ATAR Mathematics Methods Units 3 & 4

Exam Notes for Western Australian Year 12 Students

Created by Anthony Bochrinis

Version 3.0 (Updated 05/01/20)
ATAR Mathematics Methods
Units 3 & 4 Exam Notes
Created by Anthony Bochrinis
Version 3.0 (Updated 05/01/20)
Copyright © ReviseOnline 2020

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 INVERSE FUNCTIONS DERIVATIVE ALGEBRA
INDICES AND SURDS DIFFERENTIATION
Inverse Functions Product/Quotient/Chain Rule Examples
• Exponential function (i.e. 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 ) is inverse (Q1) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥(1 − 2𝑥 2 )4
INDEX AND SURD LAWS DERIVATIVE LAWS
of the logarithmic function (i.e. 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (5)(1 − 2𝑥 2 )4 + (5𝑥)(4(1 − 2𝑥 2 )3 (−4𝑥))
Index Laws ▪ When inverse functions are Differentiation by First Principles 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝟓(𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟑
𝒂𝒎 × 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎+𝒏 𝒂 𝒎 ÷ 𝒂 𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎 − 𝒏 plotted together, they are 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙) (Q2) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
symmetrical about a 45⁰ 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
( 𝒂𝒎 )𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎×𝒏 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
line (i.e. the function 𝑦 = 𝑥). (Q3) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝒎 𝒎
𝒂 𝒏 = 𝒏√𝒂𝒎 = ( 𝒏√𝒂 ) ( 𝒂𝒃 ) 𝒎 = 𝒂 𝒎 × 𝒃 𝒎 Derivative Laws
Determining the Inverse of a Function 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝟏
𝟏 𝒂 𝒎 𝒂𝒎 Type Equation 1st Derivative 𝑓(𝑥) = ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
𝒂−𝒎 = 𝒎 ( ) = 𝒎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝒂 𝒃 𝒃 Step Rearrange the function to make 𝑥 −𝑥
Product 𝑑𝑦 (Q4) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 /(𝑒 )
1 the subject instead of 𝑦. 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢′ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣′
Surd Laws Rule 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Step Swap the variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, this is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = =
𝑢 (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝒆−𝒙
√𝒂 × √𝒃 = √𝒂𝒃 √𝒂 × √𝒂 = 𝒂 2 the inverse function, 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). Quotient 𝑑𝑦 𝑢′ 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣′
𝑦= = (Q5) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = ln (𝑥/(𝑥 2 + 1))
Rule 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑣2
𝒂 𝒎√𝒂 ± 𝒏√𝒂 =
√𝒂 ÷ √𝒃 = √ Exponential vs. Logarithmic Function 𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝒃 (𝒎 ± 𝒏)√𝒂 Chain 𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑥) − ln(𝑥 2 + 1) ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − 𝟐
Let 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 = [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛−1 × 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝒙 𝒙 +𝟏
Rule 𝑑𝑥
Rationalising a Surd log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∴ 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 (Q6) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 4 − 𝑥
• Removes surd in denominator of a fraction. Chain 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
Leibniz 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡) = × 1 (𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙)−𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑓(𝑥)= (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥)2 ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)= (𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏)
𝟏 𝟏 √𝒂 𝟏 √𝒂 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 𝟐
= ×𝟏= × = Expressing Derivatives 3
√𝒂 √𝒂 √𝒂 √𝒂 𝒂 (Q7) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = log 3(𝑥 − 2𝑥)
Logarithmic Function Transformations Notation 1st Derivative 2nd Derivative ln(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥) 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
𝑓(𝑥) = ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
Logarithmic 𝑦=⋯ 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = ⋯ 𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 = ⋯ ln(3) 𝐥𝐧(𝟑) (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙)
LOGARITHMS 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒃) + 𝒄 𝑓(𝑥) = ⋯ 𝑓′(𝑥) = ⋯ 𝑓′′(𝑥) = ⋯ (Q8) Find 𝑓′(𝑥) given 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 (5𝑥)
Domain= {𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑥 > 0} 𝑓(𝑥) = (sin(5𝑥))2 ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝟐(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒙)(𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒙)
Common Functions and Derivatives
Range= {𝑦 ∈ ℝ} (Q9) Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 given 𝑦 = 2𝑓(4𝑥 − 1)
LOGARITHM LAWS Function Equation 1st Derivative
• Important logarithmic function features: 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑓′(4𝑥 − 1)(4) = 𝟖𝒇′(𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏)
The Concept of the Logarithm ( logs ) 𝑑𝑦 (Q10) Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 given 𝑦 = 6𝑥
Asymptote Important Co-ordinates Polynomial 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛 × 𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1 *Sub 𝑦
• The power to which a number (i.e. base) 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛 (𝑦) = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(6) 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = ln(6) 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛(6) into eq.
Vertical: 𝑥-intercept: Another point: Exponential 𝑑𝑦
must be raised to produce a given number. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛(6) 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = ln(6) × 𝑦
𝑥=𝑏 (𝑎−𝑐 + 𝑏, 0) (𝑎1−𝑐 + 𝑏, 1) (Euler) 𝑑𝑥
𝒙
𝒂 = 𝒚 → 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒚) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛(6) 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = ln(6) × 6𝑥 = 𝟔𝒙 𝐥𝐧 (𝟔)
• Impact on changing function variables: 1 𝑑𝑦 −1 (Q11) If 𝑥 = 4𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 − 2, determine 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 in
• 𝒂 : base number If 23 = 8 then the Reciprocal 𝑦 = = 𝑥 −1 = = −𝑥 −2
Variable Condition and Description 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 terms of 𝑥 only and simplify your answer.
• 𝒙 : exponent matching logarithm
b Translate horizontally b 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1
• 𝒚 : solution is 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8 = 3 b>0 Sine 𝑦 = ±𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = ±𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = × ∴ = × = 3𝑡 2 ×
Adds b units to the left 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 4
Logarithm Laws to all Translate horizontally b 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 = 4𝑡, ∴ 𝑡 = 𝑥/4 𝑥 2
b<0 Cosine 𝑦 = ±𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) = ∓𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑡 2 3 (4) 𝟑𝒙𝟐
• Adding and Subtracting Logarithms: x-values units to the right 𝑑𝑥 ∴ = , = 3𝑡 2 = = =
Translate vertically c 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 4 4 𝟔𝟒
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙) + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒚) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙) − 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒚) c c>0 Natural 𝑑𝑦 𝑓′(𝑥)
Adds c units upwards 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] = Derivative Application Examples
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙 × 𝒚) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙 ÷ 𝒚) Logarithm 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
to all Translate vertically c (Q1) Calculate the gradient of the function
c<0 𝑑𝑦
• Index Laws of Logarithms: y-values units downwards Exponential
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 = ln (𝑎) × 𝑎 𝑥 𝑦 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 )/(4𝑥) at the point where 𝑥 = −1
(Non-Euler) 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 Function Transformation Examples 𝑑𝑦 (4𝑥)(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) − (4)(𝑒 −2𝑥 ) *Sub & simplify
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙)𝒏 = 𝒏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 ( ) = −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙) = 𝑥 = −1
𝒙 (Q1) Describe the function 𝑦 = log 4 (𝑥 + 1) + 1 𝑑𝑥 16𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 (−4)(−2𝑒 2 ) − (4)(𝑒 2 ) 4𝑒 2 𝒆𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 (𝒂𝒙 ) = 𝒙 𝒂𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒙 ▪ From equation, 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = −1 and 𝑐 = 1 TURNING POINTS = = =
▪ Vertical asymptote at 𝑥 = −𝟏 𝑑𝑥 16 16 𝟒
• Logarithm Special Cases: ▪ 𝑥-intercept at (4−1 − 1, 0) = (𝟎. 𝟕𝟓, 𝟎) Nature of Different Turning Points (Q2) Calculate the gradient of the function
𝑥 𝑥
▪ Another point at (41−1 − 1, 1) = (𝟎, 𝟏) 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑒 /(1 + 𝑒 )) at the point where 𝑥 = 0
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟏) = 𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒂) = 𝟏 Type 𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒇′′(𝒙)
(Q2) Find equation given (1.5, 1) is a co-ord: 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(𝑒 𝑥 ) − ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝟎) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆) Minimum (Convex) 0 + 𝑒𝑥 (1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑥
▪ Asymptote at 𝑥 = 1, Maximum (Concave) 0 − ∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 − = =
Cannot exist Cannot exist 1 + 𝑒𝑥 1 + 𝑒𝑥 1 + 𝑒𝑥
therefore 𝑏 = 1.
• Changing Logarithm Base (i.e. from B to A): Horizontal Inflection Point 0 0 𝑒0 1 𝟏 *Sub & simplify
▪ (2, 2) occurs 1 unit right 𝑓 ′ (0) = = =
of asymptote, ∴ 𝑐 = 2. Vertical Inflection Point + or − 0 1 + 𝑒0 1 + 1 𝟐 𝑥=0
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 (𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 (𝒙) ÷ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 (𝒂) (Q3) Determine the equation of the tangent of
▪ Using point (1.5, 1) to solve for 𝑎: Types of Inflection Points
Natural Logarithm and Euler’s Number 𝑓(𝑥) = −cos (3𝑥) at the point where 𝑥 = 𝜋/6
1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (1.5 − 1) + 2 ∴ 𝑎 = 2 Vertical Horizontal 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3sin (3𝑥) = − cos(0) = 0
𝒆𝒙 = 𝒚 → 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝒚) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒚) −1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (0.5) ∴ 𝑦 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟐 Inflection Inflection 𝜋 𝜋 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 ′ ( ) = 3 sin ( ) = 3 *Sub into 𝜋 𝜋
• 𝒆 : Euler’s number (i.e. 𝑒 = 2.71828 …) 6 2 0 = 3 ( ) + 𝑐, ∴ 𝑐 = −
• 𝒍𝒏(𝒙) : Natural logarithm of 𝑥 = 3 sin(1) = 3 × 1 = 3 6 2
LOGARITHM APPLICATIONS 𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
• Derivation of Euler’s Number via Limits: DERIVATIVE APPLICATIONS 𝑓 ( ) = − cos ( ) = 0 ∴ 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 −
6 2 𝟐
Logarithm Applications Examples
𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 Rates of Change Formulae ( ROC )
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 + ) = 𝒆 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟏 − ) = (Q1) Richter Scale, R, measures earthquake
𝒏→𝟎 𝒏 𝒏→𝟎 𝒏 𝒆 intensity, A, according to 𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝐴/𝐴0 ). Instantaneous ROC Average ROC
SKETCHING FUNCTIONS
• Natural Logarithm Limit equations: (Q1a) How many times more intense is an 𝒇′ (𝒕) 𝒇(𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒂)
earthquake that measures 5 on the Richter Analysing Complex Functions
𝒂𝒉 − 𝟏 𝒆𝒉 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 = 𝒕 𝒃−𝒂
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) =𝒍𝒏(𝒂) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )= 𝒍𝒏(𝒆)=𝟏 Scale compared to on that measures 4.2? Step Find co-ords of 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts by
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 𝐴5 𝐴5 𝐴5 105 Finding Gradient at a Point 1 substitution and factorisation.
5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) → = 105 = 4.2
𝐴0 𝐴0 𝐴 4.2 10 Step Determine the derivative of the
0 Find co-ords of stationary points by
𝐴4.2 𝐴4.2 10𝟐𝟏
= 𝟔. /8times 1 function 𝑓′(𝑥) using the power rule. Step
4.2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )→ = 104.2 more intense finding 𝑓′(𝑥) and 𝑓′′(𝑥) and solving
LOGARITHM ALGEBRA 𝐴0 𝐴0 2
Step Sub the 𝑥 co-ord of the point into both equations for when it equals 0.
Evaluating Logarithm Examples (Q1b) What is the measure of an earthquake 2 the derivative, this is the gradient. Step Find the nature of each turning point
(Q1) Evaluate 3 log 2 6 − log 2 27 three times stronger than a reading of 6.3? 3 by subbing into 2nd derivative.
𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝐴/𝐴0 ) 𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(3𝐴/𝐴0 ) Finding Co-ords with a given Gradient
216
= log2 216 − log2 27 = log2 ( ) = log 2 8 = 𝟑 6.3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐴/𝐴0 ) 𝑅 = log(3) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐴/𝐴0 ) Step Find long term behaviour for 𝑦
27 Step Determine the derivative of the
6.3
10 = 𝐴/𝐴0 𝑅 = 0.477 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(106.3 ) 4 values as 𝑥 tends toward ±∞.
(Q2) Evaluate 1.5 log 8 4 + 3log 8 64 − log 8 1 1 function 𝑓′(𝑥) using the power rule.
3 *Sub into rule: 𝑅 = 0.477 + 6.3 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟖 Sketching Functions Example
= log 8(√4) + (3 × 2) − 0 = log 8 8 + 6 = 𝟕 Step Make the given gradient equal to
2 the derivative and solve for 𝑥. (Q1) Sketch 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 over −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
(Q3) Evaluate (𝑙𝑜𝑔135 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔5)/𝑙𝑜𝑔32
▪ Finding all 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercept co-ords:
𝑙𝑜𝑔27 𝑙𝑜𝑔27 𝑙𝑜𝑔33 3𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3 Sub the 𝑥 co-ord found in step 2
= = = =
𝑙𝑜𝑔32 2𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2
= = 𝟏. 𝟓 TRIGONOMETRY Step
into the original equation to find the 𝑦 = 2(0)3 + 6(0)2 = 0, ∴ 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0,0)
3 0 = 2𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3)𝑥 = 0, −3 ∴ 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0,0), (−3,0)
𝑦 co-ord, present answer as (𝑥, 𝑦).
Simplifying Logarithm Examples ▪ Finding location and nature of turning points:
(Q1) If log𝑎 5 = 𝑝 and log 𝑎 2 = 𝑞, express TRIGONOMETRIC ALGEBRA Co-ords of a Stationary Point 1st derivative: 2nd derivative:
′ (𝑥)
log 𝑎 80𝑎 in terms of 𝑝 and 𝑞 or both. Unit Circle Formulae Step Determine the derivative of the 𝑓 = 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 + 12
log 𝑎 80𝑎 = log 𝑎 (16 × 5 × 𝑎) = log𝑎 (24 × 5 × 𝑎) 1 function 𝑓′(𝑥) using the power rule. 0 = 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 = 6𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 0 = 12𝑥 + 12
𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝒙) 𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝒙) 𝑥 = 0, −2 𝑥 = −1
= 4 log 𝑎 2 + log 𝑎 5 + log 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝟒𝒒 + 𝒑 + 𝟏 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙) = −𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒙) Make derivative equal to 0 and ▪ 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (0) > 0 ∴ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 (0,0)
(Q2) If log2 5 = 𝑥 and log 2 3 = 𝑦, express Step
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) solve for 𝑥 (note: can be more than ▪ 𝑓(−2) = 8, 𝑓 ′′ (−2) < 0 ∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑡 (−2,8)
log 2 0.12 in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑦 or both. 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 (𝒙) + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝟏 2
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) one answer when solving).
▪ 𝑓(−1) = 4, 𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 0 ∴ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
12 3
log 2 ( ) = log 2 ( ) = log 2 3 − log 2 25 Trigonometric Identities Sub the 𝑥 co-ord found in step 2 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 (−1,4) 𝑎𝑠 𝑓′(−1) ≠ 0
100 25 Step
into the original equation to find the
= log2 3 − log 2 52 = log 2 3 − 2log2 5 = 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐚 ± 𝐛) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐚) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐛) ± 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐛) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐚) 3 ▪ Long term behaviour as
𝑦 co-ord, present answer as (𝑥, 𝑦). 𝑥 tends toward ±∞:
Solving Logarithm Examples 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐚 ± 𝐛) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐚) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝐛) ∓ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐚) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐛)
Equation of the Tangent at a Point 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑦 → +∞
(Q1) Solve for 𝑥: 23𝑥−1 = 7 × 52𝑥 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐚) ± 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐛) 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑦 → −∞ *Plot
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐚 ± 𝐛) = Step Determine the derivative of the points
(3𝑥 − 1)𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(7 × 52𝑥 ) *Take log of 𝟏 ∓ 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐚)𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐛) ▪ Sketching function:
3𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 + 2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔5 both sides 1 function 𝑓′(𝑥) using the power rule.
Exact Values of Trigonometric Ratios
3𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 Step Sub 𝑥 co-ord of the point into the
𝑥(3𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔5) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 *Factorise Deg. 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎° 2 derivative, this is 𝑚 in 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.
𝑙𝑜𝑔7 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑙𝑜𝑔14 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟒 Rad. 𝟎 𝝅/𝟔 𝝅/𝟒 𝝅/𝟑 𝝅/𝟐
ATAR Math Methods
𝑥= = = Step Sub 𝑚 found in step 2 and 𝑥/𝑦 co-
3𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔25 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟖/𝟐𝟓) Sin 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1 3 ord into 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 and solve for 𝑐.
Units 3 & 4 Exam Notes
(Q2) Solve for 𝑥: ln(4𝑥 − 2) = −1
Cos 1 √3/2 √2/2 1/2 0 Step Write 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 using 𝑚 from
1 𝟏 𝟏 Copyright © ReviseOnline 2020
Page: 1 / 4
4𝑥 − 1 = 𝑒 −1 , 4𝑥 = 2 + , ∴ 𝑥 = + Tan 0 √3/3 1 √3 N/A 4 step 2 and 𝑐 from step 3. Created by Anthony Bochrinis
𝑒 𝟐 𝟒𝒆 More resources at [Link] Version: 3.0
 INCREMENTAL FORMULA OPTIMISATION INTEGRATION ALGEBRA
INTEGRATION
Small Change and Approximation Optimising Dimensions of a Scenario Definite & Indefinite Integral Examples
• Calculates the approximate change in a
1 dependent variable 𝑦 from a small change in
Step Draw a diagram of the scenario
INTEGRAL LAWS
(Q1) Integrate the function ∫ 𝑒 −6𝑥 + 2√𝑥 − 4𝜋𝑑𝑥
𝟑
1 and define all variables. 1 −𝒆−𝟔𝒙 𝟒𝒙𝟐
the matching independent variable 𝑥. Indefinite Integrals 2√𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 ∴ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + − 𝟒𝝅𝒙 + 𝒄
If there are more than 2 variables, 𝟔 𝟑
𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝜹𝒙 Step
≈ × reduce the number of variables to 2 𝑥2 (Q2) Integrate the function ∫ 4(3𝑥 − 2)5 𝑑𝑥
𝜹𝒚 ≈ × 𝜹𝒙 2 ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝒅𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 by substitution and simplification. 2 4(3𝑥 − 2)6 4(3𝑥 − 2)6 𝟐(𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟔
= = = +𝒄
• 𝜹𝒚 or 𝜹𝒙 : small change in 𝑥 or 𝑦 (must Step Determine the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥). • Indefinite integrals produce an equation and 3×6 18 𝟗
2𝑥
be small for an accurate approximation). 3 ClassPad: 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) a constant (+𝑐) as it caters for a constant in (Q3) Integrate the function ∫ 1−4𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
• 𝜹𝒚/𝒚 or 𝜹𝒙/𝒙 : % change in 𝑥 or 𝑦. the original function 𝑓(𝑥), which disappears 𝑑
Make derivative equal to 0 and ▪ 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 4𝑥 2 ) = − 8𝑥 ∴ numerator must be −8𝑥
Incremental Formula Examples Step (i.e. becomes 0) after being differentiated.
solve for 𝑥 to find turning points. 1 −8𝑥 𝟏
(Q1) Find the change in 𝑦 when 𝑥 changes from
4 Definite Integrals − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒍𝒏(𝟏 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒄
ClassPad: 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒[𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))] = 0 4 1 − 4𝑥 2 𝟒
3 to 2.98 in the equation: 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝒃 2
𝑥2 22 12
2
1−12𝑥 2
Find nature of all turning points by ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = [ − ] = 1.5 (Q4) Integrate the function ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 × 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥
Step subbing in 𝑥 co-ord found in step 4 𝒂 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 4𝑥 𝐥𝐧(𝒙) 2
𝛿𝑦 ≈ (6𝑥 − 2) × 𝛿𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥 5 by using the second derivative test. ∫ − 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑥) − = − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄
𝛿𝑦 ≈ (6(3) − 2) × (−0.02) • 𝒂 : integral lower bound (on 𝑥-axis). 3𝑥 3 2 𝟑
ClassPad: 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓[𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))]
𝛿𝑦 ≈ −0.32 ∴ decrease by 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 • 𝒃 : integral upper bound (on 𝑥-axis). (Q5) Integrate the function ∫ 2sin (4 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
(Q2) Radius of a sphere increases from 15𝑐𝑚 Find optimal dimensions and −2 cos(4 − 3𝑥) 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒 − 𝟑𝒙)
Step • Definite integrals produce a single number = +𝒄
to 15.1𝑐𝑚, what is the increase in surface area? maximum or minimum value answer (all other variables are eliminated). −3 𝟑
6
𝛿𝑆 ≈ 𝑑𝑆/𝑑𝑟 × 𝛿𝑟 required according to question. • Definite integral of a function that is below (Q5) Integrate the function ∫ 32𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑆
𝛿𝑆 ≈ (8𝜋𝑟) × 𝛿𝑟 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 → = 8𝜋𝑟 the 𝑥-axis results in a negative answer. 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛 (3)𝑥 𝟑𝟐𝒙
𝑑𝑟 Optimisation Examples ∫ 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛(3)𝑥 = = +𝒄
𝛿𝑆 ≈ (8𝜋(15)) × (0.01) 2𝑙𝑛 (3) 𝟐𝒍𝒏 (𝟑)
𝟐 (Q1) A rectangular box 𝒙 𝒙 Common Functions and Integrals
𝛿𝑆 ≈ 3.77 ∴ increase by 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝒄𝒎 2
is made from a sheet 𝒙 𝒙 (Q6) Integrate the function ∫−1(−𝑒 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
(Q3) Find the change in 𝑦 when 𝑥 changes from Function Equation Integral
of metal with squares Box Net 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒6
2
𝑒 −3

𝟔𝒄𝒎
1 to 1.1 in the equation: 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝑒 3𝑥 of length 𝑥 to be cut (Corners 𝑥 𝑛+1
= [− + 𝑥] = [(− + 2) − (− − 1)]
Polynomial ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 +𝑐 3 3 3
𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 × 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑦 from the corners and cut out) 𝑛+1 −1
𝛿𝑦 ≈ (2 cos 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 3𝑥 ) × 𝛿𝑥 = 2 cos(2𝑥) folded. If the sheet of 𝒙 𝒙 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1 𝑒 6
𝑒 −3 −𝟑
𝒆 −𝒆 𝟔
𝑑𝑥 Chain ′ (𝑥)[𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 =− +2+ +1 = +𝟑
𝛿𝑦 ≈ 2 cos(2) + 3𝑒 3(1) × (0.1) 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎 𝒙 ∫𝑓 𝑑𝑥 +𝑐
+3𝑒 3𝑥 metal is 6cm wide and Rule 𝑛+1 3 3 𝟑
𝜋/4
𝛿𝑦 ≈ 5.94 ∴ increase by 𝟓. 𝟗𝟒 10cm long, find 𝑥 that maximises the volume. 𝑓(𝑥) (Q7) Integrate the function ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Exponential 𝑒
(Q4) The radius of a sphere increases by 2%, ▪ Identify all equations relevant to question: ∫ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 +𝑐
(Euler) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝜋/4 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝝅𝟐 √𝟐
find the percentage increase in the volume. 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ → 4 variables in this equation. = [𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]0 =[( ) − sin ( ) − 0] = −
▪ Reduce to two variables by substitution: 𝑓′(𝑥) 4 4 𝟏𝟔 𝟐
4 Reciprocal ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ln(𝑓(𝑥)) + 𝑐
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝛿𝑉 ≈ 4𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝛿𝑟 𝛿𝑉 𝛿𝑟 𝑙 = 10 − 2𝑥, 𝑤 = 6 − 2𝑥 and ℎ = 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) Applications of Integration Examples
3 ≈3× 1
𝑑𝑉 𝛿𝑉 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝛿𝑟 𝑉 𝑟 ▪ Find derivative and test all turning points: 𝑑
(Q1) If 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 , determine ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
= 4𝜋𝑟 2 ≈ Sine ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑉 𝑉 𝛿𝑉 𝑉 = (10 − 2𝑥)(6 − 2𝑥)𝑥 = 60𝑥 − 32𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 1 1
𝑑𝑟 2 ≈ 3 × 2% Cosine ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐 *Create reverse
𝛿𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝛿𝑉 4𝜋𝑟 𝛿𝑟 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑2𝑉 [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
≈ ≈ 𝛿𝑉 = 12𝑥 2 − 64𝑥 + 60, 2 = 24𝑥 − 64 0 0 equation and
𝛿𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑉 4𝜋𝑟 3 /3 ≈ 3 × 6% 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Integration Laws 1 1 rearrange to find
𝑑𝑉 𝛿𝑉 3𝛿𝑟 𝑉 Solving for when 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥 = 0: 𝑥 = 4.12,1.21 𝒃 𝒂 𝒂 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ]10 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑉 ≈ × 𝛿𝑟 ≈ 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4.12, 𝑑2 𝑉/𝑑𝑥2 = 34.88 ∴ 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 the integral
𝑑𝑟 𝑉 𝑟 ∴ 𝟔% increase ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 0 0
1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1.21, 𝑑2 𝑉/𝑑𝑥2 = −34.96 ∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 = [𝑒 1 − 0] − [𝑒 1 − 𝑒 0 ]
▪ Find dimensions and maximum volume: ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ]10 − [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
0
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 − −1 = 𝟏
GROWTH AND DECAY Sub 𝑥 = 1.21 to find max 𝑉 = 32.84𝑐𝑚3 ∫ 𝒂 × 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 × ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑃
∴ The volume is a max when 𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏𝒄𝒎. (Q2) If 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 and 𝑃(𝑥) has a stationary
Growth and Decay Formulae ∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 point at (4,8), determine the value of 𝑃(10).
(Q2) A cone has a slant height of
𝒅𝑨 2√3 𝑐𝑚. The sloped edge makes ▪ Use stationary point to determine 𝑎:
𝑨 = 𝑨𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕 = 𝒌𝑨𝟎 𝒆𝒌𝒕 = 𝒌𝑨 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂
𝒅𝒕 an angle 𝜃 where 0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋/2. 𝒉 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 0 = 16𝑎 − 48 → 16𝑎 = 48 → 𝑎 = 3
• 𝑨𝟎 : Initial (starting) amount at time = 0. Find the cone max volume. 𝒃 𝒄 𝒄 ▪ Integrate to find 𝑃(𝑥) and solve for 𝑐:
𝜽 𝑃 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑐
• 𝒌 : constant of proportionality. ▪ Identify all equations: 8 = 64 − 96 + 𝑐
𝒓
▪ 𝒌 > 𝟎 : represents exponential growth. 1 2 8 = 43 − 6(42 ) + 𝑐 𝑐 = 8 − 64 + 96 = 40
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ, . ℎ = 2√3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, . 𝑟 = 2√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ▪ Find the value of 𝑃(10) using equation:
▪ 𝒌 < 𝟎 : represents exponential decay. 3 INTEGRATION BY ESTIMATION
• 𝒕 : time (units differ as per the question). ▪ Reduce to two variables by substitution: 𝑃(10) = 103 − 6(102 ) + 40 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎
2 Inscribed & Circumscribed Rectangles
Half Life and Doubling Time 𝜋(2√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) (2√3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) (Q3) The graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is shown:
𝑉= = 12√3cos 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Area 𝐴 = 4 units2
• Half Life: decay specific (for 𝑘 < 0). 3
𝑉 = 12√3(1 − sin2 𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 12√3(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − sin3 𝜃) 𝑨 𝑪 Area 𝐵 = 1 units2
• Time for initial amount to ▪ Find derivative and test
𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝑨𝟎 / turning point: Area 𝐶 = 3 units2
reduce by 50% (halve). 𝑩
𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑥 = 12√3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 36√3sin2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Roots are 𝑥 = −10, −5, 0 & 9.
• Doubling Time: growth specific (for 𝑘 > 0). Solving for when 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑥 = 0: 𝑥 = 0, 0.6155 9
(Q4a) Determine ∫−10 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (Q4d) Determine
Disregard 𝜃 = 0 as a possible solution, Inscribed Circumscribed
• Time for initial amount to 9 −5
𝑨 = 𝟐𝑨𝟎 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 0.6155, 𝑑2 𝑉/𝑑𝑥2 = −48 ∴ 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ∫−10 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝑐 = 𝟔 ∫−10 𝑓(𝑥) − 2𝑑𝑥
increase by 100% (double). Series of rectangles Series of rectangles
▪ Find dimensions and maximum volume: 9 −5
below a curve above a curve (Q4b) Determine ∫0 3𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−10 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 −
Derivation of Growth/Decay Formulae Sub 𝜃 = 0.6155 to find max 𝑉 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟔𝒄𝒎𝟑 9
𝑑𝐴 ∫0 3𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3 × 𝐶 = 𝟗 −5
∫−10 2𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝐴 (i.e. rate is in direct proportion with 𝑘). Underestimation & Overestimation
𝑑𝑡 −5
𝑙𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 (Q4c) Determine ∫9 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 − [2𝑥]−5
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴 × 𝑑𝑡 Underestimation (U) −10
𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝑐 SKETCHING DERIVATIVES 9
− ∫−5 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝐶 + 𝐵 = −𝟐 = 4 − 10 = −𝟔
𝑑𝐴 *Let
= 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 Adding areas of inscribed rectangles to
𝐴 𝐴 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 × 𝑒 𝑐 constant Sketching Derivative Functions
𝑘𝑡 underestimate area under a curve.
1 𝐴 = 𝑒 × 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐴0
∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡 𝑘𝑡 • All local max/min are 𝑥-intercepts on 𝑓′(𝑥).
𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 AREA UNDER A CURVE
• All points where the function is increasing, Overestimation (O)
Growth/Decay Examples 𝑓′(𝑥) is above the 𝑥-axis and vice versa. Adding areas of circumscribed rectangles Area Underneath a Curve
(Q1) Population of 10000 bacteria is decaying • Where there is a point of inflection on the to overestimate area under a curve.
𝒃 • |𝒇(𝒙)| : absolute value (i.e.
according to time measured in minutes after graph (vertical or horizontal), the derivative
7am. The time taken for the population to • Overestimation & Underestimation Average: ∫ |𝒇(𝒙)|𝒅𝒙 change the number inside
has a maximum or minimum turning point. 𝒂
decrease to half its original size is 7 minutes. 𝑏 from negative to positive).
Sketching Derivative Examples 𝑼+𝑶
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∑ 𝒇(𝒙𝒊 )𝜹𝒙𝒊
(Q1a) Find the constant of proportionality, 𝑘. 𝑎 𝟐 𝒊 Negative Area Underneath a Curve
𝐴 = 0.5𝐴0 0.5 = 𝑒 7𝑘 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛(0.5) /7
• 𝜹𝒙 : interval size (i.e. width of rectangles). Step Determine roots of the function (i.e.
∴ 0.5𝐴0 = 𝐴0 𝑒 7𝑘 ln(0.5) = 7𝑘 𝑘 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟗
• 𝑼 : add the areas of all inscribed 1 factorise and solve for when 𝑦 = 0).
(Q1b) Find the population at 7:05am. rectangles from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝛿𝑥.
• Key: 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) Turning Point Step Create and add separate integrals
𝐴 = 10000𝑒 −0.99𝑡 → 𝐴 = 10000𝑒 −0.99(5) = 𝟔𝟎𝟗𝟓 • 𝑶 : add the areas of all circumscribed 2 that are above and below x-axis.
Analysing Derivative Graphs Example rectangles from 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝛿𝑥 to 𝑥 = 𝑏.
(Q1c) When will the population fall below 100?
(Q1) Sketch the function on the axes below: Area Between Curves Examples
100 = 10000𝑒 −0.99𝑡 → 𝑡 = 46.507 = 𝟒𝟔𝒎 𝟑𝟏𝒔 Estimating Area Under Curve Examples
(Q1d) What is the rate of change at 7:15am? 𝒙 −2 −1 0 1 2 (Q1) Find the area between 𝑦 = 𝑒 0.5𝑥 and the
(Q1) 𝑓(𝑥) is graphed below for −0.5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.5:
𝑥-axis between the lines 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2.
𝑑𝐴 𝒇(𝒙) − + 0 − + 𝒇(𝒙) Function
= 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 = −0.99 × 10000𝑒 −0.99×15 Integral exists above 𝑥-axis.
𝑑𝑡 𝒇′(𝒙) + 0 − 0 + Inscribed 2
= −𝟐𝟐𝟒 bacteria per minute (i.e. decreasing). ∫ 𝑒 0.5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 0.5𝑥 ]2−2
𝒇′′(𝒙) − − 0 + + Rectangles
(Q2) If 𝑑𝐴/𝑑𝑡 = 0.252𝐴, find the initial value 𝒙
−2
Circumscribed = [𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −1 ] = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓
for 𝐴 given that amount at time = 10 is 565. ▪ 𝑥 = −2 → increasing Rectangles
▪ 𝑥 = −1 → minimum -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
565 = 𝐴0 𝑒 0.252(10) (Q2) Find the area between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 and the
𝑙𝑛(565) − 𝑙𝑛(𝐴0 ) = 2.52 ▪ 𝑥 = 0 → vert. inflection
2
(Q1a) Estimate ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 using 𝛿𝑥 = 0.5: 𝑥-axis between the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
565
= 𝐴0 𝑒 0.252(10) 𝑙𝑛(𝐴0 ) = 𝑙𝑛(565) − 2.52 ▪ 𝑥 = 1 → maximum
𝐴0 𝒙 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑙𝑛(𝐴0 ) = 3.8168 ▪ 𝑥 = 2 → increasing 𝑨
565 ∴ Root at 𝑥 = 1 which means that
∴ 𝐴0 = 𝑒 3.8168 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 (Q2) Sketch the function on the axes given: 𝒇(𝒙) 1 2 2.5 2.8 3
𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 2.52 integral is above & below 𝑥-axis.
𝐴0 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ −1 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 𝑈 = 0.5(1 + 2 + 2.5 + 2.8) = 0.5 × 8.3 = 4.15 𝑩 ∴ Must add 2 separate integrals.
(Q3) The foam in a glass of soft drink shrinks 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1,2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1 𝑂 = 0.5(2 + 2.5 + 2.8 + 3) = 0.5 × 10.3 = 5.15 2 1
according to 𝐻 = 20𝑒 −0.005𝑡 where 𝐻 is height 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ∫1 𝑥 2 − 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 |𝑥 2 − 1|𝑑𝑥
▪ 𝑥 < 1 → increasing 𝑈 + 𝑂 4.15 5.15
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ≈ ≈ ≈∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 = [𝑥 2 − 1]12 + [|𝑥 2 − 1|]10 = 3 − 0 + 0 − |−1| = 𝟐
of the foam in mm and 𝑡 is time in seconds. ▪ 𝑥 = 1 → maximum 2 2 0
(Q3a) Find the average rate of change of the ▪ 𝑥 = 2 → minimum (Q1b) If 𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥 + 1)/(𝑥 + 1), what is the
foam height during the second minute. ▪ 𝑥 > 2 → increasing margin of error in your prediction in part (a)?
𝐻(120) − 𝐻(60) 10.98−14.82 ▪ 𝑥 → ±∞, 𝑓(𝑥) → ±∞ 2
= = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝒎𝒎 ∫
4𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 = 4.7042 ∴ 4.7042 − 4.65 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
ATAR Math Methods
120 − 60 60 (Q3) Is it possible for a function to have no
0 𝑥+1 Units 3 & 4 Exam Notes
(Q3b) Find the instantaneous rate of change max or min points but have an inflection point?
(Q1c) How can the accuracy of the estimate of
of the height of the foam after 24 seconds. ▪ Yes, it is possible (e.g. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 ) the area under curve in part (a)? be increased?
𝑑2 𝑦
Copyright © ReviseOnline 2020
𝑑𝐻 𝑑𝐻 ▪
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑥2 = 0 at only one point, (𝟎, 𝟎). Page: 2 / 4
= −0.1𝑒 −0.005𝑡 → = −𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝒎𝒎/𝒔 𝑑𝑥 Reduce interval size 𝛿𝑥 (i.e. smaller than 0.5) Created by Anthony Bochrinis
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 AREA BETWEEN CURVES FINANCIAL CALCULUS DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
PROBABILITY
Area Between Curves Formulae Financial Calculus Terminology Discrete Random Variable Examples
• Upper and Lower Bounds on the 𝑥-axis: • Marginal Cost (𝐶′(𝑥)): cost of producing one (Q3) Determine the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 in the
𝒃 additional unit of a product or service. SET NOTATION following discrete distribution if 𝐸(𝑋) = 0.20:
𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
∫ (𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) − (
𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
) 𝒅𝒙 • Marginal Revenue (𝑅’(𝑥)): generated Logic Functions and Symbols 𝒙 0 1 2 3 4
𝒂
revenue from producing one additional unit. • 𝐴 or 𝐴́: complement of an event (not 𝐴).
• Upper and Lower Bounds on the 𝑦-axis: 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) 0.85 0.12 𝑎 𝑏 0.005
• 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵: union of two events (𝐴 or 𝐵). Equation 1: 0.12 + 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 0.2 = 0.2
𝒅
𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝑹(𝒙) = ∫ 𝑹′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝑪(𝒙) = ∫ 𝑪′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙
∫ ( )−( ) 𝒅𝒚 • 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵: intersection of two events (𝐴 and 𝐵). Equation 2: 0.85 + 0.12 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 0.005 = 1
𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒄
• Revenue, Profit and Average Cost: Set Notation and Symbols Simultaneously solve: 𝑎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 and 𝑏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
Area Between Curves Examples • ∈: element (found in a given set).
𝑪(𝒙) • Average Cost is the cost (Q4) Probability distribution for 𝑋 is shown:
(Q1) Find an expression for finding the shaded function divided by 𝑥 units. • ∉: not an element (not found in a given set).
𝒙 𝒙 1 2 3 4 5
area between the two functions 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥): • ∅ or { }: empty set (contains no elements).
(Q1a) 𝑹(𝒙) = • Revenue is also equal to • 𝕌: universal set (contains all elements). 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝒑(𝒙)𝒒(𝒙) price multiplied by quantity.
• ⊂: subset (𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 means that all elements of (Q4a) Calculate the value of 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋):
(0,0) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑷(𝒙) = • Profit is equal to revenue set 𝐴 is found within the elements of set 𝐵). 𝐸(𝑋) = 1(0.1) + 2(0.2) + ⋯ + 5(0.2) = 3.3
(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑹(𝒙) − 𝑪(𝒙) subtract cost for 𝑥 units. • 𝑛(𝐴) or |𝐴|: number of elements in set A. 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) = 12 (0.1) + 22 (0.2) + ⋯ + 52 (0.2) = 12.5
𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 *Subtract 𝑔(𝑦) from 𝑓(𝑦) Financial Calculus Examples
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸(𝑋)]2 = 12.5 − 3.32 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏
0 and simplify first. (Q4b) Find the cumulative distribution for 𝑋:
(Q1b) (𝑏, 𝑐) (Q1) The marginal cost of producing 𝑥 units is
PROBABILITY RULES
𝑓(𝑥) 𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 0.3𝑥 2 − 0.2𝑥 + 100 dollars per unit. 𝒙 1 2 3 4 5
(0, 𝑒) Probability Laws
𝑔(𝑥) (Q1a) Calculate the extra cost associated with 𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝒙) 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1
(𝑎, 0) (𝑑, 0) producing the 26th item in the creation of 50: • Rule of Subtraction (i.e. not 𝐴):
(Q4c) Find the probability 𝑃(𝑋 > 2|𝑋 ≤ 4):
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑
𝐶 ′ (25) = 0.3(25)2 − 0.2(25) + 100 = $𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 ̅ ) = 𝑷(𝑨́) = 𝟏 − 𝑷(𝑨)
𝑷(𝑨 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) ∩ 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) 0.2 + 0.3 0.5
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑓(𝑥)− 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
(Q1b) How much more would it cost if 8 units 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) 0.8 0.8
0 𝑎 𝑏 • Rule of Addition (i.e. 𝐴 or 𝐵):
(Q1c) were produced instead of 5 units?
(0, 𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) 8 8 𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
∫𝐶 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0.3𝑥 2 − 0.2𝑥 + 100𝑑𝑥 = $𝟑𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 BERNOULLI DISTRIBUTION
𝑔(𝑥) 5 5 • Rule of Multiplication (i.e. 𝐴 and 𝐵)
(0, 𝑏)
(Q1c) If the profit from producing 4 items is 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) = Bernoulli Distribution and Notation
𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 *Rearrange 𝑓(𝑦) and 𝑔(𝑦) $20 and the marginal revenue function is 𝑷(𝑨) × 𝑷(𝑩|𝑨) 𝑷(𝑩) × 𝑷(𝑨|𝑩) • Only two possible outcomes; either “success”
𝑏 to make 𝑥 the subject. 𝑅′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , determine the profit function. or “failure” and are independent of other trials.
• Conditional Probability (i.e. 𝐴 given 𝐵)
(Q2) Find the area between the two different 𝑃′ (𝑥) = 𝑅′ (𝑥) − 𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = 0.7𝑥 2 + 0.2𝑥 − 100 ▪ e.g. tossing a coin: either heads or tails.
functions 𝑓(𝑥) = ln (𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 4)2 7𝑥 3 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩) 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
𝑃(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑃′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + 0.1𝑥 2 − 100𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑷(𝑨|𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑩|𝑨) = 𝑿~𝑩𝒆𝒓(𝒑) • 𝒑 : probability of success
▪ Find intersection points between curves: 30 𝑷(𝑩) 𝑷(𝑨)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(4) = 1.39 and 𝑔(4) = 0 𝑃(4) = 20, ∴ solving for 𝑐 = 403.67 Bernoulli Distribution Rules
Conditional Probability Terminology
ln(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 4)2 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is upper function ∴ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟒𝟎𝟑. 𝟔𝟕 • 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) means the probability of 𝐴 occurring 𝒑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝑥 = 2.96, 5.29 and 𝑔(𝑥) is lower function. 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) = {
given that 𝐵 has already occurred. 𝟏 − 𝒑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟎
▪ Find area between curves:
𝑏 𝑏 Mutually Exclusive Events
∫𝑎 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥 − ∫𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM 𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝑺. 𝑫. = 𝝈
𝑏 5.29
Rule 1 𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) = 0
∫𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =∫ 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) − (𝑥 − 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 𝑝 𝑝(1 − 𝑝) √𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
𝑎 2.96 Rule 2 𝑃( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃( 𝐵 )
𝒙 𝒃
𝒅
(∫ 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 Independent Events
𝒅𝒙 𝒂 𝒂 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
RECTILINEAR MOTION = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂) Rule 1 𝑃( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃( 𝐴 ) × 𝑃( 𝐵 )
Rule 2 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) 𝑃(𝐵|𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) Binomial Distribution and Notation
Acceleration/Velocity/Displacement Functions as Integral Limits
• A binomial trial is more than one bernoulli trial.
• Displacement (𝑠): distance from origin. ► Topic Is Continued In Next Column ◄
Step Substitute the limits into t (only if • Counts the number of successes in an
• Velocity (𝑣): speed toward/away from origin. 1 they are not a constant). independent number of trials.
• Acceleration (𝑎): rate of change of velocity. RANDOM VARIABLES ▪ e.g. tossing a coin repeat times and counting
Differentiate Step Multiply by derivative of the limit. the number of heads flipped.
(Note: for questions with two limits,
2
complete steps 1 and 2 twice.)
𝒔 𝒗 𝒂 EXPECTED VALUE & VARIANCE • 𝒏 : number of trials
𝑿~𝑩𝒊𝒏(𝒏, 𝒑)
Fundamental Theorem Examples • 𝒑 : probability of success
Antidifferentiate 𝑑 𝑥 Probability Notation
(Q1) Determine 𝑑𝑥 (∫0 𝑙𝑛(𝑡)𝑑𝑡) = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙) Binomial Distribution Rules
Rectilinear Motion Formulae 𝑥
Expected Standard
(Q2) Determine 𝑑𝑥 (∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑡) = 𝒆
𝑑 2𝑡 𝟐𝒙 Variance 𝒏
• Terminology of Describing Motion: Value Deviation 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) = ( ) (𝒑)𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒑)𝒏−𝒙
𝒙
𝑑 3𝑥 2 1+𝑡
Initially At Origin Stationary (Q3) Determine the derivative 𝑑𝑥 (∫0 𝑑𝑡) 𝐸(𝑋) = 𝜇 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 2 √𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝜎 𝒏 𝒏!
2−𝑡 𝒏
𝑪𝒓 = 𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒓 = ( ) =
𝑑(3𝑥 2)
1 + 3𝑥 2
1 + 3𝑥 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟑 2 𝒓 ( 𝒏 − 𝒓 )! × 𝒓!
𝑡=0 𝑠(𝑡) = 0 𝑣(𝑡) = 0 × = 6𝑥 ( )= • Relationship between 𝐸(𝑋) and 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋):
𝑑𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐
• Rectilinear Motion Integrals: 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝑬(𝑿𝟐 ) − [𝑬(𝑿)]𝟐 𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈𝟐 𝑺. 𝑫. = 𝝈
𝑑 𝑥3
(Q3) Find the derivative 𝑑𝑥 (∫𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) √𝑡 2 + 1 𝑑𝑡) 𝑛𝑝 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
∆ Displacement Distance Travelled Effects of Linear Change √𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
▪ Substituting integral upper limit (i.e. 𝑥 3 ): • If 𝑋 is random variable and 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏 then: ClassPad Main App Binomial Functions
𝑏 𝑏
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∫ |𝑣(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡 𝑑(𝑥 3 )
√(𝑥 3 )2 + 1 = 3𝑥 2 √𝑥 6 + 1 𝑬(𝒀) = 𝒂𝑬(𝑿) + 𝒃 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝒀) = 𝒂𝟐 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑃𝐷𝐹(𝑥, 𝑛, 𝑝)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
▪ Substituting integral lower limit (i.e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥): 𝑷(𝑨 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝑩) 𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑛, 𝑝)
Velocity vs. Time Graphs • 𝒂 and 𝒃 ∶ constants (i.e. numbers).
𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝒌) 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝐵𝑖𝑛𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑘), 𝑛, 𝑝)
𝒗(𝒕) √(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 + 1 = cos (𝑥)√(sin (𝑥))2 + 1
• Displacement: area 𝑑𝑥 Effects of Linear Change Examples Graphing Binomial Distributions
underneath the line. ▪ Subtract 2nd answer from 1st answer: (Q1) If 𝐸(𝑋) = 5 and 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 2, determine:
𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒕 • Velocity: point on line. = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 √𝒙𝟔 + 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙)√(𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙))𝟐 + 𝟏 (Q1a) 𝐸(𝑋 + 11) = 𝐸(𝑋) + 11 = 5 + 11 = 𝟏𝟔 Skewed right
• Acceleration: gradient. (Q4) Find 𝑓(𝑥) with the following conditions: (Q1b) 𝐸(1 − 2𝑥) = 1 − 2𝐸(𝑋) = 1 − 10 = −𝟗 (positive)
𝑥
𝑑2𝐹 (Q1c) 𝑉𝑎𝑟(3𝑋 + 1) = 32 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 9 × 2 = 𝟏𝟖
Rectilinear Motion Example 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , . 2 = 𝑥 + 5, . 𝐹(3) = 5:
0 𝑑𝑥 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟓
(Q1) Particle 𝑋 leaves point 𝐴, 7 metres from 𝑑𝐹 𝑑2 𝐹 Symmetrical
the origin, at a velocity 𝑜𝑓 4𝑚/𝑠 at 𝑡 = 0 s and = 𝑓(𝑥), Hence 𝑑𝑥2 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑥
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
accelerates according to 𝑎 = 2𝑡 − 4 𝑚/𝑠 2 . ▪ Integrating 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) to get 𝑓(𝑥): 𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟓
(Q1a) What is the initial acceleration of 𝑋? 𝑥2 Discrete Random Variables ( DRV ) Skewed left
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 = + 5𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑎(0) = 2(0) − 4 = 0 − 4 = −𝟒 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 • Discrete distributions are events that can be (negative)
▪ Use the 𝐹(𝑥) formula to solve for 𝑐:
(Q1b) When is particle 𝑋 stationary? 3 counted in integers (i.e. whole numbers).
𝐹(3) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 5 ∴ 𝑐 = −7.33
2 • Types of DRV’s: Bernoulli and Binomial.
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2𝑡 − 4 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − 4𝑡 + 𝑐 3 2
𝑡 𝒕𝟐
5=∫ + 5𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟕. 𝟑𝟑 DRV Rules and Notation APPLICATIONS OF DRV’S
4 = (0)2 − 4(0) + 𝑐 → 4 = 0 + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = 4 0 2
𝟐
Bernoulli and Binomial DRV Examples
∴ 0 = 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4, ∴ stationary at 𝑡 = 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒔 (Q5) Find 𝑓(𝑥) with the following conditions: ∑ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) = 1 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ≤ 1
(Q1c) What is the displacement at 𝑡 = 12 secs? 𝑥 (Q1a) Find chance that Ben passes multi-choice
𝑑2𝐹
12 12 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 , . 2 = 𝑥 2 , . 𝑓(2) = 2: 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑎) can be calculated test with 10 Q’s with 4 options each by guessing?
𝑠(12) = 7 + ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 7 + ∫ 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4𝑑𝑡 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑋~𝐵𝑖𝑛(10,0.25) → 𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 10) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟖𝟏
0 0 𝑑𝐹 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑2𝐹 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑎) =
12
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑥), 2 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (Q1b) If the class has 15 students, what is the
𝑡3 = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑎 − 1) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑎 + 1)
= 7 + [ − 2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡] = 7 + 336 = 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 probability that at least 4 pass by guessing?
3 0 𝑥3 8 𝑋~𝐵𝑖𝑛(15, 0.0781) → = 𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 15) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = + 3 → 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 2 = + 𝑐 𝑬(𝑿) 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿)
(Q1d) What is the change of displacement of 3 3 (Q2a) Chance of a rotten apple is 0.1. Find the
particle 𝑋 during the fifth second of motion? 6 8 2 𝑥3 𝒙𝟑 𝟐 ∑ 𝑥𝑝(𝑥) ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑝(𝑥) chance that 1 apple is rotten out of 6 apples.
5 5 = + 𝑐 → 𝑐 = − , ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = +𝑐= −
𝑡3 3 3 3 3 𝟑 𝟑 𝑃(1 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒) = 0.95 × 0.1 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟎
∫ 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 4𝑑𝑡 = [ − 2𝑡 2 + 4𝑡] = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎
4 3 (Q6) 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on interval 0 < 𝑥 < 3 Discrete Random Variable Examples (Q2b) Find the chance that exactly one of six
4
(Q1e) What is the maximum speed of particle 𝑋 and decreasing on 3 < 𝑥 < 6 as per the table: (Q1) Is the following distribution discrete? apples randomly chosen are found to be rotten.
during the first 10 seconds of motion? 𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 𝒙 -1 0 1 2 𝑋~𝐵𝑖𝑛(6, 0.1) → 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟑
𝑑
Solve 𝑑𝑡 𝑎(𝑡) = 0 → 2𝑡 − 4 = 0, ∴ 𝑡 = 2 is a TP 𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 ► Topic Is Continued On Next Page ◄
𝒇(𝒙) 5 16 27 32 25 0 −49
However, 𝑣 ′′ (𝑡) = 𝑎′ (𝑡) = 2 is a minimum point 𝑥
0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1 + 0.4 = 1 ∴ Yes, this is a DRV.
∴ |𝑣(0)| = 4, |𝑣(2)| = 0, |𝑣(10)| = 64 are the Let 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 on interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6.
(Q2) Is the following distribution discrete?
critical points, maximum speed is 𝟔𝟒 𝒎/𝒔. (Q6a) What value of 𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) the greatest? ATAR Math Methods
𝒙 0 1 2 3
(Q1f) What is the distance travelled by particle 𝐹(𝑥) is the area under the graph of 𝑓(𝑥), so
𝑷(𝑿 = 𝒙) -0.1 0 0.5 0.6
Units 3 & 4 Exam Notes
𝑋 in the first eight seconds of motion? when 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 gives greatest area ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟓
8 8
(Q6b) What value of 𝑥 is 𝐹′(𝑥) the greatest? 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = negative ∴ No, not a DRV. Copyright © ReviseOnline 2020
𝑑 = ∫ |𝑣(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡 = ∫ |𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4|𝑑𝑡 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟕 𝒎 Page: 3 / 4
0 0
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∴ greatest is maximum ∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑 ► Topic Is Continued In Next Column ◄ Created by Anthony Bochrinis
Version: 3.0
More resources at [Link]
 APPLICATIONS OF DRV’S UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM CONF IDENCE AND ERROR MARGINS
Bernoulli and Binomial DRV Examples Uniform Distribution Examples Central Limit Theorem ( CLT ) Confidence Intervals ( CI )
(Q3a) 𝑋 is binomial variable. Find the value of (Q1) 𝑋 is uniform with 𝑎 = 10 and 𝑏 = 20. • If there are a large number of independent • Probability that confidence interval (at a certain
𝑛 and 𝑝 if 𝐸(𝑋) = 21 and 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 6.3. (Q1a) Determine the value of 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 14): random samples (i.e. 𝑛 ≥ 30), the data can level) will contain the population proportion.
𝐸(𝑋) = 21 = 𝑛𝑝 & 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 6.3 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) 20 1 be modelled using a normal distribution.
𝑋~𝑈(10, 20) → ∫14 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟔
Simultaneously solve: 𝑛 = 𝟑𝟎 and 𝑝 = 𝟎. 𝟕 20−10 • Also appropriate if 𝑛𝑝 and 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝) ≥ 10. ̂ − 𝒛√
(𝒑
̂(𝟏−𝒑
𝒑 ̂)
̂ + 𝒛√
,.𝒑
𝒑
̂(𝟏−𝒑
̂)
) = (𝑪𝑰𝑳 , 𝑪𝑰𝑼 )
(Q1b) Determine 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 14|𝑋 ≤ 18): • Uses sample size not number of samples. 𝒏 𝒏
(Q3b) Find the probability 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 10|𝑋 ≤ 15): 𝑃(14≤𝑋≤18) 18 1 18 1
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 10 ∩ 𝑋 ≤ 15) 𝑃(10 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 15) 𝑃(𝑋≤18)
= ∫14
20−10
𝑑𝑥 ÷ ∫10
20−10
𝑑𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟓 CLT of a Random Variable 𝑿 • 𝒁 ∶ z-score for a given confidence interval.
=
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 15) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 15) (Q2) 𝑌 is uniform with 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 5. • 𝜇 is population mean and 𝑋̅ is sample mean. • 𝑪𝑰𝑳 ∶ confidence interval lower bound.
𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑃𝐷𝐹(10,15,30,0.7) (Q2a) Find 𝑘 given 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑘|𝑋 < 3) = 0.5: • If 𝑛 ≥ 30, 𝑋~𝑁 with the following parameters: • 𝑪𝑰𝑼 ∶ confidence interval upper bound.
𝑋~𝐵(30, 0.7), . = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟔
𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑃𝐷𝐹(0,15,30,0.7) 𝑃(𝑘<𝑋<3)
= 0.5 → 𝑃(𝑘 < 𝑋 < 3) = 0.25 ∴ 𝑘 = 𝟐 Mean S.D. Z-Score • Commonly used Confidence Intervals:
(Q4) Find the probability of rolling a 5 at least 𝑃(𝑋<3) (stays) (changes) (changes)
two times on a 6-sided dice from ten throws. (Q2b) Find 𝑘 given 𝑃(𝑋 > 2|𝑋 < 𝑘) = 0.5: % Confidence Interval Z-Score
𝜎 𝑋̅ − 𝜇
𝑋~𝐵𝑖𝑛(10, 0.167) → 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) 𝑃(2<𝑋<𝑘)
𝑋̅ 𝑍= 99% Confidence Interval 2.58
= 0.5 → 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 𝑘) = 0.5𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑘)
−𝑃(𝑋 = 1) = 1 − 0.1609 − 0.3225 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝑃(𝑋<𝑘) √𝑛 𝜎/√𝑛
95% Confidence Interval 1.96
Using trial and error for values of 𝑘: 𝑘 = 𝟑
(Q5) The chance of success is 0.4, how many CLT Special Case: Bernoulli Distribution 90% Confidence Interval 1.645
trials are needed to ensure that the probability
• 𝑝 is population mean and 𝑝̂ is sample mean. • ClassPad Main App Custom CI%:
of 3 or more successes is exceeds 0.75?
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION • If 𝑛 ≥ 30, 𝑋~𝑁 with the following parameters:
𝑋~𝐵(𝑛, 0.4) and requirement 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) > 0.75 𝒛𝑪𝑰% = −𝟏 × 𝒊𝒏𝒗𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝑪𝑫𝒇("𝑪", 𝑪𝑰%, 𝟏, 𝟎)
▪ Trial and error for different values of 𝑛 Normal Distribution ( Bell Curve ) Mean S.D. Z-Score
• 𝒁 ∶ z-score for a given confidence interval.
𝑏𝑖𝑛𝐶𝐷𝐹(3, ∞, 𝑛, 0.4), 𝑛 = 9, 𝐶𝐷𝐹 = 0.7682 ∴ 𝟗 • Has greater probability closer to the mean. (stays) (changes) (changes)
(Q6) A game store charges $3 to play a game. ▪ e.g. average test scores for a whole class. • 𝑪𝑰𝑳 ∶ confidence interval lower bound.
𝑝̂ − 𝑝
Two dice are rolled and the uppermost faces 𝑝̂
𝑝(1 − 𝑝) 𝑍= • 𝑪𝑰𝑼 ∶ confidence interval upper bound.
• 𝝁 : mean √
√𝑝(1 − 𝑝)/𝑛
are added with the prizes being as follows: 𝑿~𝑵(𝝁, 𝝈𝟐 ) 𝑛
• 𝝈𝟐 : variance Margin of Error ( E )
Sum 7 3 or 5 9 or 11 Even
Bell Curve Shape and 68/95/99.7 Rule Central Limit Theorem Examples • The margin of error is half the width of a
Payout $0 $4 $6 $1 (Q1a) 18% of pizzas are overcooked at a store. confidence interval (i.e. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 2𝐸).
99.7%
Is this game expected to be profitable? In a sample of 150 pizzas, find the distribution. • Maximum difference between 𝑝̂ and 𝑧𝜎.
95%
Sum 7 3 or 5 9 or 11 Even 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.18(1−0.18) 𝟏
𝜇 = 𝑝̂ = 0.18, 𝜎 = √ =√ = 0.03 𝑬 = 𝒛𝝈 = 𝒛√
𝒑
̂(𝟏−𝒑
̂)
𝑬∝𝒛 𝑬∝
68% 𝑛 150
𝒏 √𝒏
13.5%

2.35%
13.5%
2.35%

Profit $3 -$1 -$3 $2 Hence, 𝑿~𝑵(𝟎. 𝟏𝟖, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝟐)

Prob. 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/2 (Q1b) What is the chance that the proportion of 𝑪𝑰𝑳 + 𝑪𝑰𝑼 𝑪𝑰𝑼 − 𝑪𝑰𝑳
34%
34%

̂±𝑬
𝑪𝑰 = 𝒑 𝒑= 𝑬=
1 1 1 1 overcooked pizzas exceeds 0.21. 𝟐 𝟐
𝐸(𝑋) = 3 ( ) − 1 ( ) − 3 ( ) + 2 ( ) = $𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝑋~𝑁(0.18, 0.03142 ) → 𝑃(𝑋 > 0.21) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝟕
6 6 6 2
−𝟑𝝈 −𝟐𝝈 −𝟏𝝈 𝝁 +𝟏𝝈 +𝟐𝝈 +𝟑𝝈 Changing Confidence Intervals
∴ at $3 per game, expected to profit $0.83. (Q2a) 23% of Australians are left handed. If 40
• 50% of all scores are above the mean and Use CI bounds to find the value of 𝑝:
are surveyed, what proportion of samples are Step
50% of all scores are below the mean. 1 𝑝 = (𝐶𝐼𝐿 + 𝐶𝐼𝑈 )/2
expected to have less than 20% left-handers?
C O N T I N UO U S R A N D O M V A R I A BL ES Z-Scores ( Standardised Scores ) 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.23(1−0.23)
𝜇 = 𝑝̂ = 0.23, 𝜎 = √ =√ Step Determine margin of error 𝐸:
• Simplifies all normal distributions to a mean 𝑛 40
2 𝐸 = 𝐶𝐼𝑈 − 𝑝 or 𝐸 = 𝑝 + 𝐶𝐼𝐿
Continuous Random Variables ( CRV )
of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. 𝑋~𝑁(0.23, 0.06652 ) and 𝑃(𝑋 < 0.2) = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟕
• Continuous distributions are events that can Step
• Indicates how many standard deviations (Q2b) What proportion of samples will expect Calculate: 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑧𝑛𝑒𝑤 /𝑧𝑜𝑙𝑑 × 𝐸𝑜𝑙𝑑
be measured in decimal numbers. 3
away from the mean each score is. to contain between 10% and 15% left-handers?
• Types of XRV’s: Uniform and Normal.
𝒙−𝝁 𝑃(0.10 < 𝑋 < 0.15) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟐 Step Determine new confidence interval:
CRV Rules and Notation 𝒁~𝑵(𝟎, 𝟏𝟐 ) 𝒛= 4 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝐶𝐼 = 𝑝 ± 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝝈 (Q3) The wait for pedestrians at traffic lights is
∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 1 Distribution Percentiles uniformly distributed between 0 and 4 mins. Interval Examples
0 ≤ 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) ≤ 1
• 𝑎% of data lies below the 𝑎𝑡ℎ percentile. (Q3a) The waiting times of 20 samples of 45 (Q1) A 90% confidence interval is (0. 38, 0.45).
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑎) cannot be calculated pedestrians are recorded, find the distribution:
𝑷(𝑿 < 𝒌𝒂 ) = 𝒂 • 𝒂 : percentile 0 < 𝑎 < 1 Determine the 95% confidence interval.
𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑎) = 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑎) = ▪ Find 𝜇 and 𝜎 of the uniform distribution: 0.38 + 0.45 1.96
ClassPad Main App Normal Distribution 𝜇 = 0.5(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 0.5(0 + 4) = 2 𝑝= = 0.415 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑤 = × 0.035
𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑎) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 𝑎) 2 1.645
𝑷(𝑨 ≤ 𝑿 ≤ 𝑩) 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝜎, 𝜇) 𝜎 = √(𝑏 − 𝑎)2 /12 = √16/12 = 1.1547 𝐸 = 0.45 − 0.415 = 0.035 = 0.0417
𝑬(𝑿) 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) Find 𝒌 given 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹 ▪ Change 𝜎 according to the CLT rule: 95% 𝐶𝐼 = 0.415 ± 0.0417 = (𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟑, 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝟕)
∞ ∞ 𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝒌) (𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑘), 𝜎, 𝜇) 𝜎 1.1547 (Q2) How many times larger is margin of error of
∫ 𝑥𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝜇)2 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = = 0.1721 ∴ 𝑿~𝑵(𝟐, 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟐 )
√𝑛 √45 sample of 1225 compared to sample of 11025?
−∞ −∞ 1 1 1 1
(Q3b) Find the chance that a random sample 𝐸∝ = 35 , 𝐸 ∝ = 105 ∴ 𝟑 times larger.
√1225 √11025
Discrete Random Variable Examples Left Tail Centered Right Tail has a mean time of less than 1.9 minutes:
(Q1) 𝑋 is a CRV given that 𝑃(𝑋 > 5) = 0.6 and (Q3) Find sample size of a survey with sample
Normal Distribution Examples 𝑋~𝑁(2,0.17212 ) → 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔
𝑋 has a probability density function of: 2
proportion of 0.6 for a 99% CI with 𝐸 = 0.02.
(Q1a) 𝑋~𝑁(20,5 ), find 𝑥 with a z-score of 1.5: (Q3c) What is the chance that at most 5
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10 𝑥−𝜇 𝑥 − 20 𝐸 = 𝑧𝜎 → 0.02 = 2.58√0.6 × 0.4/𝑛 → 𝑛 = 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟐
𝑓(𝑥) = { Find 𝑎 and 𝑏: samples had mean time of less than 1.9 mins:
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑧= → 1.5 = → 𝑥 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟓
10 𝜎 5 𝑋~𝐵𝑖𝑛(20,0.2806) → 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 5) = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟖 (Q4) In a random sample of 400 people, 129 we
Equation 1: ∫0 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 1 *Sums to 1 (Q1b) Find the value of the 67th percentile: male. Calculate a 90% confidence interval.
10 (Q4a) Out of a sample size of 53, it was found
Equation 2: ∫5 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 0.6 *Given in Q. Find the value of 𝑘 such that 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑘) = 0.67: 0.3225×0.6675
that 70% of teachers have a computer at home. 𝑝 = 0.3225 → 𝐶𝐼 = 0.3225 ± 1.645√
Simultaneously solve: 𝑎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖 & 𝑏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑘 = 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡, 0.67,5,20) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟎 400
Is it reasonable to use the normal distribution to
(Q1c) Find the value of 𝑃(𝑋 < 21|𝑋 > 16): 90% 𝐶𝐼 = (𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖, 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝟐)
(Q2) 𝑌 is a CRV with a density function of: approximate this sample proportion?
𝑃(16 < 𝑋 < 21) 𝑛𝐶𝐷𝐹(16,21,5,20) (Q5) What is the margin of error on a 99%
2𝑦 2 + 3 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 Find 𝐸(𝑌) = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟔 𝑛 ≥ 𝟑𝟎, 𝑛𝑝 = 37.1 ≥ 𝟏𝟎, 𝑛(1 − 𝑝) = 15.9 ≥ 𝟏𝟎
𝑓(𝑦) = { 𝑃(𝑋 > 16) 𝑛𝐶𝐷𝐹(16, ∞, 5,20) confidence interval of (0.25,0.32)?
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 and 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑌): ∴ sample size and proportion is large enough
2 (Q1d) Find the value of 𝑘 for 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑘) = 0.75 𝐶𝐼𝑈 − 𝐶𝐼𝐿 0.32 − 0.25
to approximate as a normal distribution. 𝐸= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓
𝐸(𝑌) = ∫ (𝑦)(2𝑦 2 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 𝟏𝟒 𝑘 = 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝐶𝐷𝐹(𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 0.75,5,20) = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 2 2
0 (Q4b) Determine the parameters of the normal
2 (Q2) If 𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) and the mean is twice the (Q6) 28% of residents in a city are aged 20 or
distribution that it would approximate to:
𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑌) = ∫ (𝑦 − 14)2 (2𝑦 2 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟑 variance and 𝑃(𝑋 > 10) = 0.3. Find 𝜇 and 𝜎. below. 300 samples of 100 residents were taken.
0 𝜇 = 2𝜎 2 , ∴ 𝑋~𝑁(2𝜎 2 , 𝜎 2 ). 𝜇 = 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝜎 = √
𝑝(1−𝑝)
=√
0.7(1−0.7)
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟗 How many S.D.’s below the pop. proportion will
(Q3) 𝑋 is a CRV *Solve 𝑛 53
𝑃(𝑋) invNormCDf("L", 0.3,1,0 ) = 0.5244 a sample of 21 of 100 residents be 20 or under?
with a density 0.3 *Total area 𝑋−𝜇 10−𝜇 10−2𝜎2
with Z- (Q5) A Bernoulli distribution has a probability of
adds to 1. 𝑍 = 𝜎 → 0.5244 = 𝜎 = 𝜎 Scores 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.28(1−0.28)
function shown. success of 0.6. Random samples of size 20, 50 𝑝 = 0.28, 𝜎 = √ =√ = 0.0449
10−2𝜎2 𝑛 100
Determine 𝑎. 𝑎 2𝑎 𝑋 Solve 0.5244 = , 𝜎 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 and 𝜇 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟗 and 500 were taken and plotted on the 𝑝̂ − 𝑝 0.21 − 0.28
𝜎
following relative frequency graphs: 𝑍= = = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟗 𝑆. 𝐷.
1 = 0.3𝑎 + 0.5(0.3𝑎) → 1 = 0.45𝑎 → 𝑎 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 √𝑝(1 − 𝑝)/𝑛 0.0449
1 1 1
(Q7) 30 out of 150 students at a school hate
0.8 0.8 0.8
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION
INTERVAL ESTIMATES chocolate. Find the 95% CI and interpret it.
0.6 0.6 0.6
0.4 30 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.2(1−0.2)
Uniform Distribution and Notation 0.4 0.4 𝑝 = 150 = 0.2, 𝜎 = √ =√ = 0.0327
𝑛 150
RANDOM SAMPLING 0.2 0.2 0.2
• Uniform distribution has constant probability. 𝑧 = 1.96, 95% 𝐶𝐼 = (0.2 ± 1.96 × 0.0327)
0 0 0
▪ e.g. a volcano erupts randomly every hour. Impact of Bias on Samples 95% 𝐶𝐼 = (𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟗, 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟒𝟏) which means 95%
• If survey is biased, sample stats will not (Q5a) Match the graphs with the sample sizes: confident that the population proportion lies
• 𝒂 : lower boundary
𝑿~𝑼(𝒂, 𝒃) reflect population stats (i.e. sampling error). ▪ First graph is sample size of 20 (as it has between 0.1359 and 0.2641 (i.e. 13.59% to
• 𝒃 : upper boundary
Types of Sampling Bias the highest variability from success prob.). 26.41% of students at a school hate chocolate).
Uniform Distribution Rules • Selection Bias: issues with sampling. ▪ Second graph is sample size of 50. (Q8) A 90% CI for a sample of students who
𝑃(𝑋) ▪ Undercoverage: when members of the ▪ Third graph is sample of size 500 (as it ordered lunch at the canteen today is (0.12,0.46).
𝟏
𝑓(𝑥) 𝒇(𝒙) = population aren’t adequately represented. closely matches probability of success). Find how many in the sample ordered lunch.
𝑋 𝒃−𝒂
▪ Nonresponse: views of non-respondants (Q5b) 100 random samples are taken from this 0.12 + 0.46 0.46 − 0.12
𝑎 𝑏 distribution by recording number of successes. 𝑝= = 0.29, . 𝐸 = = 0.17
are missed as they are unwilling and/or 2 2
𝟏 unable to participate in the survey. Describe the features of a frequency graph that
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝒍 × 𝒘 = (𝒃 − 𝒂) × =𝟏 𝑝̂ (1 − 𝑝̂ ) 0.29(1 − 0.29)
𝒃−𝒂 ▪ Voluntary Response: sampling people shows distribution of proportion of successes 𝐸 = 𝑧√ → 0.17 = 1.645√
who will only willingly participate. by repeating a large number of times. 𝑛 𝑛
𝟐 𝑺. 𝑫. = 𝝈
𝑬(𝑿) = 𝝁 𝑽𝒂𝒓(𝑿) = 𝝈
• Response Bias: issues with surveying. Graph to be normally distributed with: Solve for 𝑛 = 20 ∴ 0.29 × 20 = 𝟔 students
1 1 1 ▪ Leading Question: persuades a response. 𝑝(1−𝑝) 0.6(1−0.6)
(𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑏 − 𝑎)2 √ (𝑏 − 𝑎)2 ▪ Loaded Question: too much information. 𝜇 = 𝟎. 𝟔, 𝜎 = √ =√ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟗
2 12 𝑛 100
12
Methods of Reducing Sampling Error (Q6) 100 samples of 10 people are tested for a
𝑷(𝒄 ≤ 𝑿 < 𝒅) Find 𝒌 given 𝑷(𝑿 ≤ 𝒌) • Increase the sample size. disease (prob. = 0.005) Also, 100 samples of ATAR Math Methods
𝑑
1 𝑘
1 • Exercise true random sampling methods: 100 people are tested for same disease. Which Units 3 & 4 Exam Notes
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 𝑘) ▪ Systematic: select every nth person/item. set resembles normal distribution the most?
𝑐 𝑏−𝑎 𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
▪ Stratified: sample groups that reflect size Second set of samples, as CLT uses sample Copyright © ReviseOnline 2020
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► Topic Is Continued In Next Column ◄ of same groups in entire population. size not number of samples (i.e. 100 > 10). Created by Anthony Bochrinis
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