CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A train station, railway station, railroad station or depot is a railway facility or area where trains

regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight or both. It generally consists of at least one

track-side platform and a station building (depot) providing such ancillary services as ticket

sales, waiting rooms and baggage/freight service. If a station is on a single-track line, it often has

a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. the smallest are most often referred to as "stops"

or, in some parts of the world, as "halts" (flag stops).

Stations may be at ground level, underground or elevated. Connections may be available to

intersecting rail lines or other transport modes such as buses, trams, or other rapid transit

systems.

The world's first recorded railway station was the Mount on the Oyster mouth Railway (later to

be known as the Swansea and Mumbles) in Swansea, Wales, which began passenger services in

1807, although the trains were horse drawn rather than locomotive. The two-storey Mount Clare

station in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, which survives as museum, first saw passenger

service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore and Ohio Railroad on 22 may 1830.

1.1 PROJECT DEFINITION

A train station is a place on a railway line where trains regularly stop so that passengers can get

on or off; a railway station.

1
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

it is very unfortunate that our railway system today cannot provide efficient, affordable

reliable and effective services due to neglect and poor investment in the risk of government with

or no solution to the problem of our present day, the Nigeria railway corporation operates a

network of (3,505) kilometers (2.178m) of a single tract lines whereas all have 1.067mm,[3ft 6

inches]gape. All train are diesel locomotive operated the railway own theoretically nearly 200

locomotive which is up to 80 percent are not operational through, it is a proved that railway

transports in other part of the world contributes immensely towards the attainment of the

economic and social goals.

The Nigeria railway transportation system has a very quiet long time and a long way to go, in

this case am with the opinion that Nigeria as a nation can equally do it as well to better the lives

of the citizens.

I have no doubt, that this project is set to complement government effort in the direction by

proposing a remodeling of Rigasa railway station in Kaduna state, which will restore the lost

glory of railway transportation and bring back confidence to the transport sector for the people

living in Kaduna

1.4 MOTIVATION

Kaduna state is one of the most densely populated state in Nigeria.

This is as a result of the literal nature of the state that it can accommodate all kind of people

which has population over six million. The state capital of Kaduna has an estimated population

of about 1.3million as at 2006 carried out by population census with some of the problem

2
highlighted above there’s need to remedy the problems which is no other than a problem of

transportation and the traffic congestion in Kaduna state to in-line with population growth and to

solve the problem on the existing railway station which make them inefficient or due to lack of

government attention to it. I believe this project will help to intensify the effort of government to

modernize and remodel the train station at Rigasa in Kaduna state, the infrastructure has done

perfectly but there’s need to rebuild the station to be convenience to the passengers government

constructed rail for high speed train from Kaduna to other parts of the states this proposed project

of remodeling the station will serve as one of the station since the arrival of the high speed train

is timely.

1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to provide a functional and aesthetics railway station that will meet the

standard requirement for the circulation ventilation and comfort ability.

1.6 OBJECTIVES

. To ensure a conducive environment suitable for workers, security and interaction within a proper

standard and requirement

. To integrate the design to meet it purposes and the environment harmonically

. To provide facilities that are functional and aesthetics as well cost effectives techniques in

relationship with each other.

. To provide space within the building

. To provide the structurally sound building through the use of foreign building materials with

indigenous construction firm

3
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope of this project is to design a monumental and a functional to meet the international

standard with good conducive equipment that will serve in this era/millennium age.

1.8 LIMITATION.

. Lack of enough detailing materials for the project

. Lack of time and enough data to carried out the design concept.

. Material is of international standard but for the purposed of this project.

. Lack of funds to visit foreign railway station especially in Chinese country

1.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAME OF THIS THESIS

These involve the study review of theoretical base for the design of the remodeling standard

gauge railway in this millennium the nature and factor of the design and planning were noted and

use to access the existing inventory of this project worldwide.

The critical observation was also noted and accommodation were made to improve the design of

these proposed project.

1.9.0 THESIS STRUCTURE

The study is divided into six chapters

. The chapter one deal with introduction

. Chapter two deal with literature review

4
. The chapter three deal with case studies

. The chapter four deals with brief origin of Kaduna and criteria for site selection

. Chapter five deal with design concept

. Chapter six deal with the project conclusion and recommendation.

1.9.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY AREA

The new Kaduna millennium city (Hayin Danbushiya) is situated at the eastern part of Kaduna

metropolis. it is in Chikun local government area of Kaduna state Nigeria. It can be located on

longitude 15.46°E and latitude 9.50°N, it was not fully flat topography devoid of the rock

particles, the climate conditions are wet and dry throughout the year. It has given covered grasses

round about the site thereby making it geographically fit for human activities. It is also closed to

Malali and Unguwar Rimi, it is bounded by eastern bye pass, abs Kaduna river separated it from

Malali and Unguwar Rimi.

1.9.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The method of finding for this proposed project include

1.9.3 PRIMARY SOURCES

The primary source which includes: case studies, visiting china civil engineering and

Construction Corporation that are constructing standard gauge rail in Kaduna.

1.9.4 SECONDARY SOURCES

The secondary source which includes; review of relevant related literature on railway

5
transportation, use of pass technical reports, library, textbooks and use of internal and related

journal on railways.

1.9.3 ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The significance of this project architecturally shall be the emphasis on the use of local material

throughout the construction so as to create a monumental edifice using the concept of the high-

speed train to symbolize the image of the train design and to achieve a modern railway station

with international standard.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RAIL TRANSPORT

Railway were the first form of mass transportation on land, until the development of the

motorcar in the early 20th century, had an effective monopoly, on land transportation both

streamlined and stream locomotive and high-speed emus were used for high speed services.

In Nigeria, in 1895 the Lagos railway line began its march from Edo, to Ibadan and was opened

six years later on March 4th 1901, the first locomotives consisted of three locomotives

manufactured by the Hunslet engine co. lit of leads. The original line ran north-west along the

water front, from a point near government house and the European residential area around the

race course, to customs wharf where it turned north-east toward Ereko market and Idumota.

After the commencement of a 2ft 6inches gauge line over Carter Bridge in 1901, the Lagos

steam train way was opened in May 23rd 1902, although these tracks ran between Zaria and Jos

over a distance of 194 kilometers (121mi) in the past, this line has since been closed and

removed.

As at 2003 Nigeria poorly maintained rail transport system has 3,557 kilometer of 1067mm (3ft

6 inches) narrow gauge tract, in 2005 after several reorganization of the system, passenger

transport was reduced to four departures weekly from Lagos of which two went to Kano, one to

Jos and one to Maiduguri from port Harcourt four trains every week ran to Kano(two weekly)one

weekly to Jos and one weekly to Maiduguri. The currents tracts condition limits trains to a speed
7
of 35 kilometer/hour in other to remedy the poor conditions, efficiency, effectiveness and

profitability of the nation railroad, the government seeking to privatize the Nigeria railroad,

under the privatization plan, three separate concession of 25-30 years would be granted to private

sector companies to run railroads in the western, central and eastern region.

2.0.1 PRIVATIZATION OF RAILWAY SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

With a clear understanding of the railway to play a major/vital role in Nigeria’s transport sector.

The government has decided to reform and concession the Nigeria railways. To ensure this

success of this initiative, the Nigeria bureau of public enterprise (BPE) as selected CPCS

Transcom as their advisory under this US $4.7 million contract. They will be promoting private

sector participation through a series of concession for both passengers and freight services.

They will also provide transaction support for the divestitures of the non-core assets of the

Nigeria railway corporation network of over 3,500 kilometer provides rail access throughout

most Nigeria. In 1961 NRC moved 3 million tons of freight and 11million passengers per year

since then the CPCS had been working with the government to help revitalize the sector.

In 2002 they recommended solution toward the creation of a commercially successful railway

sector in Nigeria, so as to improve the entire transportation system of Nigeria, this is how

privatization brought in high speed train in Nigeria.

2.0.2 ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF HIGH-SPEED TRAIN

The economic benefits of high-speed train are very numerous to mentioned, in the sense that it

will foster development in term of energy conservation, environmental improvement and

employment generation; high speed trains will also deliver significant potential benefits to

8
Nigeria tourism industry.

2.0.3 1USER BENEFIT OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS

Some of the user benefits range from passenger comfort, security and safety, accident free and

timely arrival, no traffic congestion, first class treatment including low operation cost.

2.0.4 HIGH SPEED TRAIN DEVELOPMENT

High speed train is a type of passenger rail transport that operates significantly faster than the

normal speeds of train traffic. Specific definition by the European union include 200 kilometer

per hour, (155mph) or faster for new track whilst in the united states, the US department of

transportation define it as reasonably expected to reach sustained speeds of more than 125mph

(201 kilometer per hour). Although the federal railroad administration uses a a definition of

above 110mph (177kilometer per hour) actual maximum commercial speed is about 300

kilometer per hour(186mph)for majority of national high speed

railways(JAPAN,CHINA,FRANCE,GERMANY)and so on, and about 400 kilometer per

hour(249mph)for maglev trains, high speed train travel at their maximum speed on specific

tracks generally using standard gauge (except RUSSIA)with not grade crossing and few curves,

the world record for conventional high speed rail is held by the visor which are specially

configure and heavily modified version of Aisles TGV which clocked 574.8km per hour

(3572mph)on a test the distance its covers.

The world speed record for maglev is held by the Japanese expertise that carried out the

experimental (MLX) 01.581km per hour (3361mph) while high speed rail is usually designed for

9
passenger to travel, some high speed train system also carry some kind of freight services for

instances, the French mail services la poste own a few special TGV trains for carrying postal l

freight.

In march 2006 the government of Nigeria during president Olusegun Obasanjo signed a

memorandum of understanding (MOU)with china civil engineering and construction corporation

to construct a beneficiary fast rail(RFR)system from Lagos to the federal capital Abuja where

there is no existing railway as well as light rail lines to Murtala Mohamed International Airport

from Lagos city and to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport from abuja city center.

According to the minister of commerce and investment 22billion us dollars has been made

available to start the project whereby the Chinese company will invest in three planned stage of

the project of Abuja light rail system.

In July 2001 Yenegoa-Porthacour line according to the daily channel (publish in Lagos) Bayelsa

and river state embark on the construction of high-speed rail lines to connect Yenagoa which is

Bayelsa state capital, and port Harcourt through private partners with Agil oil.

2.0.5 HIGH SPEED LINES

High speed trains run at their maximum speed most high-speed train use special often dedicated

high level speed line, the major aspect of high speed lines is the absence of level crossing (for

evidence security reason)and the use of continuous welded rail which reduce tracks vibration and

discrepancy between rail segment enough to allow train to pass at excess speed of about 200

kilometer per hour (124mph)depending on design speed barking and the forces deemed

acceptable to the passenger curves radius is above 4.5 kilometer (2.8m)the line are capable

for350 kilometer (217mph)running are typically at 7-9 kilometer (4.3,5.6m)in addition almost all

10
are electrically driven via overhead lines have in cab signaling and the use of advance switches

using very low entry and frog angles, According to the country high speed line may be strictly

dedicated or open to a faster regional train on every freight trains.

In Japan, high speed shinkansen lines use standard gauge track rather than narrow gauge track

used on most other Japanese lines.

In France high speed lines used standard gauge as the rest of the network, but are dedicated and

use only by TGV however a freight high speed services is assumed by postal TGV.

In Germany high speed lines are shared between ICE (Intra City Express) regional train and

freight train.

In china high speed lines at speed between 200 and 250 kilometer per hour (124 and 155mph)

many comprises either freight or passenger trains Additional passenger dedicated high speed rain

lines operating at the top speed of about 300 kilometer per hour (186mph) are used only by

passenger CRH train.

Magnetic levitation trains fall under the categories of high-speed train due to their association

with track-oriented vehicles however their inability to operate on conventional trains often leads

to their classification in a separate category.

2.0.6 HIGH SEED TRAIN IN KADUNA

The significant contribution of the public transport to travel in an urban area cannot be over

emphasized and incident there has been a diffusion of urban centers over the year in several parts

of Nigeria, Kaduna state in particular while the rate of urban growth have also been persistently

high since Kaduna is the defunct capital of northern region it has remain a home to many Nigeria

11
and foreigners and has consistently been center where most of the characters and issues

determining or directing major issues of national importance reside, which lead to.

Increase in population presently in Kaduna capital city is populated to 1.3million according to

population census as at 2006

The initial impetus for the introduction of high speed rail was for additional capacity to meet the

increasing demand for passenger traveling between Kaduna to other part of the country to also

decongest the traffic flow, and make Kaduna to emerge as the leader in Nigeria land based

transportation system using well motivated workforces with modern technology to offer high

quality and reliable rail transport services with guaranteed to customer satisfaction and first class

treatment to passengers.

However, given this fresh opportunity to redefine the relationship between rail and city

innovation and knowledge in which housing business and amenities will co-exist under common

umbrella approach that placed the emphasis on intense activities aimed at promoting knowledge,

high quality Architecture and the state of the art and technology will make Kaduna state one of

the most dynamic territories in the 21st century.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

CASE STUDY

A case study is a process of carrying out a critical observation investigation or analysis on an

existing structure that is similar and related to a proposed project in other to facilitates act allow

innovation and modernization so as to improve on the new proposed project.

The case studies chosen are both local and international to help appreciate the difference that

exist however in other to achieves the objectives of this project and prevent an acceptable design

which will stand the best of time, the three case studies will be considered and carried out at.

[Link] junction railway station

[Link] railway station kubwa chikkakore

[Link] railway station IDDU

[Link] west railway station china

CASE STUDY ONE

KADUNA JUNCTION RAILWAY STATION

13
 Kaduna junction railway station is located at the northwest zone of Nigeria and is in regional

division of NRC (Nigeria Railway Corporation) it is called a junction because of the intersection

of the rail lines western line and eastern lines. The station has more than 3 rail lines but presently

only three is working properly which some of them ran through an industry in Kaduna has some

stores loco running shed bridge unit signal/communication section, engineering unit and some

offices.

YEAR OF ESTABLISHEMENT

The station was established in 1914

LOCATION

The station is located at the part of Kaduna metropolis in Kaduna south local government area of

Kaduna state not far from barnawa and kakuri, down-quarter precisely

CLIENT

Nigeria Railway Corporation (NRC)

ARCHITECT

Unknown

SITE PLANNING

The site is plan in such a way that the orientation of the building, most especially the

Admin/Ticket offices is placing the longer side of the elevation faces north and south while the

shorter side face the west and east, the site has a well define parking space.

14
At the rail yard the arrangement was done in this form loco running shed, public toilet, rail store,

luggage and parcel store, carriage and wagon proposed communication office, station

superintend wanting areas Nipost office, public toilet, Engine room and water supply pipe for

locomotive Engine, there are some building that serve as quarter for the staff with some single

units house, there is a market close to the station, government hospital and some industries

around the area.

DESIGN

The design is purposely built for railway station and is structurally sound and equipped with

facilities to served as railway station on the Admin Block which is well plan from the ticket area,

you can access some of the unit and some office, there is a first class waiting room,

restaurant/bar lodging, a big hall and conveniences the building is a storey building.

FACILITIES

A ADMIN/TICKET LXB NO ADEQUATE INADEQUATE REMARKS

OFFICE

1 Ticket section 1x2 10

2 office 3x3.5 19

3 Restaurant/bar 10x6 1

4 First class waiting 6x3.5 2

area

5 Hall 10x6 1

6 Lodging 3x3.5 10

accommodation

15
7 Liaison office 3x3.5 2

8 Power room 3x2.0 2

9 Toilet 1x2.0 16

10 bedroom 1x2.0 10

B RAILYARD LXB NO ADEQUATE INADEQUATE REMARKS

1 flyover 8x2 1

2 Loco running shed 10x8 1

3 Rail store 6x5 1

4 Luggage/parcel 6x5 1

5 Waiting area 10x8 2

6 Departure area 10x8 1

7 Public toilet 8x3.5 10

8 Engine room 2x2.5 1

9 toilet 1x2.0 16

10 bathroom 1x2.0 10

3.5 CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The construction is structurally sound with some of the structure being old as the railway station

itself and the range from the material use.

FLOOR

The floor in the admin office, and restaurant and lodge are finished with terrazzo tile, while in

the railyard, the floor are finished with hard interlocking.

WALL

16
The wall of the admin and some few unit are sands creed block, the departure area has a dual

wall, while some are cladding wall.

STRUCTURE

The store, loco running shed, luggage/parcel are portal frame.

CEILING

The ceiling of the office and other building are all asbestos ceiling board.

WOOD

Some of the old building are wooden, while places like store, ticket section, loco running shed,

luggage/parcel are steel members.

GRAVEL

Gravel were used on the side of the rail to support the rail and reduced the vibration.

FENESTRATION

DOOR

Some of the door are flush doors, steel doors track, rolling doors, timber wooden doors, roller

shutter doors and steel metal door at the entrance to the ticket sections.

WINDOWS

Some of the window are louvre glass, aluminum sliding and casement windows.

3.7 OBSERVATION

17
Though the Kaduna junction railway station has all the facilities to served as rail station, but one

thing is that the observation was one of the equipment that are not being fully utilize while other

are absolute from the ticket room to the first rail which is close to some offices,

A burglars iron was use to protect passenger and the staff not to have a direct access to the rail

instead of a device called Automatic Train Protection (ATP) or Automatic Warning System

(AWS).

The station departure area is exposed, thereby not too convenience to passenger during harmattan

and raining season, the station has a flyover which suppose to served for passenger protection

and safety, since rail passes through, but passenger preferred crossing the rail than using the

flyover.

The second waiting hall were also converted to hall for rent age and the public toilet were also

lease out including the store in station.

3.8 MERIT

1. the station has enough land for future expansion.

2. the station has a good floor finishing.

3. adequate restaurant/bar for passenger.

4. the ticket section is adequately/properly put in place.

3.9 DEMERIT

1. some of the building are too old and at the stage of collapsing.

18
2. the building are poorly plan.

3. the conveniences in the station are not enough compared to the number of passengers.

4. no proper landscaping.

5. the waiting area is poorly organized, too exposed to weather.

3.10 CONCLUSION

From the observation, during the case studies conducted I observed and make some comparison

with the international standard both merit and demerit will be taking care in the new proposed

design so as to give the railway station its befitting standard internationally.

CASE STUDY TWO

3.11 NORTHERN DISTRICT HEADQUARTER RAILWAY STATION ZARIA

Norther district with the headquarter in Zaria is one of the seven district that constitute Nigeria

Railway Corporation (NRC).

It has a total route kilometer range of 712km, spanning from kakuri-Nguru (on the western

line/axis) kankomi-kaduna junction (on the eastern line/axis) Zaria-Kaura Namoda (on a branch

line) out of 36 state and FCT of Nigeria, the district covers a total number of six state which are;

Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Jigawa, Yobe And Zamfara State.

YEAR OF ESTABLISHEMENT

The railway station was established in 1898.

LOCATION

19
The railway station is located at the part of Zaria metropolis in Zaria local Government Area of

Kaduna state which are very close to pz and Zaria polo club.

CLIENT;

Nigeria Railway Corporation (NRC)

ARCHITECT:

Unknown

3.12 SITE PLANNING

The site planning of Rigasa railway station is not properly done, the orientation of the buildings

are not good enough so I am with the opinion to remodel the station with good functionality and

aesthetics. the railway district manager office is a building of its own.

The admin and finance are one storey building, the personnel division and signal/communication

share the same building there is also a storey building made for the police for the purpose of

securing the station and the passengers and the so-called railway police headed by commissioner

of police railway

The station has 3 big workshop that is well equipped for the repaired of train and other for minor

repaired, passenger have more distance area from the entrance to the train platform before they

could buy ticket.

The railway station to the market and a private hospital including some industries, the station has

a training school and railway quarters including stores.

3.13 DESIGN;

20
The design is purposely built for a railway station and has the facilities to serve as a railway

station, the station is designed base on the British style of building and the structure are from the

ages of 80, 60, 50 respectively and still looking structurally sound, only the railway district

manager office and the communication room that is a new structure the ticket unit, train office

and the passenger waiting is not properly plan, the first class waiting room is very small and the

conveniences is not enough compare to the number of passengers and the activities at the station

are scattered and most of them are storey building.

3.14 FEATURES OF THE DISTRICT

The major feature of the district are:

[Link] district is one of the two districts (one is north central district/kafancha) which has the

particular feature of serving the two-railway main line i.e western and eastern line of Nigeria

railway system with Kaduna railway station under its jurisdiction.

[Link] has a big diesel/electrical locomotive workshop where major overhauls of locomotive engine

can be undertaken and also the capacity to do this in other to meet it needs of adjoining district

(e.g. Northwest and Northeast) in terms of locomotive availability and functionality.

[Link] has a long carriage and wagon workshop where overhauls of rolling stock can effortlessly

under-taken.

[Link] has three (3 number of running shed) in Kaduna, Zaria and kano station where running

repairs are train are done.

[Link] is present of industrial hospital that is NHIS accredited (i.e National Health Insurance

Scheme) to meet the medical needs of the railway staffs and their family members and outsiders

21
as well.

3.15 FACILITIES

no Ticket Lxb no adequate inadequate remarks

office

1 Ticket 1x2 6

sector
2 offices 3x3.5 7

3 First class waiting 3.5x6 1

4 Passengers

waiting

5 cabin 2.0x2.0 2

6 conveniences 2.0x1.0 12

3.16 CONSTRUCTION METHOD

The construction is structurally sound with some of the structure being old as the railway station

itself and this range from the material use.

FLOOR

The floor of the railway district manager office is cover and finished with glazed tiles while

some of the offices are terrazzo and others are mass concrete floor that is over 50, 60 to 80 years

respectively.

22
WALL

The wall of railway district manager office, admin, ticket section, personnel signal and Civil

Engineering Department are block wall while the workshop store are steel portal frame with

cladding wall of aluminum corrugated roofing material but customizes.

STRUCTURE

The store and workshop are steel portal frames.

CEILING

The ceiling of the office and other part of the building are finished with asbestos ceiling board.

WOOD

Some of the old building and new one were wood, while the places like workshop and store steel

members.

GRAVEL

The gravel were used on the side of the rail in between each sleeper to support the rail in other to

reduce vibration.

317 FENESTRATIONS

DOORS

Some of the doors notice are, flush doors, steel doors, track rolling doors and timber wooden

doors, shutters roller doors aluminum sliding doors.

WINDOWS

23
Some of the windows are lurver glass, aluminum sliding, wooden casement windows (high level

window) and also light shed windows in the workshop.

3.18 OBSERVATION

The building was built purposely for the railway station services and well equipped, but one

things that is observed there is, the structure are scattered around and it is very difficult to move

around since you have to move a bit distance before you can access other facilities, the cabin

which served as the train radar is not fully equipped with communication equipment making it

difficult for the operator to communicate with the incoming train into the station, the train offices

is not properly equipped and the waiting area is exposed to weather only a few sit made up of

concrete slab that is, there cannot accommodate larger number of people at once , the ticket area

is not secure because it is also open which make passengers uncomfortable and no protection for

passenger and the user of the rail because the rail track is exposed which can also cause hazard

intense of accident.

3.19 MERIT

1. the station has a very good floor finished

2. it has a durable structure (steel portal frame and block wall)

3. the station also has enough land for future expansion.

4. the station has a well-equipped workshop that is made up of cladding wall and well define

drainage.

3.20 DEMERIT

24
 1. the station has no define parking space

2. the station has no restaurant, rather snacks shops

3. the waiting area is not enough for the number of passengers

4. poor orientation of the structure was made

5. the public toilet is not enough in sizes and quantities

3.21 CONCLUSION

From the observation during the case study I observed that Zaria railway station is the district

headquarters of the Northern Region.

The station is more of Engineering since it has 3 large workshops for the repaired of diesel

engine train, on transit and all the rolling stocks.

Notwithstanding both the merit and the demerit including some of the facilities lacking at the

station will be put into consideration in the new proposed design.

CASE STUDY THREE

3.22 TIANJIN WEST RAILWAY STATION CHINA

The Tianjin west railway station is an intra city railway which is also serves as public services

to take their trip with a stop on the high-speed line between the Chinese capital and shanghai and

also the various region lines linking these to the underground network.

The Tianjin railway station stand in the middle of the city with the total residents of about 12

million, as a commercial area, the Tianjin west railway station is constructed with contemporary

25
materials.

It can be viewed from both inner and outer side and is the second largest high-speed railway in

china.

YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT

The Tianjin west railway station made its officials opening on the 20th October 2011.

ARCHITECT

G m p architekten.

LOCATION

The railway station was located at the Tianjin city Beijing not far from shanghai

CLIENT

Tianjin ministry of railway.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

Schlaich Berger Mann and partners

PROJECT LEADER

Arc Jiang Lin Lin.

PROJECT AREA

The project cover about 179000 sqm

3.23 SITE PLANNING

26
 The architect has highlighted the bridge function between the city quarters with a 57-meter-

high and nearly 400-meter-long vault roof above the terminal concourse its curved roof is

reminiscent of a large-scale city gate and the long stretched out concourse beneath of a classic

place of transit.

The portals of the Eastern and Western side of the curved hall are systematically framed by

arcades, to the south of the building large and open station fore count covers a very wide area

which gives credence to the importance and dimension of the railway station. Passengers enter

the new Tianjin west railway station through the main entrances on the North and South sides

Arched cantilevers above the entrance and tall window front convey an initial impression of the

space passengers encounter in the concourse which is flooded with daylight providing a high-

quality atmosphere and clear orientation for travelers, Daylight reaches the concourse through

the diamond shapes steel and glass roof construction, and while the lower part is nearly

transparent and admits a great deal of light, the upper part serves as protection against direct

solar radiation. The barrel vault roof conveys a dynamic impression not less because its steel

elements vary in width and depth from the bottom to the top and are inter woven together.

3.24 DESIGN

The design has a dimension of a railway station features of 75 meter high and nearly 400 meter

long barrel vault roof, the inner facades comes in roomier and spacious space completed with

modern facilities of terminal concourse with its dramatics curved roof it could support the real

existence of the railway station itself, the main entrance is located on both North and South sides.

It aims is to ease people who want to use this public service from those both sides. A

contemporary interpretation is revealed by the existence of escalators and lift that will take

27
people to the upper and down floor to the intended platforms.

CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Tianjin west railway station features,400 meter long barrel vault roof that rises over the terminal

concourse, soaking up the sun to create an invigorating and naturally daylight space, the station

is a contemporary interpretation of the cathedral like station that were popular back when train

travel was in its heyday.

The roughly square volume features 28 platforms that run pararell with the train tracks and a

large concourse on top runs perpendicular to easily access the train, the concourse is a striking

space converged in a vaulted ceiling of diamond shapes steel and glass roof construction. The

upper portion filter light to protect against direct solar radiation, while the bottom side are made

of nearly transparent glass to let in more light. Daylighting also play an important role over the

converged platform area, providing a high-quality atmosphere and clear orientation for travelers.

People can access the station via large public plaza on the north and the south or through

cantilever arched portals. The dramatic plaza and entrances convey the scale and importance of

the building for travelers upon entering travelers are granted with a cavernous space, cleanliness

elegant finishes and modern kiosk with traveler’s information displays on lifts and escalators

efficiently transport passengers from the concourse down to the platforms.

3.26 FACILITIES

The facilities in the railway station is a first-class facility with international standard and has

eight integrated lines.

3.27 STRUCTURES

28
 The structurally sound with basement as offices international wing of the railway including

diamond shaped steel and glass roof constructed which provide daylight for viewing constructed,

but steel and precast concrete walls and floors and equipped with world class facilities.

3.28 OBSERVATION

The building is made purposely for railway station with a design using little of Chinese culture

well equipped with state of the art and technology. The station has a unique roofing system and a

basement and also serve for both local and international route.

3.29 MERIT

1. the station is properly construct with contemporary materials.

2. the station has a good landscaping and enough parking space.

3. the station has a basement and departure hall

4. the station ticket rooms is well defined

3.30 DEMERIT

1. the materials use are very expensive and cannot be sold locally except internationally.

2. It is cost effective

3. the design is based on Chinese way of life (culture)

3.31 CONCLUSION

After careful analysis from the case study it was observed that the station was built base on the

climatic condition of the Chinese people and the station is well built and equipped with state of

29
the art and technology acceptable worldwide , the station also runs both intra city, domestic and

as well as the international route, with this merit and demerit will be taking care in the proposed

design so as to achieved a perfect railway station, the design that will meet the international

standard.

3.32 GENERAL CONCLUSION

Base on the researched, finding including taking critical analysis having gone through the

three case studies also making comparison with some international railway station that are

standard and well equipped with modern technology.

What is obtain in the international case studies will be provided in this modern railway station

and also the entire site will be properly landscaped as well as adequate parking space will be

provide at the cost of the design so as to have a befitting and well equipped railway station that

will served people in term of luxury, comfortability and affordability.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.O THE SITE (KADUNA STATE)

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The geographical entity known as” Kaduna “come into existence in the year 1917 it got its

name from Kaduna River which is a park for crocodile “kada”is a singular word in Hausa

language that is translate to crocodile.

Since 1917, Kaduna has been the regional headquarter of Northern Nigeria until the creation of

the state which started in 1967, Kaduna is a function of many forms of activities, it has road

network that link kano, jos, Lagos and Makurdi the state also has some notable higher institution

30
and some financial institution. The state is a strategic point for both administrative and military

convergence in the Northern Nigeria.

4.2 POPULATION

Kaduna state is one of the most densely populated states in Nigeria, this is as a result of the

liberal nature of the state that it accommodates all kinds of people .it has a population of about

six million one hundred and thirteen thousand five hundred and three (6,13503) the state capital

of Kaduna has an estimated population of 13 million according to 2006 population census.

Some of the ethnic group in the state includes Hausa Fulani baijiu ham Gbaggi, koro, kaninko,

Gure, kurama, Atyap, Ikulu, Aegworok, Atakkad, Adara, Chawai, Kagoma, Kahagu, Ninzo and

Numana

Kaduna state has 23 local Government Council divided into three geo-political zone which are as

follows: Northern Zone, Central Zone, Southern Zone.

4.3 FESTIVALS

Kaduna state as a heterogenous with people of difference ethnic groups and varies cultures there

are several of interest like the Sallah Bulbar, the Tukhan, Baranza and Afan, Durban Sallah is

annually observed twice to mark the end of Ramadan fasting and to celebrates the hajj with

hundred of ridding horsemen it is a spectacles with horse and horsemen elaborately dressed in

difference costumes.

The tuk-ham, Baranza and Afan festivals have common features, the celebration of people

cosmic myth as they continue to find meaning in the link between the living and the spiritual

world.

31
4.4 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

The state is located on the Southern end of the high plains of Northern Nigeria bounded by

parallel 9°3N and 11°32N and extend from the upper River mariga on 6°S to 8°48 E on the foot

slopes of the scarp of Jos plateau (udo 1970).

4.5 GEOLOGY AND RELIEF

The bedrock geology is predominantly metamorphic rocks of the Nigeria basement complex

consisting of biotite gneiss and old granites, in the southern corner younger granite and

batholiths are evident. deep chemical weathering and floral erosion influenced by the bioclimatic

nature of the environment have developed the characteristics high undulating plains with

subdued inter fluxes (Mortimore 1970).

In some places the inter fluxes are caped by high grade lateritic won stone especially in the

Northwest.

However, rocky granites residuals from inselbergs of varying in size and shapes constitute the

main using local relief (relative relief is less than 150m) here and there with kufena Kagoro hills

and dutse whakairo ring complex standing out very prominently.

The valleys are shallow dust wide, scratching several tons of kilometers into the headwater areas

with gentle sloping valleys side imperceptibly grading into flat moist to marshy illuviated bottom

lands or flood plains called “FADMAS” in Hausa, although stream valley incision and dissection

of the high plains are evident in several areas especially in Zaria region, these are due to more

anthropogenic influences and climatic factors than regional geologic instability.

4.6 CLIMATE

32
Kaduna state experience a typical tropical continental climate with distinct seasonal regimes

oscillating between cool to hot dry and humid to wet these two seasons reflect the influences of

tropical continental and equatorial maritime air masses which sweep over the entire country.

However, in Kaduna state, the seasonality is pronounced with the cool to hot dry season being

longer than the raining season. again, the spatial and temporal distribution of the rain varies

decreasing from an average of about 1530mm in kafanchan, Kagoro areas in the southern to

about 1015mm in Ikara makarfi districts in the Northeast.

High storm intensities (ranging from 60mm/hour to 99mm/hour) plus the nature of surface run

off built up the good network of medium sized river system. high evaporation during the dry

season, however, creates water shortage problems especially in Igabi, Giwa, Sabo, Makarfi and

ikara local government area.

4.7 SOILS AND VEGETATION

Generally, the soil and vegetation are typical red brown to red yellow tropical ferruginous soils

and savannah grassland with scattered trees and woody shrubs the soils in the upland area are

rich in red clay and sandy but poor in organic matter.

However, soils within the “FADAMA” area are reached in kaolinitic clay and organic matter,

very heavy and poorly drained characteristics of Vertosols fringe forest (“kurmi in Hausa) some

localities and especially in the southern local government area of the state are presently at the

mercies of increasing demand for fire wood in the fast growing towns and urban centres.

4.8 TOWN PLANNING REGULATIONS IN KADUNA

The town planning regulations in Kaduna state must followed this procedure required.

33
[Link] of building with its site and surrounding environment

[Link] in terms of traffic, parking space, pedestrian movement.

[Link] and effective landscaping.

The designed should consider existing utilities in an area such as;

[Link] Board Area.

[Link] distribution

[Link] system

[Link] protection services

5. Proper zoning

[Link] from KAPSUDA prior to construction/designed.

4.9 THE SITE

The site is on the east guinea savannah zone on longitude 15.46°E and 9.50°N, it has a total land

area of 15.7209m.

4.10 LOCATION OF THE SITE

The proposed site is located at Rigasa in Kaduna state which is situated at Eastern part of

Kaduna, it is located on the longitude 1546°E and latitude 9.50°N, it was fully flat topography

devoid of rock particles, the climatic condition are wet and dry throughout the year, it has a given

covered grasses round about the site thereby making it geographical fit for human activities.

34
4.11 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

This aspect of the project deals with factors influencing the researcher in the selection of a

proposed site, which are as follows;

[Link] of water

[Link]

[Link] services

[Link]

ᵢ. The site is already proposed and built by Kaduna state Government from Kaduna to Abuja.

ii. the site is away from the city in other to the solved the problem of traffic and instant accident

cause by train.

4.12 SITE ANALYSIS

For the design of an efficient and functional modern railway station, site inventory has to be

taken in respect to the related features.

4.13 TOPOGRAPHY

The site has a gentle slope downward in one direction the type of soil found around the station is

of two types which are loamy and sandy soil.

4.14 HUMIDITY AND WIND

The relative humidity is moderate as the moisture content in the air moorhen 18 percent during

the raining season and reduced to 6 percent during the dry season the site has two seasons the

35
first winds is known as the North-east-trade wind(Harmattan)which usually blows between

October to February and the prevailing wind is cold, dry and dusty originated from the Sahara

desert directly.

The second wind is the south-west trade wind which is from the Atlantic Ocean, the prevailing

wind is moisture and warm which blows between April to September and this cause the rain.

4.15 RAINFALL

The site usually experiences an annual rainfall which starts from April to September, the

annual rainfall in the region ranges between 1500-2200mm annually.

4.16 TEMPERATURE

The temperature in new millennium city is usually hot at noon during the dry season and

relatively cold in the morning during cold season.

4.17 VEGETATION

The site is located in North-east of savannah belt, it has short grass shrubs with scattered trees

around the some of the shrubs and grasses dry up during the dry season.

4.18 ACCESSIBILITY

The site is easily accessible from Eastern bye pass not too far from the mass housing Estate of

the state government and also close to three hundred bed space government hospital of the state.

CHAPTER FIVE

36
5.0 DESIGN BRIEF

This chapter deals with the solution and the development of the design, the materials used in the

construction and structural system taking into consideration and the problem like weather

influence, the design criteria, scope of design, schedule of accommodation, space analysis which

have been elaborately dealt with previously are all direct pointer to this chapter.

5.1 DESIGN CONCEPT

The proposed design concept is derived from the image of the train and is rectangle in shape, the

contribution of this facilities from various shape/functions of the design.

5.2 DESIGN METAMORPHOSIS

The design is planned to enhance the convenience of the users, the ticket office and the train

information office is the heart of the station which is also part of the administrative unit which

deal with the day to day running of the station.

5.3 DESIGN PARAMETERS

For an architectural design to be workable and acceptable it has to contain design function,

comfortability, circulation, orientation, accessibility flexibility, health and aesthetics.

5.4 CIRCULATION

This is provided in the design to enhance movement in both horizontal and vertical movement,

this is achieved by separating the sections with lobbies, passages walkway and also staircase and

escalators within the various unit.

5.5 VENTILATION

37
This is where we have natural and artificial ventilation due to the climatic purpose and the

subsequent analysis as it related to the proposed design especially in the administrative and ticket

unit with proper window opening at the strategic location.

5.6 LIGHTING

In order to increase the lighting system naturally within the departure hall I have decided to

create a void and also provide a cantilever including an automatic solar device attached to the

roof where necessary so as to reduced the impact of the direct sunshine and insulate the structure

against outside condition.

5.7 LANDSCAPE

This consist of planting of trees, flowers, grass, shrubs, parking space, drive way, walkway and

water fountain for public display in order to achieve functional and convenience in the site.

5.8 SCHEDULE OF ACCOMMODATION

This is a tabular form area of calculation for each space as contain in the building plan, it shows

the total area of space occupied by fitting and the remaining area is allow for circulation of

movement.

5.9 PRELIMINARY DRAWINGS

38
39
40
41