C —Journals: You think journals are the best things to read. Tell the others three reasons why.
Role D —Biographies: You think biographies are the best things to read. Tell the others three reasons
why.

2. Answer the questions.

1. What did you think when you read the headline? 2. What springs to mind when you hear the word
'reading'? 3. How much do you like reading? 4. What is so good about reading? 5. How would you get
someone who hates reading to read books? 6. What do you think about what you read? 7. Where is your
favourite place to read? 8. How difficult is it to read English books? 9. What's the best way to improve
your English reading? 10. What was the last good thing you read? 11. Did you like reading this article?
Why/not? 12. What is your favourite book, and why? 13. Is it better to read a real book or read on a
tablet? 14. Will you now read more to live longer? 15. What does reading do to your brain? 16. Which is
better – the book or the movie of the book? 17. Are there any bad things about reading? 18. Which is
better – reading or watching TV?

GRAMMAR
EXERCISES

I. Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. There are thirty people in the room. Twenty are from Latin America and (other/the others) are from
(other/another) countries. 2. Six people were in the store. Two were buying meat. (Another/Others) was
looking at magazines. (The others/another) was eating a candy bar. (Another/ The others) were walking
around looking for more food. 3. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place (for/ since) thirty years and
he’s not planning to retire (yet/already). 4. (None/ No) of the students have finished the test yet. 5
(Neither/Either) John nor his friends (are/is) going to the museum today. 6. (The number/ A number) of
applicants have already been interviewed. 7. (It/There) is impossible to solve this problem. 8. George
looked (as/as if) he had seen a ghost. 9. I (used/ was used) to walking before going to bed. 10. This car
costs (twice more/ twice as much as) than that one. 11. (No sooner/ Not after) had we started out for
California than it started to rain. 12. We arrived (early enough/enough early) to have some coffee before
the class began. 13. We plan to spend our vacation in the mountains (because/because of) the air is purer
there. 14. Rescue attempts were temporarily halted (because/ because of) the bad weather. 15. She has
just (enough flour/ flour enough) to bake that loaf of bread. 16. He had an accident because he was
driving too (fastly/ fast). 17. He was a musician (as well as/ as well) an actor. 28. What time did you
(say/tell) that the lecture had begun? 29. I (told/said/spoke/talked) my mother that I would return late. 30.
I didn’t see that man (either/also). 31. That tea is (very/too) hot for me to drink. 32. The river is (very
/too) deep. Only good swimmers can swim across it. 33. (Despite/ In spite of) bad weather we had to
leave. 34. Helen sits (beside/besides) me at the lesson. 35. Besides English, he knows French. 36.
(Both/And) Maria and Bob are my friends. 37. It was 8 o’clock and the sun was already (high/tall) in the
sky. 38. The (last/latest) time I saw Bob was in Manchester. 39. Have you met my (small/little) sister? 40.
He (lent/borrowed) me some books which I needed badly.

 ADDITIONAL TEXT
Karahunj (Zorats Karer)

Our Armenia destination spotlight is Karahunj (Stones with voice) or alternatively Zorats Karer
(Powerful Stones) in Syunik marz, an ancient stone circle. Situated not far from the Vorotan river gorge,
and the town of Sisian, the landscape is stunningly evocative and there is no tourist infrastructure to
interrupt the view. Intriguingly, the name Karahunj, points to connections with Stonehenge. Kar means
stone in Armenian, and hunj sounds very similar to henge which has no meaning in English. Though
generally thought to have been in use from the 1st or 2nd millennium B.C., the site has been dated by
some to the 6th millennium B.C., approximately 3,500 years before Stonehenge. Scientists believe that a
temple once stood in the centre of the stone circle dedicated to the Armenian God Ari, a name which also
refers to the sun. Karahunj is thought by some to be the world's first astronomical observatory. There are
also many legends to account for the circle of stones. One says that during a wedding, enemies
approached with the intention of kidnapping the bride. After praying to the Gods, the approaching men
were turned to stone. High on the nearby mountains there are also many petroglyphs or stone paintings.
Most of the season visitors are lucky enough to have the place to themselves. Tourists familiar with
British heritage would be astonished to discover the possibility of famous Stonehenge to have been
originated in Armenia, claiming the fact that the Armenian land is the real cradle of civilization. Famous
professor and world known specialist on stone monuments Gerald. S. Hawkins had acknowledged that
Karahunj is 7,500 years old, which means that it is 3,500 years older than British Stonehenge, older than
Karnak in France and Newgrenge in Ireland.

The sight is beautiful and ancient, well worth the visit. Astronomers from Europe and the US are
showing increasing interest in the complex, and several expeditions have already taken place.

Reference

1. Alexander, L.G. Longman English Grammar. – Longman, 1997.

2. Carter, R., Hughes, R. and McCarthy, M. Exploring Grammar in Context. – Cambridge University
Press, 2000.
3. Carter, R., Hughes, R. and McCarthy, M. Grammar Reference and Practice. – Cambridge University
Press, 2000.
4. Collins Cobuild English Grammar. – Birmingham: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994.
5. Evans, V. FCE use of English. – Express Publishing, 2000.
6. Super Review: English Language. – New Jersey: Research and Education Association, 2000.
7. Thomson, A.S., Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar. – Oxford University Press, 1986.
8. Thomson, A.S. and Martinet, A.V. A Practical English Grammar. Exercises. – Oxford University
Press, 1990.
9. Vince, M. Intermediate Language Practice. – McMillan Heinemann, 1998.
10. Vince, M. Advanced Language Practice. –Heinemann, 1994.
11. Luke Prodromou, Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge First. Malaysia, 2012.
12. Robert J. Dixson, Graded Exercises in English.
13. Internet sources.
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Mariana Robert Badadyan

Hasmik Zaqar Ghazaryan

Practical Manual for Foreign Students

Editor: PhD., Assoc. Prof. H. Ghazaryan