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VST-TDMA Protocol for Wireless Networks

This document contains a summary of a research paper on improving the performance of VST-TDMA access protocol in small cell networks. It discusses: 1) The objectives of improving throughput in small cell networks and addressing TCP weaknesses at the access layer. 2) The methodology used frame retransmission techniques and a modified VST-TDMA protocol. 3) The results showed that retransmissions improved throughput by 3 times compared to no retransmissions. 4) The conclusion is that addressing TCP issues at the access layer significantly improves network performance with minimal overhead.

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Desalegn Nigussie
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22 views5 pages

VST-TDMA Protocol for Wireless Networks

This document contains a summary of a research paper on improving the performance of VST-TDMA access protocol in small cell networks. It discusses: 1) The objectives of improving throughput in small cell networks and addressing TCP weaknesses at the access layer. 2) The methodology used frame retransmission techniques and a modified VST-TDMA protocol. 3) The results showed that retransmissions improved throughput by 3 times compared to no retransmissions. 4) The conclusion is that addressing TCP issues at the access layer significantly improves network performance with minimal overhead.

Uploaded by

Desalegn Nigussie
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

FACULTY OF INFORMATICS
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Course Name: -Wireless and Mobile Technology
Course code:-IT717

Section -One

Prepared by:-
Name ID
1. Chilot G/mariam GUS/00022/10
2. Muluemebet Zeyesus GUS/00031/10
3. Desalegn Negusie GUS/00014/10
4. Kassahun Taffese GUS/00011/10

Submitted to: YilikalMulualem (PhDc)


26August, 2021
Gondar Ethiopia
Article One:" Frame Retransmission using a Modified VST-TDMA Access Protocol in Pico cell/WPAN”

I. Introduction
The VST-TDMA access protocol has shown to have many advantages over existing protocols in centralized
(star) wireless network architectures Trends show that wireless technology is quickly evolving, reaching maturity
at the lower portion of the spectrum, more specifically below 5 GHz. [1] For example, in the Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN) field, currently dominated by WiFi, which uses a 2.4/5 GHz carrier frequency, bandwidths of
20/40 MHz,. For this reason millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology is becoming the new alternative for
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) [1] try to used simple techniques. The researcher was worked based
on a time multiplexing technique, called here Variable Slot Time - Time Division Multiplexing Access (VST-
TDMA). And various useful processes could be implemented without modifying the algorithm; VST-TDMA is
that QoS can be easily implemented
II. Objective
the main objective of the researcher is to improve the performance of networks that have essentially two traits: (1) small cell,
and (2) throughput demanding. [1].
III. Methodology
the method applied to the researcher are Access Allocation Mechanism, Protocol Information Exchange,
FRAME-LOSS RECOVERY and MODIFIED VST-TDMA techniques [1] used to achieve the objectives.
An alternate strategy can be to have the WAP reserve the exact amount of time as the previous instance.
IV. Outcomes (Result And Discussion)
The results showed that by using two scenarios varying RTT(long round-trip times) and varying wireless loss rate shown that
for any value of RTT there case with retransmissions has a throughput 3 times greater than that of the case without the
retransmissions. [1]. that was expected as these the connection does not perceive these are losses, since they are retransmitted at
the data-link layer.
V. Conclusion:

The researcher worked that presents a modification to the VST-TDMA access protocol. This variation of the
protocol has a recovery feature incorporated at the data-link level, which is not a common
Practice. [1] And as networks become more reliable, this improvement will continue to grow. The most
important point is that the researcher try to addressing the TCP weaknesses at the access layer improves
significantly the performance of the network.
VI. Recommendation

The limitations of the researcher variation of the protocol has a recovery feature
Incorporated at the data-link level, which is not a common practice this feature comes at a negligible cost and in some
Cases there is no extra time added to perform the recovery compared to the case where no recovery is performed Throughput
Millimetre-wave Sensor Communication Network (VHT-MSCN), there is no extra time added to perform the recovery compared
to the case where no recovery is performed. [1]
VII. Research Questions
 How accessing TPC weakness at transport layer improves performance of the network?
 What is the reason Wired links exhibit loss Rates that are much lower than wireless links;
 . How the performance of VST-TDMA is the processing Power of the devices?
 Why data-link layer protocols, does not have a recovery feature as data integrity is supervised By
the connection-oriented transport protocols?

Article review on title


On Downlink Capacity of Cellular Data Networks with WLAN/WPAN Relays
Boz˘idarRadunović, Member, IEEE, and AlexandreProutiere, Member, IEEE
Introduction
Wireless cellular networks operate on expensive licensed frequencies, and their bandwidth is a scarce
resource limited by regulations. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in increasing the capacity of
cellular networks using an additional wireless physical layer that operates on an unlicensed frequency band.
New generations of mobile devices are already equipped with wireless local area network (WLAN) or
wireless personal area network (WPAN) interfaces, and the question that arises is whether one can use the
available relay structure to improve the service of cellular networks.
IEEE 802.11 WLAN is an example of a typical relay technology.802.11's physical layer enables a source and
a destination to adjust their communication rate. Depending on the link quality and the quantity of
interference at the receiver, a source chooses an acceptable rate for transmitting a packet. The packet is lost
and must be transferred if the link quality deteriorates during packet transmission.
802.11 MAC introduces the RTS/CTS technique to ensure some link quality by limiting nodes in the area
from interfering with an ongoing transmission. The size of this exclusion zone is determined by the RTS and
CTS signaling packets' transmission power interface for relays. The design ideas stated above are used in
several existing WLAN and WPAN technologies (e.g., 802.11, 802.15.4).review, the author look at
technologies that employ these ideas. The author also assumes that all nodes have the same sort of relay
interface.
The downlink traffic must be carried from the BS to the users, either directly from the BS or through the use
of relays. The resource allocation strategy, which consists of a scheduling method for sharing BS resources
and a routing/scheduling technique to use relay capabilities, is the system's most important component. Our
goal is to come up with the best scheduling and relay solutions possible.

OBJECTIVES
Objective of this article review is to provide a scheduling/relay strategy that maximizes the network capacity.
Methodology
The researcher did article first focus on a one dimensional problem. And find an upper bound on the optimal solution
of the one dimensional problem. Next turn to a two-dimensional case, and he consider the same simplifying
assumptions as previously. From the above optimization problem and the structure of the solutions, the researcher
obtains two important protocol design insights.
1. he show that the upper bound on the capacity remains constant, independent of the cell size, which is in
contrast with cellular networks with no relay where the capacity decreases exponentially.
2. The optimal scheduling divides a cell into two regions. The first region, around the BS, is such that the relay
channel is fully saturated. In the other region, the relay channel is never saturated, and there is no direct
traffic to users.
Research Questions
What are the methods used to increasing the capacity of cellular networks?

Reference s
[1] V. Q. a. C. Estevez, "VST-TDMA Access Protocol in Picocell/WPAN," IEEE Member, vol. 3, p. pp 12,
2018.
[2] S. Y. T. G. T. S. a. Y. M. H. Kano, "“Development," in Communications and Information Technologies
(ISCIT),, p. pp. 891–894., 2010.

Common questions

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Wireless links experience higher loss rates primarily due to their susceptibility to environmental factors such as interference and physical obstructions, which are less of a concern for wired links. This requires protocols like VST-TDMA to incorporate advanced recovery and retransmission techniques to mitigate these inherent losses and maintain performance standards in wireless networks .

Relay interfaces can enhance cellular network capacities by utilizing unlicensed frequency bands via technologies like WLAN/WPAN. This enables greater resource utilization through the relay of downlink traffic, which stands in contrast to traditional cellular networks that solely rely on direct transmission over licensed bands. The optimal design involves strategic scheduling to handle traffic in relay-heavy regions, enhancing capacity by preventing direct traffic jams .

Wireless links generally exhibit higher loss rates than wired links due to environmental variability and interference. This negatively impacts data integrity. However, recovery features are not commonly integrated into data-link protocols because data integrity is typically managed by connection-oriented transport protocols, which provide error correction and retransmission mechanisms, balancing protocol overhead and efficiency .

In optimizing cellular network relay designs, it emerges that the upper-bound capacity remains unchanged regardless of cell size. This stands in contrast to traditional cellular networks where capacity degrades exponentially with increased distance. Optimally, the network divides into relay-saturated and non-saturated zones, highlighting stark design differences focused on relay optimization to sustain high capacity .

The researchers used scenarios that varied the round-trip times (RTT) and wireless loss rates to evaluate VST-TDMA performance. They discovered that scenarios with retransmissions achieved a throughput three times greater than those without. These findings underscored the effectiveness of the retransmission strategy at the data-link layer, revealing a robust mechanism for efficiency even under high RTT .

The article outlines a scheduling/relay strategy optimizing network capacity through a method that divides the cellular domain. The optimal scheduling involves saturating the relay channel near the base station while ensuring no direct saturation in peripheral areas. This division maximizes the use of relay capabilities to carry downlink traffic efficiently, preventing exponential capacity degradation typical in non-relay cellular networks .

Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technology is increasingly becoming the alternative for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) due to its ability to operate above the crowded 2.4/5 GHz spectrum used by WiFi. This shift allows the exploitation of higher bandwidth enabling technologies, thereby addressing the bandwidth demands and fostering the maturation of wireless technologies .

Modifying VST-TDMA protocols allows for targeted retransmissions at the data-link layer, crucial for wireless networks with long round-trip times. This modification is significant as it addresses TCP weaknesses by ameliorating data loss without necessitating additional recovery time, which results in enhanced throughput and reliability of network services .

The VST-TDMA access protocol incorporates a recovery feature at the data-link level, which is not common in typical data-link protocols. This allows retransmissions at the data-link layer even in cases of long round-trip times and varying wireless loss rates, resulting in throughput three times higher compared to scenarios without retransmissions. Such an enhancement significantly boosts network performance by reducing perceived data loss .

The VST-TDMA protocol offers advantages in terms of implementing Quality of Service (QoS) easily and improving throughput in centralized (star) wireless network architectures without the need to alter the protocol algorithm. It provides improved performance specifically in networks characterized by small cells and high throughput demands .

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