ais owt tiation bhod 5 tee ws 4a ow EAS DESMAN ONE MRNA CHAPTER IV THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING “God spoke to me and called me to his service.” - Florence Nightingale This chapter focuses on the development of Nursing Science during the early and late 20" century as the study of nursing evolved from the works of Florence Nightingale, especially during the Crimean War. It focuses on the two opposing use of reason to prove nursing science, which is rationalism and empiricism Nursing at its beginning Nursing started in the intuitive way of caring for the sick members of the family. Traditionally, the roles of women are limited as wives, mothers, daughters and sisters. They are the ones who stayed at home and took care of the family. As each woman developed separate practices in taking care of the family, different ways of caring for the sick emerged In ancient civilizations, providing care revolves around the use of magical thinking, superstitious and religious beliefs. However, non-magical forms of service still emerged. Female slaves are usually the ones who provide physical maintenance and comfort for the sick. Their actions are usually ordered by a master, healer or priest. In Egypt, people worshiped the Goddess Isis and her son Horus, as they are believed to manipulate the dreams of the sick. The earliest documented forms of service and law governing the practice medicine was first noted under the Code of Hammurabi in Babylonia in the year 1900 BC. However, nursing roles were not clearly defined in the code. Interestingly, nursing roles were mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible as women provide and assist in the care of children and infants in delivery. In Greece and Rome, care of the sick revolves around mythology. They believed in the works of Asklepios as the Greek god and chief healer, his wife Epigone as the soother and their daughter Hygea as the goddess of health. Africans saw nurses as midwives, herbalists, wet nurses and Caregivers for the children and elderly. Religion greatly influenced the practice of caring for the sick individual. Christians based this from the use of Christ's parable of the “Good Samaritan’ in providing care. The growth of Christian orders marked the development of early specialized institutions in every comer of the vast Roman Empire Did you know that Florence Nightingale had a staggering mastery of Several disciplines of learning and modern languages, including literature, philosophy, history, science, mathematics, religion, art and music! iE sic! ; 7 bt, "7d eeeHRISTIAN ORGANIZA’ ce AL BY st Provides care during the great plague inAlexandna | Parabolani Brotherhood ‘nights of St. John of | These oraar responsible {Also known as the Knight of Hospitalers) | Teutonic Knights lights of Lazarus ts of St. John of ustinian Sisters, ___ j Asuna Considered as the patron saint of nurses, Order of Christian chanty ing care for the poor, sick, Camillus De Lellis | Sisters of Charity Franc Founded at Keiserswerth, Germany, | Order of Deaconesses schoo! for nurses NURSING SCIENCE AND THEORY IN THE EARLY 20" CENTURY During the early 20” century, philosophers and scientists argued the use of ism and rationalism, The philosophers’ point of view is, that knowledge should be based on the understanding of existing theories while scientsts believe that knowledge should not only focus on theoretical existence but also on understanding what there is stil to be observed Major Developments ‘+ The use of experimentation to gain new knowledge emerged during this Period as nurses strive to base their actions on evidence and scientific reasoning and sm, which encloses the use of both im, became prevalent during this era lopment of science. + Empirical and objective data co-exist as the focus of as one of each need to be tested in order to determine fr what is not = Asa resul he different point of views during this period, the growth of knowledge commenced. This is evident with the sgtrgence f racial aking =ratonalsm and empricism Ni a a lm Sih ls RATIONALISM S@ Of Teaton gained thru expert study, iy prove something. which start ge An evan Nursing and Nursing Resear, concept that needs to be sto ventions must have reasons. nalism emphasizes tho use of knowing the harm or benefits of an act tan EMPIRICISM the use avotwe. type of rea soning. In rari Is highly important inthe assessment of fe nursing process, wounded soldiers ‘ady with the Lamp” the development of | 19 education, practice and (England) tee tration **Dorothea tyme Di | 186 ___ (USA) during the Ame Louisa May |} Wrotetre ene, | Wrote the book “The Moses of Her People” | —— | war. | 1862-1865 | Girng ne Gi War Sojouner Truth | Worked as a nu umer Truth | sg62-1865 | War an anuir Lucy Osborne (Australia) sous Sunng te Geneve Carver ‘i rst school | Sydney Hospital__ | America’s first trained nurse Mary Agnes Shively (Canada) Litiian Wale (USA) Bedford Fenwick |_ (England) “Clara Louise Mass Margaret Breckinridge (sa) Dr. Lauranne ~ }—vsa)_} ta stablished the International Council of Nurses in Great Br AmericanWar Miguine, | 1878: Sanger | 1986 HEN avin | gas. peck | ta6 stablished the Frontier Nursing ice (FNS) which started at County, Kentucky President National Black Nurses Association ing her time _ 1974 Association The first nurse to be elected to the United States House of Representatives Served as the Chief Nurse Officer, Rear Admiral and became an active leader in policy coordination __US Surgeon General ted the National Center for 1992 Hinshaw (USA) 1993 Tote: Not nurses by profession Magdalena Valenzuela | Annie Sand Comet EWvegia | Mendoza _ ‘+ First Filipino Industrial Nurse ‘+ Founded the National League of Philippine ___ Government Nurses Socorro Diaz “Conchita Ruiz [ | lCC + Considered es “Florence Night Phitppines” | Pougerand tne fst Dean ofthe Uni the Philippines College of Nursing (UP Wino gave way to professional Nursing in the Phiippines | « Professor Emeritus of UPCN J The author of Code of Ethies for Nurses (PRC BON Res. #633, 19 « Chairman, Committee on Legal Aspect of Nursing which created the fist Pil Nursing Law also known as the Republic Act No. 877 5.1953. «+ Her biography was written by Luz Tungpalan, Dean UPCN, entitled Action Oriented Leadership (2001). | | (Please see the Appendix for the Close | i Dr. Julita Sotejo Anastacia Giron Tupaz ‘at present known as the Philippine Nurses | Association (PNA) * First President of the FNA | «She was a graduate of Philippine General | Hospital School of Nursing in 1912 Rosario Montemayor [Delgado =o a 1989 = 4 ‘Mr. Marco Antonio C. Sto, Tomas — T 199° eae ‘Dr. Leda Layo-Danao + —| or = wets toy} f : De George C. Cordero —t —| Mrs. Ruth RP —1— ora | Dr. Ma = = + = 0 tn = zi nace a 2008 = Present | Note: *Decoased = at NURSING SCIENCE AND THEORY IN 7 Lu 20" CENTURY MELATE ‘The developm wledge in the late 20" century was main\ ig leaders and theonst century. The evolution studied and tested t role of nurses became more def 1e was further 'e contemporary practices in nursing. The fined depending on the different fields of into being the difterent ALL aie eeu ee fect NRE reno Col. Winnie Luzon Or. Fe M. Valdez a aS 1970-1974 re ve = Theory / Concept = hrs, Rasa Mantemayor Delgado 1922 - 1926 “ites, Socorro Salamanca Diaz 78 ‘irs. Cesaria Tan 1932- 4 [rs Rose iter t884=10068 a ee ea Rosales Ochoa 7938-1980 orothy Johnsai ~~ Benavioral Sytem Model [rs wana. Ta 1640-1646 Sigmund Freud | Psyenoanalyte Theory — wiry Genes SH be Giga 149g 1g ——1 Ee Cs {Theory of Personality Development — coe nes nee Lawrence Kohiberg Moral Development Ineo. [ Ais. Anne Sand P7954 1988 |e, Rosario Orde [1986-7958 [ar Luiea A alana | 79se= 1065 +r. Rosano Diamante 1965 - 1970 a | | |‘As the role of women from the early centuries revolved around the caring of the sick of iy members and volunteering in aiding wounded persons during the wa, the role of nurses became clearer during the contemporary period. Nurses now have & in the ‘J of health and survival of the sick and dying in collaboration with other health care professionals. ‘Norses provide care and comfort for persons ther with preserving the dignity of human ‘Often considered as the mothering role of nurses. Care Provider jon facilitates understanding and | colaboration of nursing actions with ther cents Communicator | and other members of the health care team Communication also develops rapport with the ent which establishes their cooperation, 85 Neip the clients learn the state of their being and the therapies that will be done to leviate their conditions, and provide them Teacher of the advantages and disadvantages ions that will be done to them. Teaching n also help in the development of the | es Counselor the client's growth in all aspects: physical, ‘emotional, psychological, and even spir As an advocate, the nurse defends the Advocate 's (Disparti, 1988) agent, the nurse: * explores the possible outcomes of the Change Agent | alternabves | + assesses resources * eEtermines appropriate helping roles ishes and maintains | felationship| an 4 a ‘esearch substantiates practices as ted and fu ing are examples of special Nurse | &€25' genera! nursing practice. medica! surscal Generalist | "Sing, pediatne and genatre nurs health nursing, psychiatnc and m ‘nursing, nursing cos | development and | Nurse clinicians perform direct nursing actions in Nurse ‘specialty areas. They may or may not have Clinician | 8dvanced educational preparation as iong as they Certified by a governing body to pertarm such [: = te | 1gwiki org’wiki/Nursing theory 45 one ere eam :wee Suggested Activity for Instructors: ACTIVITY I Nursing Debate activity. Make a list of topics that can be devated ee ncke's draw bt, Group the dass composing of 4 or § members. The students will be allowed to have one day of preparation pror to the actual debate for them to have time to Tesearch on their topic. At the end of the activity, the students should be able to answer the following questions During the activity, how did one group won the debate? Was the activity able to reflect the use of rationalism? What similarities did the activity have with rationalism? How can the group relate the activity with deductive type of reasoning? Bone ACTIVITYIL: Who's Who??? Instruction: Fill in the missing information given in the table below. Use the pool of nursing leaders in the Philippines to fill in the bianks. First President of the FNA | Florence Nightingale of the | Phitippines Nurso’s Worksheet Name; Instructor. Date Score’ Instructions: What are the common home pract Care of the sick have you exgene, You apply them when canng for so What do you think is. the. fou Practices? Could they be used i or why not? vee weed (ces regarding the ced before? Did of such nursing too? Why ‘Association (FNA) | | First Filpino industrial Nurse | [ner editor of “The Filipino Nurses" | of smaie Military Nurse | Founded the National League of Philippine Government Nurses Degree in Nursing the United States | ell amas + he Male —