Science, Technology &

Society

Chapter 1
Historical Antecedents
in the Course of Science
and Technology
Science, Technology & Society

ANCIENT
TIMES
TRANSPORTATION
Go places and discover new
horizon
Search for food
Better location for settlement
Trade surplus
COMMUNICATION
Was also essential in their
endeavors to discover and
occupy new places
Record keeping is important
for documentation
 WEAPONS & ARMORS
Important in discovery of new place or
establishment of new alliances or other tribes
People established structures for protection
from human attacks and natural disaster
Primary challenge was the conservation of life
 LET'S SUM UP!
Science and technology plays a major role in
transportation, communication and security.
Being able to prolong life with mass production
of food and advancement of medical technology.
People in Ancient Times were able to discover
and invent things that would impact lives of the
modern people.
Science, Technology & Society

SUMERIAN
CIVILIZATION
CUNEIFORM
one of the major contribution of
Sumerians in the development
of first writing system
It is system that utilizes word,
pricture and triangular
symbols carved on clay using
wedge intruments and then left
to try
Used to keep record of things
with great historical value
URUK CITY
It is s great wonder not only
because it is considered to be the
first true city in the world but
also for the way it was erected.
The Sumerians were able to build
the City using only mud or clay
from the river
They used bricks to make houses
that protected them from
disaster and wild animals.
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
Also called the mountain of god
A sacred place of their chief god,
where only priests are allowed to
enter
The temple showcases not only the
elaborate and intricate Sumerian
Architecture but also remarkable
technology used to built it
IRRIGATION AND DIKES
Sumerians experienced difficulty
in getting water from river, thus
they could not maintain
farmlands
Sumerians created dikes and
irrigation canals to bring water to
farmlands to have year-long
farming and harvesting for food
production
SAILBOATS
At that time, main mode of
transportation was through
waterways such as rivers and seas.
Boats were used to carry large
quantities of products and able to
cover large distances
Sailboats were essential in
transportation and trading as well as
in fostering culture, information and
technology.
WHEEL
Sumerians were able to invent
the wheel since the specialized
tools need to create it were
already available.
First wheels were not made for
transportation but for the farm
work and food processes.
With the help of wheel and
axle, mass production was
made easier.
THE PLOW
Another farm technology
invented by the Mesapotamians.
The plow was invented to dig
ground in a faster pace.
With this tool, farmers could
cultivate larger parcels of land
faster, enabling them to mass
produce food withoud taking so
much effort and time.
In order to facilitate faster and
easier travel, the Sumerians
developed the first roads.
Science, Technology & Society

Babylonians
Civilization
Babylonians
Great builders,
engineers, and
architects.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
One of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
A structure made up of layers of garden that
contained several species of plants, trees, and
vines.
According to one legend, the hanging gardens
were built alongside a grand palace know as The
Marvel of Mankind, by the Neo Babylonian King
Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Queen Amytis
Science, Technology & Society

Egyptian
Civilization
 Paper/ Papyrus
Welcome development
Major accomplishment in
Egyptian record keeping and
communications
May come from the Egyptian word
papuro (also given as pa-per-aa)
meaning 'the royal' or 'that of the
pharaoh'
The ancient Egyptians called the
plant djet or tjufi or wadj, forms of
the concept of freshness.
 Papyrus
A plant that grew abundantly along Nile River
in Egypt
Papyrus was harvested from the beginning of
the Predynastic
Period in Egypt (c.6000-c.3150 BCE) and
continued to be throughout Egypt's history down
to the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE) and into
Roman Egypt (30 BCE - c. 640 CE).
Thinner than the traditional clay tablets
and easy to carry and store.
Sheets are less breakable as compared to
the clay tablets
 Ink
Invented by Egyptian through
combining soot with different
chemicals to produce inks of
different color.
Ancient Egyptians began writing
with ink—made by burning wood
or oil and mixing the resulting
concoction with water—around
3200 B.C.
Must withstand the element of
nature
Must be tamper proof
Hieroglyphics
System of writing symbols
Language that tells modern world of
the history and culture of the ancient
Egyptians
Egyptians believed that it was provided
by their God.
Carved at the walls of pyramids and
other important Egyptian structures
Cosmetics
Egyptians mostly used galena (more
commonly known as kohl) and
malachite powder (a green mineral) for
eye makeup
For health and aesthetic reasons.
Egyptians believed that a person
wearing make up was protected from
evil.
They also believed that beauty was a
sign of holiness
They had green and blue eyeshadow and
lined their eyes with black
Wig
During ancient Egyptians times, wigs
were worn for health and wellness rather
than aesthetic purposes
Wigs were used to protect the shaved
heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the
harmful rays of the sun.
It was considered as cleaner than a
natural hair
Wearing a wig signaled a person's rank in
Egyptian society
Science, Technology & Society

Greek
Civilization
Ancient Greek civilization, the period
following Mycenaean civilization,
which ended about 1200 bce, to the
death of Alexander the Great, in 323
bce. It was a period of political,
philosophical, artistic, and scientific
achievements that formed a legacy
with unparalleled influence on
Western civilization.
Alarm
Ctesibius (285–222 BC) was the Father of Pneumatics, a
branch of engineering that makes use of gas or
pressurized air. Ctesibius was a great scientist ahead of
his time. Some even describe him as an ancient genius.
He is best known for his three inventions - the suction
pump, the water clock, and the hydraulis, a musical
instrument that is the ancestor of the pipe organ. The
oldest clocks in history are water clocks.
Water Mill
The invention of the water mill started with the Perachora wheel, which used both the water
wheel and the gear technology that had already been invented. It was invented in around
the 3rd Century BC and Philo of Byzantium made the earliest known reference of it in his
works, the Pneumatica and Parasceuastica. The mill used water to power the wheel, which
eventually milled the grain. This allowed a large quantity of flour to be produced, which
revolutionized the gastronomy of the time.
Science, Technology & Society

Roman
Civilization
 The ancient Romans built one of the greatest
empires in world history. However, whereas the
Roman Empire lasted from about 30 BCE to 476 CE,
Ancient Roman civilization emerged long before, in
the centuries after 800 BCE.
Newspaper or
Albeit
Albeit centuries before paper was commonly
used in Europe. The concept of publicizing
daily events and news was developed by the
Romans, who would inscribe the news of the
day in stone tablets that were then placed
around towns for the public to see.

Codex
A codex is just the Roman name for a book,
made of pages, and usually bound on the left.
Its predecessor was the scroll or book roll,
which was unrolled as you read. The codex is
manifestly superior: one can hold many
volumes codices have a built-in cover for
protection and pages that can be numbered
for reference, from which arose a cornucopia
of tables of contents and indices.
Roman
Architectures
Ancient Roman architecture adopted
the external language of classical
Greek architecture for the purposes of
the ancient Romans, but was different
from Greek buildings, becoming a
new architectural style. The two styles
are often considered one body of
classical architecture. Roman
architecture flourished in the Roman
Republic and even more so under the
Empire, when the great majority of
surviving buildings were constructed
 Roman
Numerals
Roman numerals are a numeral
system that originated in ancient
Rome and remained the usual way of
writing numbers throughout Europe
well into the Late Middle Ages.
Numbers in this system are
represented by combinations of letters
from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage
employs seven symbols, each with a
fixed integer value
Science, Technology & Society

CHINESE
CIVILIZATION
Considered as the older
civilization in Asia
Located on the far east of Asia
Also known as to be the Middle
Kingdom
SILK
fabric that was first produced in
Neolithic China
from the filaments of the cocoon
of the silk worm
was not only used to make fine
clothes, but is also used for fans,
wall hangings, banners and
popular alternative to paper.
TEA PRODUCTION
Was 1st developed by an
unknown Chinese inventor
The machine is a wheel-based
with a sharp edge attached to
a woodeen/ceramic pot.

Tea is a beverage by pouring hot

MEDIEVAL/
MIDDLE AGES
Marred by massive innovations
and migrations
Wars were privalent during
this time
Trade and commerce among
nations increased
PRINTING PRESS MACHINE
Invented by Johann Gutenberg in
the first half of the 15th century
(1440-1450)
More reliable way of printing
using a cast type
Utilized through wooden
machines that extracted juices
from fruits, attached to a metal
impressions of letters and pressed
firmly into a piece of paper
MICROSCOPES
Invented by Hans and
Zacharias Janssen using the
principles for the invention of
eyeglasses
A device that allows people to
see things that is invisible to
the eye
TELESCOPES
The first person to apply for a
patent for a telescope was
Dutch eyeglass maker Hans
Lippershey (or Lipperhey).
An optical instrument that
helps in the observation of
remote objects.
 WAR
WEAPONS
The weapons of an English
medieval knight in combat
included the long sword,
wooden lance with an iron tip,
metal-headed mace, battle-
axe, and dagger.
 SWORD LANCE WITH
IRON TIPS
Powerful
Most effective weapons to
symbol for a
strike down an opponent
medieval
Later became a spectacle of
knight
chivalry and pageantry
Was the weapon used to give
him his status as a knight
Lethal weapon; long, heavy
and sharp.
 MACES AXES
Armor improved and became Flaring blade and
more resistant to a slashing a very long shaft
sword Thinner, more
The shaft was made of wood and
pointed blade
in early versions, the head was a
with a short shaft.
copper-alloy
Sometimes either axe type was
fitted with a spike at the end
of the handle and, in later
14th century CE versions, a top
spike.