IPOTASSIUM BEARING MINERALS 1

(from references 2,7,8,9,60)

r Potassium

I: Mineral Range
(Weight %)
MeaIl
(Weight %)

r FELDSPAR
Alkali Feldspars
GROUP

Microcline 14.07* 13.34 H 6.54 EJ 12.5l

Orthoclase 14.07* 12.95 w 6.74 EJ 10.51
S&dine 5.85 - 10.04
Anorthoclase 3.11 H 4.47 zz 4.0
Adularia 12.70

Plagioclases 0.0 H 1.6 FJ 0.3

i

- FELDSPATHOID GROUP
Metasilicate
Leucite 17.91* 17.45 H 16.64 FJ 17.0

Orthosilicates
Nepheline 3.0 H 10.14 w 5.0
Kalsilite 21.29 t-+ 25.52 w 24.0

- MICA GROUP
Muscovite 9.8+ 9.37 H 6.78 ~1(8.70
Biotite 8.1 H 5.42 B 6.95
Phlogopite 9.9 H 5.36 w 8.43
Lepidolite 8.03

- ZEOLITE GROUP
Analcite 0.0 H 3.7 P( 1.0
Laumontite c 0.25 m 0.15
Mordenite c* 2.16 FJ 1.0
-

* for the theoretical formula

1 corresponds to a beginning of alteration

145
~POTASSIUMBEARING MINERALS OFEVAPORITESI
(from reference3 2,9,60)

146
 1Thorium and Thorium bearing Minerals 1
(from Frondel et al., 1956, and Roubault, 1958, in reference 60)

Name Composition l-ho* content, %

THORIUM
MINERALS
Cheralite (Th, Ca. Ce) (PO,SiO,) 30, variable
Huttonite ThSiO, 81.5 (ideal)
Pilbarite ThO,, UO,, PbO. 2Si0,.4H,O 31,variable
Thorianite Th 0, lsomorphous series to UO:”
Tborite** ThSiO, 25to 63 - 81.5 (ideal)
Thorogummite” Th(Si04111JOH) 4x~ <0.25 24 to 58 or more
THORIUM-BEARINti
MINERALS
Allanite 0, Ce, fib, /Al. Fe, Mg), Si,O,, IOH) 0 to about 3
Bastnasite (Ce, La) CO3 F Less iban 1
Betafife About (U, Ca) (Nb, Ta. Ti), O,nH,O 0 to about 1
Brannerite About ill, Ca, Fe. Tb. Y), Ti,O,, 0 to 12 (av.: 3 - 4)
Euxenite iY. Ca, Ce, U, Th) (Nb, Ta, T&O, 0 to about 5
Eschynite (Ce, Ca, Fe, Th) (Ti, Nb),06 oto17
Fergusonite (Y. Er, Ce, U, Th) (Nb, Ta, TilO, 0 to about 5
Mona&?* ice. Y, La, Th)PO, 0 to about 30 : usually 4 to 12
Samarskite (Y, Er, Ce, U, Fe, Thi (Nb, T&O, 0 to about 4
Thucholite Hydrocarbon mixture containing [Link].
rare earth elements
Uraninite UO, (ideally) with Ce, Y, Pb. Th, etc. oto 14
Yttrocrarite About (Y, Th, U. Ca), (Ti, Fe, W),O,, 0 to 9
Zircon ZrSiO, Usually less than 1
f MOIt impOrtant Commercialore Of thorium. Depo*its are found in Brazil. India, USSR. [Link] Africa, and USA
** Potential thorium ore minerals.
11, “ranl”m is often presem Iup fO 25%)

147
 )Uranium and Uranium bearing Minerals 1
(from Roubault, 1958, in reference 60)

Name Composition u Content %

URANIUM
MINERALS
Autunite” C&IO, jz (PO. j2 lo-12H, 0 48
Becquerelite CaO,6UO,,llH,O 70 to76
Carnotite’ K, (UO, lz WO,), l-3H,O 52.8 to 55
Gummite 70
lanthinite ZUO,. 7H,O 70 to 71.5
Pechblende” U, 0, to UO,. amorphous
Schoepite 4UO,, 9H, 0 68 to 74
Soddyite 5U03, 2Si0, ,6H, 0 69 to71
Tyuyamunite* ~o(uO,), V,O,. 5-8H,O 54.4 to 56.7
Uraninite UO, cubic”’
Uranopilite (UO2)6 (SO,) (OH),, lZH,O 67.9

URANIUM-BEARING
MINERALS
Betafite W, Cal (Nb, Ta, Ti), 0, n H,O 16 to25
Brannerite W. Ca, Fe, Y, Th), Ti,O,, 40
Chalcolite CuO,2UO,,P,O,,B-lZH,O 47 to51
Euxenite IY. [Link]. U. Th) (Nb, Ta. Til,O, 3 to18
Fergusonite (Y, Er, Ce, Fe) (Nb, Ta, Ti)O, 0 to 7
Microlite INa, Cal, (Ta, Nb),O, (0, OH, F) 0 to 5
Parsonsite 2PbO. UO, , P, 0, , H, 0 18 to25
Polycrase (Y, Ca, Ce, U, Th) (Nb, Ta, Ti, Fe), 0, 3 to18
Pyrochlore (Na. Cd, (Nb, Ta), 0, F 0 to 1.4
Renardite Pb0,4UO,,P,O,, 9H,O 52 to55
Uranotile (uranophanel CaO,ZUO,, ZSiO,, 6.7H, 0 53 to56

148
 /THORIUM AND URANIUM CONTENT /
OF
1SOME COMMON MINERALS]
(from references 15, 66)

Miierd Uranium Thorium

(PPm) (PPm)

1Major Minerals

r&larte 0.1 Y 5.0 0.5 H 6.0

!&wte (granite)“’ 2.2 H 2.4
Biotite 1.0 Y 40.0 0.5 - 50.0
Biotite (granite)“6 2.6 H 48.0
Muscovite 2.0 H 8.0 20.0 Y 25.0’
Muscovite (granite)G6 8.1
K Feldspar 0.2 ++ 3.0 3.0 c 7.0
K Feldspar (granite)GG 1.2 ct 2.6
Plagioclases 0.2 c 5.0 0.5 Y 3.0
Plagioclases (granite)6G 1.9 H 6.0
PyWCelle 0.01 H 40.0 2.0 Y 25.0
Hornblende 1.0 H 30.0 5.0 Y 50.0
Hornblende (granite)GG 2.8 Y 43.0
OliVille 0.01 1OW

Accessory Minerals

Alla&e (accessory) 30.0 Y 700.0 500.0 Y 5,000.0

Alla&e (granite)“6 540.0
Alla&e (pegmatite) ? H 100.0 1,000.0~ 20,000.0
Apatite (accessory) 5.0 Y 150.0 20.0 H 150.0
Apatite (granite)GG 47.0 Y 62.0
Apatite (agregate) 10.0 H 50.0? 50.0 Y 250.0?
Epidote 20.0 Y 50.0 50.0 H 500.0
Garnet (granite)bG 5 Y 75.0
Ibnenite 1.0 H 50.0
llmenite (granite)GG 48.0
Magnetite 1.0 Y 30.0 0.3 Y 20.0
Monazite 500.0 Y 3,000.0 25,000.0 Y 200,000.~
Sphene 100.0 h 700.0 100.0 H 600.0
Xenotime 500.0 k 35,000.0 1OW
Xenotime (granite)FG 360.0 c 12,700.O
Zircon (accessory) 300.0 c 3,M)o.o / 100.0 Y 2,500.O
Zircon (granite)“’ 1,450 H 4,600.O !
Zircon (pegmatite) 100.0 H 6,000.0 50.0 c 4,000.0
L

* : Theoretically thorium is absent in muscovite, but practically thorium is always observed in small
amount associated with muscovite and its average proportion is the one indicated here.

149
 IRELATIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS/
An
-1
(from reference 15)

Mineral Dielectric constant E, Propagation time t,l

b/m)

Albite 5.39 c 5.63

Analcite 5.88
Anhydrite 5.70 H 6.35 6.35 8.4
Apatite* 7.40 ++ 10.47 9.1 - 10.8
Aragonite 6.46 w 9.72
Baryte 6.69 ++ 12.2
Biotite* 6.19 Y 9.30 7.1 ++ 8.2
Calcite 7.80 ++ 8.50 9.1 t* 10.2
Celestite 7.60 ++ 8.26
Dolomite 6.80 +-+8.00 6.80 8.7
Fluorite 6.25 +. 6.79
GaleKt 17.9
Gypsum 4.16 ++ 11.5 6.8
Halite 5.6 +-+6.35 7.9 c 8.4
25.0
Leucite 7.13
Limonite* 10.5 Y 11.0
Muscovite* 6.19 - 8.00 8.3 u 9.4
OPd 7.15
Orthoclase* 4.50 ++ 5.80 7.0 ++ 8.2
Quarts 4.19 H 5.05 4.65 7.2
Rutile* 31.0 Y 170.0 31.8 F-S43.5
Siderite* 8.8 Y 9.1
Sphalerite* 9.3 +-+9.5
Sylvite 4.39 +a 6.20 7.2 ++ 7.3
Tourmaline 5.60 Y 7.10
8.59 H 12.00

l : values estimated from literature, not verified by large measurements.

Remark: values in bold are recommended values.

150
MICA CATALOG

151
 CLASSIFICATION

PHYLLOSILICATES
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Mica group

GEOCHEMISTRY Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.50 H 3.0

Density (g/cm3): 2.70 u 3.30’ 3.22

OCCURRENCE

Igneons rocks:
granites Y diorite: max. %: Eli 5%40;
Elemental composition:
syenites; rhyolites Y mdesites.
8ee table.
Metamorphic rocks:
K may be replaced in smaI1 amount by: Na (-6~ OS%), Ca,
gneiss; mica-schists: max. %: FJ 30%
Ba, Rb, Cs.
Sedimentary rocks:
Fe+’ may be replaced by Mn; Al by Li in small amount.
less frequent than muscovite due to its lower stability
Impurities or traces:
arkoses: nmx. %: 7%*’ for micas
Th (ppm): 0.50 H 50.0’s.‘~; u (ppm): 1.0 Y 40.0’3.‘s
graywxkes: max. X: 6%‘5 for micas.
Alteration:
PHYSICS
montmoriUonite, vermiculite2;
chlorite + iron hydroxides or oxides; glauconitez~25.
Molecular weight: t
Associated miner&:
Average atomic number Z: lG.G39” Y 18.59%
quartz, feldspar, plagioclase, hornblende, zircon, monaeite;
coemcient c (=Z& ): 0.985 - 0.983
garnet.
Bulk modulus k (GPa)% 59.7 ++ 41.1
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Shear modulus /.J (GPa)? 42.3 H 12.4
Young’s modulus E (Mbar): 0.6m u 0.~88
Crystal System: Monoclinic
Poisson’s ratio @: 0.21 - 0.36
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.3344, b 9.23A, c lO.O5A, @ Y
WELL LOGGING
05.1” e+ loo”.”

see table.

152
 Elemental composition

Element ,sulta
:Weight %) 1 2 3 i
H 0.28 0.33 0.15 0.21 0.4
Li 0.47
0 42.38 43.11 39.20 41.50 37.87 10.00

F 1.11 0.85 2.01 3.85

Na 0.37 0.52 0.11 0.43

Mg 8.16 7.67 2.54 0.28 0.13 5.10

Al 7.83 6.92 7.69 11.97 8.34 5.60

Si 17.96 18.25 17.29 18.36 17.16 17.50

K 6.59 5.42 6.81 7.37 7.43 8.1

Ca 1.05 1.17 0.12 1.08 0.07

Ti 1.78 2.55 1.87 0.13

Mn 0.40 tr. 0.22 0.77

Fe 13.19 12.95 23.37 16.73 23.26 23.3

Well Logging data

Well Logging Results of AIlalvsiE

L
1
T
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 t
Pb 2.997 2.862 3.10 3.04 3.121 3.22

Pe 2.95 2.82 3.03 2.99 3.05 3.16

PLDT 2.97 2.83 3.06 3.01 3.08 3.20

P, 6.22 6.05 8.96 7.01 8.87 8.70

U, 18.37 17.08 27.16 20.97 27.04 27.53

c 28.76 26.46 35.61 28.86 125.44 35.09

L. 15.00 14.80 17.45 13.99 15.30 12.64

Ld 5.42 5.58 5.13 5.16 2.40 4.30

8.5 9.0 4.5 11.1 * 15.3

13.7 13.9 9.4 16.6 * 22.5

t : values listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. 1, 1988.

* : not available (C higher than 70).

Analyses from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

153
j MUSCOVITE]
CLASSIFICATION

PHYLLOSILICATE
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
n&a gronp

GEOCHEMISTRY Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.5 H 3.0

Density (g/cm”): 2.i’6’~8.9 H 2.88’ Y 3.1’ 2.84
Formnla:
General: K2 Al4 [SiaA12010](OH,F)r
Elemental composition: OCCURRENCE
see table.
K may be partially replaced by Na, Rb, Cs, Ca, Ba; Igneons rocks:
Al may be replaced by Mg, Fe, Mn (- 2% MnO), in granitic pegmatitea often hs enormous plates; in hyper
Li (- 3.5% LinO), Cr (- 8% CrzOz), Ti, V; acidic granites (2 micas granites and leucogranites); in syen-
(OH) can be replaced by F. ites; rare in volcanic rocks.
(&All) can vary to (Si,Al). Metamorphic rocks:
Impnrities or traces’.‘: mica schists; phyllites; gneisaes.
Th (ppm)‘: 10.0 +a 25.0; U (ppm)“.“: 2.0 Y 8.0 Sedimentary rocks:
Varieties: shales; sandstones.
Sericite: a fine-grained white mica close to muscovite in corn-
PHYSICS
position.
Alteration:
Molecular weight: t
in serpentine; ill&, kaolinite.
Average atomic number 2: 12.581° - 14.580
Associated n$e
Coefficient c (=Z a,: 0.995 Y 0.993
quartz, feldspara, biotite, clay minerals.
Balk modulus k (GPa)‘“: 61.50 Y 42.9
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Shear modulus ,U (GPa)? 41.1 H 22.2
Young’s modulus E (Mb-): 0.329 H 0.879
Crystal System: Monoclinic Poisson’s ratio aao: 0.23 CI 0.28
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.19.& b 8.99-9.04A, c lO.O5A,
WELL LOGGING
p N 95.18” c 95”30’.6

see table.

154
 [MUSCOVITE/

Elemental composition

Element

[Weight
H
%) F 0.52
1
0.53
Results of A oal v&a

2
-
3

0.48
4

0.52
-
0.5
t

Li 0.32 tr.
0 18.68 48.10 46.96 49.68 18.;

F 0.54 0.17
Na 0.47 1.39 0.26 0.36

a 0.06 0.51
Al 20.47 18.82 14.44 15.52 10.:
Si 21.43 21.46 22.74 22.60 t1.:
K 8.36 6.78 9.37 9.12 9.8
Ch 0.80 0.09
Ti 0.52 0.13
MI3 0.07
Fe 0.09 5.23 1.13
Rb 1.09 0.11
-

Well Logging data

Well Logging lr 7
Resnlts of Anabsis
T
Parameters 1 2 3 4 %
- -
/‘b 2.84 1.865 2.82 2.82 2.84

Pe 2.32 * 2.80 2.81 2.82

PLDT 2.83 * 2.81 2.81 2.83

P. 2.28 l 3.88 3.08 2.40

U. 6.45 * 10.86 8.64 6.79

c 16.05 * 21.01 L7.96 17.06

L. 13.06 * 13.58 13.15 13.27

Ld 6.77 l 5.98 6.39 6.63

+CNL epi. 14.2 * 12.3 13.8 13.4

fPCNL therm. 16.9 * 16.6 17.2 16.5

* : mm section data for Rb unavailable for computation of nuclear parameters.

t : values listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. I, 1988.

Analyses from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussmm, J. (1962). Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

155
1PHLOGOPITE 1
CLASSIFICATION

PHYLLOSILICATE
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Mica group

GEOCHEMISTRY Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.0 Y 2.5

Density (g/cm3): 2.70’ Y 2.76’ u 2.90’.’ 2.80
Formda:
OCCURRENCE
General: Kz(Mg,Fe+Z)s[Si~A1~O~oj(OH,F)~
with Mg/Fe > 2.
Metamorphic rocks:
Elemental composition:
metamorphosed limestones and dolostonea (marbles); regional
see table.
metamorphism of magnesium limestone.
K may be replaced by Na (Na:Kzl:l), and minor amounts of
Igneons rocks:
Rb, Cs and Ba. h4n may be present (- 18% MnO + MnzOa).
ultrabasic rocks, kimberlite (m;u. %: FJ 25%)‘; leucite rich
Fe” by Fe+3, Al, Ti (HM 9% TiOl), Li. The highest content
rocks.
of F is &74%.
PHYSICS
Impnrities o* traees=J:

Ti (em 5.3%), Mn (we 4.8%), Na replacing K; traces of Li, Moleeolar weight: +

Rb and Ba; highest content in F is 674%. Th (ppm): 10.0 rl Average atomic nwnber Z: 12.925* - 14.02’
25.0; U (ppm): 2.0 - 8.0 CoefBeient C (=2&): 0.989 c 0.992
Alteration: Bulk modnlns k (GPa)? 58.5 ++ 40.4
ill&, vermiculite. Shear modlllus /.J (GPa)? 40.1 - 13.4
Associated minerals: Your&s modulus E (Mbar):
leucite, pyroxene; alcite; olivine, s&dine. Poisson’s ratio U3’: 0.22 ct 0.35
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WELL LOGGING

see table.
Crystal System: Monoclinic
Unit Cell Dimensions: D 5.30-5X.& 6 9.2& c 10.2.10.3A,
p N 99.82" Y 100°.'

156
 [ PHLOGOPITE ]

Elemental composition

Element Hem of & ysis

-
2 4
LWeight X) 3
-%
H 0.56 0.36 0.46 0.50
0 45.60 43.42 44.92 46.0

F 0.56 0.62

Na 2.64 0.51 0.03

Mg 16.57 14.51 13.62 17.5

Al 7.96 9.00 8.91 6.5

Si 16.57 18.27 18.85 20.2

K 5.36 9.10 8.00 9.8

Ti 1.69 0.68 0.47

Mu 0.21

Fe 3.04 3.38 4.03

Well Logging data

well Logging lr ReSl of A na IYSis

Parameters 1 2 3 4 -i-
Pb 2.81 2.714 2.83 2.78 2.80

Pe 2.78 2.70 2.81 2.76 2.79

PLDT 2.79 2.70 2.82 2.77 2.80

PC 2.52 3.00 3.37 3.37 2.30

U. 7.00 8.09 9.47 9.30 6.42

c 15.24 17.98 19.39 17.71 14.95

L. 19.23 12.89 14.51 13.63 13.34

L.4 8.94 6.25 6.60 6.56 7.10

dCNL epi. 2.7 14.8 9.7 12.2 13.1

,a CNL therm 4.6 18.3 13.3 15.6 16.5

% : values listed in The Technical Review, vol. 36, n. I, 1988.

Analyses from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rock Forming Mi,,erals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

157
/ GLAUCONITE 1

CLASSIFICATION

OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATE

Mica gronp
Sedimentary rocks:
formed by marine diagenesis in shallow water under
GEOCHEMISTRY moderately reducing conditions.
Limestones, d&stones;

sandstones (‘&xreensands’ max. %: 80 c 90%)*.‘, silstones.

General: (K,Ns,Ca)l.2-z.o(Fe3+,A1,FeZ+,~), [Si,--7.6

Al,-n.r,Oml(OH).r
Elemental composition: PRYSICS
see table.
Impurities or traces:
Molecular weight: t
Th (ppm): 3.0 H 10.0; U (ppm): 2.0 ++ 5.0.
Average atomic number Z: t
Associated minerals:
CoeffldeIlt c (2 *,: 0.988
quartz; phosphates, dolomite, calcite.
Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Shear modolns p (kbar):
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Young’s modulus E (Mbar):
Poisson’s ratio f7:

Crystal System: Monoclinic

Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.23-5.251, b [Link]& WELL LOGGING
c [Link]-lO.O3A, p N lOO”50’.

See table.
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES t : depends on the elementtal composition

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.0

Density (g/cm’): 2.40 - 2.95’.’ 2.86
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 H 40.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 155.0 H 210.0

158
 1GLAUCONITE 1

Elemental composition

Element
-r - -
T T
I[Weight %) 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9
- - -
H 0.74 0.93 1.13 1.27 1.32 1.42 1.32 1.36
0 45.74 47.56 50.57 49.08 48.29 49.47 48.32 47.83
Na 1.04 0.78 0.09 0.16 0.09 0.01

MS 2.17 2.12 2.86 1.96 2.32 1.97 2.31 1.78

Al 4.52 5.42 9.40 4.15 1.68 4.14 1.67 3.85
Si 22.99 23.19 24.22 23.M) 23.03 22.71 22.96 [Link]
K 6.97 4.25 3.35 5.36 5.00 4.88 4.98 4.98
Ca 0.45 0.43 0.38 0.58 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.07
Ti 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.12
Fe 16.42 15.06 7.31 14.00 17.67 1464 17.61 19.66
- - - __

Well Logging data

- - -
well Logging T - T
Resultc 1 ofA
-
lyais
- - -
Parameten 1 2 3 5 6 7 a 9
- - - - - -
Pb 2.75 2.75 2.70 2.58 2.69 2.555 2.58 2.735

Pe 2.73 2.73 2.70 2.65 / 2.57 2.68 2.55 2.57 2.72

PLDT 2.73 2.74 2.70 2.64 2.57 2.68 2.55 2.57 2.73
PC 6.69 6.05 3.83 5.82 6.78 5.36 5.92 6.77 7.28
U, 18.23 16.55 10.34 15.40 17.46 14.37 15.13 17.42 19.82
c 25.85 23.98 18.58 24.55 26.28 24.01 24.59 26.21 29.57
L. 11.98 10.84 10.13 9.92 I 10.04 10.17 9.77 10.05 9.36
4.72 4.57 4.97 4.14 1 3.98 4.32 4.04 3.99 3.60

SCIE epi. 19.0 26.3 32.6 34.9 ’ 33.6 32.2 36.6 33.5 41.7

P
, CNL therm. 24.7 31.4 35.4 39.5 38.9 36.9 41.2 38.8 46.6

Analyea 1 to 3 from: Grim, R.E. (1988). - Clay Mineralogy McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Analyse 4 from: CM&e, S., & H&in, S. (1963). - MXraIogie des Argiles. Mason, Paris.

Analyses 5 to 9 from: Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rock Forming MneraJs, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates.

Lagman, London.

159
/SUMMARY OF MICA MINERAL COMPOSITION\

Element
Mineral
I- Muscovite
s’It
pen 1tage)
T M7SX. Aver.
I
Biotite
Itage)
Aver.
I
- 1
0
H 0.48 0.53 0.51 0.02 0.15 0.287 0.093
0 46.96 49.68 48.324 0.986 37.87 40.677 2.001
Na 0.26 1.39 0.62 0.520 0.11 0.358 0.176
Mg 0.06 0.57 0.315 0.361 0.13 3.98 3.548
AI 14.44 20.47 17.91 2.777 5.60 8.058 2.140
Si 21.20 22.74 21.886 0.724 17.16 17.753 0.508
K 6.78 9.80 8.686 1.187 5.42 6.953 0.919
Ca 0.09 0.80 0.445 0.502 0.07 0.698 0.553
Ti 0.13 0.52 0.325 0.276 0.13 1.583 1.028
Fe 0.09 5.23 2.15 2.718 12.95 18.80 5.119

Mlhleral Phlogopite
t per< 1tage) I
Glauconite
It pew?1&age) 1
Element MU. AVW. L Aver. L
H 0.12 0.56 0.40 0.173 0.74 1.182 0.223
0 39.43 46.00 43.874 2.672 45.74 48.398 1.348
Na 0.09 2.64 0.973 1.137 0.01 0.323 0.410
Mg 13.62 17.50 15.732 1.606 1.78 2.244 0.353
Al 6.50 9.00 7.798 1.202 1.67 4.514 2.323
Si 16.57 20.20 18.624 1.346 20.27 22.882 1.078
l-c 5.36 9.90 8.432 1.877 3.35 5.112 1.045
CCI 0.05 0.39 0.196
Ti 0.47 1.69 0.86 0.56 0.06 0.082 0.024
Fe 0.24 4.03 2.673 1.673 : 7.31 14.948 3.640

160
CLAY CATALOG

161
 jATOMIC STRUCTURE I
[CLAY MkERALS 1

Kandites Halloysite

Smectites
Chlorites Vermiculites

163
(Berthierine)

CLASSIFICATION PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PHYLLOSILICATES Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.0, 3.4-3.5’

Septechlorite group Density (g/cm”): 2.85’.’ H 3.310’ 3.P3.55 3.190

Cation exckange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 H 40.0

GEOCHEMISTRY Gamma ray GR (API): -m 50.0

Formala: OCCURRENCE
General: Fe~~Al~.@g,Fe+3,Al,etc)o.~ (Siu&U1.l)O1O(OH)~
for ferrous charmsite Sedimentary rocks:
Elemental composition: in lateritic clay deposits as fine-grained yellow, greenish grey
see table. or greenish brown aggregates, associated with other clay min-
Impnrities or traces: erals and iron oxides.
See CHLORITES. Also found as ooliths with siderite and kaolinite in sedimen-
tary ironstones.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

WELL LOGGING
Crystal System: Monoclinic

Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.415& b 9.382, c 7.11A,

See table.
p N 90”.

164
 1CHAMOSITE j

ElsIU& iE%ly ais

r I:Weight %) 3 4

H 1.19 1.30 2.33 1.18

0 42.97 45.17 17.66 49.62

Na 0.13 0.22

w 1.64 6.85 1.75 19.40

Al 13.24 9.65 4.91 4.79

Si 11.13 12.34 8.75 18.46
P 0.96
K 0.14 0.12

Ca 0.30 3.57

Ti 0.54

Mu 0.03 0.08
Fe 30.83 24.10 z9.13 4.94
cu 1.61

Well Logging data

lr Resulta Analysis
1 I 2
3.30 3.03

3.25 3.01
3.29 3.03
9.99 8.11
32.50 24.39
39.42 31.63

8.29 8.56
2.95 3.34

> 50.0 > 50.0

> 50.0 > 50.0

Analyses 1 and 2 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, .I. (1962). - Rock Forming Miner&, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

Analyses 3 and 4 from:

Cailke, S., & H&in, S. (1963). Min&aiogie des Argiks. Masson, Paris.

Remark: analyses 1 to 3 correspond to ferrous chamosite under the form of ooliths. Analyais 4 corresponds to a magnesian

chamosite.

165
1CHLORITES 1

CLASSIFICATION

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYLLOSILICATES
Chlorite group
Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 2.0 - 3.0
Density (g/cm”): 2.60 H 3.30”.’
GEOCHJ%MISTRY Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 Y 40.0
Gamma ray GR (API): YW 50.0

OCCURRENCE
General: (Mg,Fe,Al)Iz[(Si,Al)sOza](OH)ls
y&&ls&
Igneous rocks:
Magnesium rich chlorite (Clinochloret).
common products of hydrothermal alteration of pyroxenes,
Iron rich chlorite (Thurlngitef).
amphiboles and biotite (in andesitea and bra&s); abundant
Chamosite$*;
constituents of spilites
Penninite.
Metamorphic rocks:
Impurities or traces’.‘:
The aluminium rich chlorite is the most characteristic mineral
Fe can be replaced by Al, Cr, Ni, Ti, Ma.
of greenschist facies (chloritoschists).
Si can be replaced by Al from (SiTAl) to (Siu%).
Sedimentary rocks:
h4g can be replaced by Al from (MgllAl) to (MgsAlr),
Iron rich chlorite is the dominant chlorite mineral of sedimen-
or by Fe. Th (ppm): 3 H 5’3,‘5.3’; K (‘36): w 0.3 O.l=
tary rocks; common product of weathering of ferromagnesian
minerals (pyroxenes, amphiboles and biotites); occarz as de-
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY trital or authigenic crystals;
found as thick beds within limestones’;
Crystal System: Monoclinic ~ ooliths’.‘.‘.‘.D.
Unit Cell Dimensions: R 5.3il, b 9.2.& c 14.3& in argillaceous sediments.
0 N 97”G’.

WELL LOGGING

See varieties.

$ : variety described in this data base.

* : more precisely corresponds to septechlorite.

167
/ THURINGITE 1
(Iron rich chlorite)

CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE

PHYLLOSILICATES
See CHLORITES
Chlorite gronp

PHYSICS
GEOCHEWISTRY

Molecular weight: +
Formda’:
Average atomic number Z: t
see Chlorites.
Coe5cient C (=Z a): 0.986 H 0.984
Elemental composition:
Bulk modulus k (kbar):
see table.
Shear modulus p (kbar):
Impurities or traces:
Young’s modnlns E (Mbar):
see CHLORITES.
Poisson’s ratio m:
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING

Crystal System: Monoclinic

See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.3A, b 9.2& c 14.3x%,
t : depends on the elemental composition.
4 N 97”6’.

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 3.0

Density (g/cm”): 2.94
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10 c 40.
Gamma ray GR (API): ++M 50.0

168
 / THURINGITE]

Elemental composition

Element lr Results of Analysis

IWeight %) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
H
0
1.16
41.43
1.14
41.61
1.14
41.63
1.17
41.83
1.26
46.97
1.17
44.17
1.05

41.84 ‘ 1.16
11.44

t
Na 0.25 0.08 0.05

Mg 2.51 1.41 1.41 1.41 8.97 5.90 2.32 2.51

AI 9.38 11.38 11.26 11.23 11.53 10.01 10.78 9.37

Si 9.77 10.22 10.35 10.32 11.70 11.72 10.54 9.77

K 0.29 0.07 0.02

ca 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.29
Ti 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02

0.04 0.04 0.06

1
hh
Fe 35.75 34.39 33.72 33.61 19.51 26.63 33.06 15.74

Well Logging data

well Logging lr Results ( 4nalvsis

Parameters

pb
1

3.05
2
3.20 3.20
3
3.20
4

2.96
6

3.063
7

3.206
I 8
3.31

Pe 3.00 3.15 3.15 3.15 2.94 3.03 3.15 3.25

PLDT 3.02 3.18 3.18 3.18 2.96 3.05 3.18 3.29

P, 11.37 10.96 10.87 10.81 6.79 8.82 10.68 11.37

U. 34.07 34.49 34.20 34.01 19.95 26.71 33.65 36.97

c 39.79 40.62 40.77 40.68 27.06 33.03 39.32 43.19

1. 9.14 8.7, 8.78 8.65 8.83 8.92 9.03 3.42

Ld 3.06 2.98 2.98 2.95 3.71 3.37 3.11 2.82

44.9 > 50.0 > 50.0 z 50.0 50.0 48.5 46.7 > 50.0

z 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0

Analyses 1 and 2 from:

Grim, RE. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-HillBook Co., New York.

Analyse 3 from:

CailBre, S., & H&in, S. (1963). - Min&aIogie des Argiles. Mason, Paris.

Analyses 4 to 8 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). _ Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London

169
j CLINOCHLORE /
(Magnesium rich chlorite)

CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE

PHYLLOSILICATES
See CHLORITES.
chlorite group
PHYSICS

GEOCHEMISTRY
MoIeenIar weight: t

Average atomic number Z: t

Formnla:
coemcient c (=2&f&): 0.996 w 1.Ocl7
see CHLORITES
Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Elemental composition:
Shear modulus @ (kbar):
see table.
~oang’s modulus E (mar):
Impurities or traces:
Poisson’s ratio 0:
see CHLORITES.
WELL LOGGING

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
See table.
t : depends on the elemental composition.
Crystal System: Monoclinic
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.3A, b 9.X& c 14.3A,
p N 97”6’.

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Hardness (Mohs’ scale): 3.0

Density (g/em3): 2.81 c 2.85 2.85

Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10 H 40.

Gamma ray GR (API): HIJ 50.0

170
 1CLINOCHLORE 1

Elemental composition

Element Results of Analysis

IWeight X) 1 3 4 5 6 7 a 9

H 1.48 1.52 1.32 0.85 1.41 1.28 1.36 1.27

0 51.75 50.49 49.42 43.23 50.41 47.55 50.08 48.01

Mp 12.73 19.93 16.34 10.61 18.73 12.70 19.60 13.15

Al 9.34 7.66 13.40 11.25 9.66 13.08 9.61 10.67

Si 14.71 13.96 12.53 11.07 14.55 13.01 14.10 13.93

K 0.31 0.02

Ca 0.20 2.37 0.49

Ti 0.06 0.09

Cr 1.07

Mn 1.41 0.10

Fe 5.37 6.80 20.61 5.16 10.97 4.92 12.20

Well Logging data

Results of Anal9sie

Parameters 1 2 5 6 7 8 9
-
2.65 2.65 2.95 2.80 2.83 2.65 2.847

2.67 2.67 2.92 2.81 2.82 2.66 2.84

2.67 2.66 2.93 2.82 2.83 2.66 2.85

1.38 1.72 7.40 2.81 4.76 2.16 4.85

3.68 4.6 11.58 7.90 13.43 7.33 13.77

11.42 12.51 15.64 15.76 25.41 14.55 21.14

8.92 8.98 10.45 8.69 9.04 9.31 9.05

5.79 5.55 4.35 4.86 3.93 5.26 4.30

48.4 47.5 29.6 > 50.0 46.5 42.5 46.4

44.0 44.2 34.7 > 50.0

I 49.2 41.7 48.0

Grim, R.E. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Analyae 6 from:

Cd&e, S., & H&in, S. (1963). Min&ahgie des Argiles. Masson, Paris.

Analyses 7 to 9 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., 4~ Zussman, .I. (1962). Rock Forming Minerale, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

171
 CLASSIFICATION

PETROPWSICAL PROPERTIES
PHYLLOSILICATE
Clay-mineral
Hardness [MOW scale): 1.0 w 2.0
Mite group
Density (g/cm3): 2.60 w 2.90
Cation exckange capacity (meq/lOOg): 10.0 ct 40.0
GEOCHEMISTRY Gamma ray GR (API): 130.0 Y 235.0

with 1.0 5 x < 1.5

Sedimentary rocks:
Elemental composition:
Commonanddominantclaymineralin marinedepositsof old
see table.
[Link] of alteration of micas,alkali feldspars,etc. un-
Impnrities 07 traces”““:
der alkalineconditions.
Na may replace K in small amount;
Abundantin shales(max k cm 70%),and marls (max. %:
AI may be replacedby Fe (MC 3.5%)01by Mg (we 125%);
uti 60%);abundantalsoin somesandstones a8detrital mai
Ti and MD are presentin traces;
terial or as authigenicmineral (max. k w 30%).
Thorium (ppm)‘3’55.3’:10.0ct 25.0
Resultsof diageneaisof montmorillonite or kaolinite under
Uranium (ppm)‘-“: 1.0 Y 5.0
burial (compaction).
Associated mIp*r&:
other cl;tys(preferentiallysmectite),quartz, feldspars,micas; PHYSICS
calcite,dolomite.
Molecalar weight: 1
Average atomic nnmber Z: t
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Coefficient C (=Zs>r): 0.997 Y 0.995
Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Crystal System: Monoclinic
Shear modulus ,U (kbar):
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.2& b [Link],c 9.951.
Young’s modulus E (h&ar):
Poisson’s ratio 0:

WELL LOGGING

Seetable.
t : dependson the elementalcomposition.

172
 Elemental composition

Element Rem SOfAnal lye38

- - - -
(Weight %) 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9
- -
H 0.88 0.80 1.33 1.02 0.71 0.73 0.65 0.67
0 50.50 49.86 50.42 47.14 49.66 49.41 49.82 51.41
Na 0.24 0.13 0.52 0.34 0.16 0.23 0.16 0.32
& 1.61 1.71 4.15 2.97 2.18 2.76 1.21 1.27
Al 13.61 13.66 10.84 8.40 13.23 11.69 14.00 9.88
Si 24.28 23.86 19.14 17.84 24.81 24.62 25.43 26.80
K 5.42 5.04 2.70 3.04 6.65 5.15 5.74 4.28
Ca 0.43 0.11 0.64 0.87 0.50 0.35 1.12
Ti 0.22 0.32 1.28 2.87 0.61 0.41 0.49
Fe 2.81 4.52 8.98 15.52 1.48 5.40 2.22 1.23
-

Well Logging data

well Lagging -r -
Resulta of Analysis
L

Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
- -
Pb 2.60 2.60 2.75 2.80 2.60 2.60 2.65 2.65 2.65

Pe 2.60 2.59 2.75 2.78 2.60 2.59 2.64 2.64 w-4

PLDT
PC
2.59
2.85
2.59
3.27
2.75
4.37
2.78
6.49
2.60
2.65
2.59
2.67
2.64
3.48 I 2.64
2.77
2.64
3.13
U.
c
L.
7.39
15.91
11.67
8.48
16.46
12.14
12.02
23.12
9.25
18.02
30.01
10.28
6.91
16.48
IO.93
6.92
15.94
12.66
9.18
16.43
12.27
II 7.31
.5.3B
.2.86
8.28
15.28
12.64
Ld 6.01 6.08 4.14 3.92 5.59 6.42 6.17 6.66 6.56
‘?kNL
4 CNL therm.
ep’. 20.7
23.5
18.2
21.4
43.3
46.1
31.1
37.0
25.6
28.4
15.8
18.8
17.5
20.7
1 14.9
17.7
15.8
18.6

Analyses 1 to 8 from:
Grim, R.E. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Analyse 9 from:
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

173
 CLASSIFTCATION
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

PHYLLOSILICATE
Crystal System: Monoclinic or tricllnic
Clay-mineral
(see varieties).
Kandite group.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.15-5.2A, b S.Q5-8.9A,
c 7.2.14.42A, o( Qo-91”8’, ,Y N QO-104”5’.

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Formula:
Generdz A14[Si4010](OH)8
Hardness (M&s scale): 2.0 k 2.50
Elemental composition:
Density (g/cma): 2.08 u 2.68’
Weight percentage of: Al 20.901t
(see varieties).
Weight percentage of: Si 21.761t
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)‘“: 3.0 - 50.0
Weight percentage ol: 0 55.777i
(see varieties).
Weight percentage of: H 1.562t
Gamma ray GR (API): 80.0 ~1 130.0
see table.
Imparities or tracee2.‘:
Fe (- 0.5X), Mg (I+ 0.2%), Na, Ti (- 0.5%), OCCURRENCE

K (%): u 0.6 0.P

By adsorption one can have: Sedimentary rocks:

Tb (PP~) ==: 7.0 c 47.0 15.0; Probably the most common clay minerals.

u (PPm) -3’: 1.0 H 12.0 3.0 Dominant clay mineral in continental deposits.

PHYSICS
Kaolinitet, dickitet, nacrite, halloysitet.
Formation: see varieties.
weathering under acid conditions, or hydrothermal alteration
of feldrpars, feldspkhoids and other silicates.a.‘.*.B
WELL LOGGING

Quartz, iron oxides, pyrite, siderite, muscovite and other clay

888 varieties.
minerals.
t: corresponds to the theoretical formula
t variety described in this data base.

175
j KAOLINITE 1

CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE

PHYLLOSILICATE
see KANDITES
Clay-mineral
Kandite group.
PHYSICS

GEOCHEMISTRY
Molecular weight: t
Average atomic number 2: t
Formula:
Coefficient C (~2s): 1.007
General: Al~[SirO,n](OH)s
Bulk modulus k (kbar):
Elemental composition:
Shear modalus /J (kbar):
see KANDITES and table.
Young’s modnlns E (Mbar):
Traces and impurities:
Poisson’s ratio u:
K (- 1.25%); Na (- 0.3%); Ti (- 1.5%)
see KANDITES and table.
WELL LOGGING

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
See table.
t : depends on the elemental composition.
Crystal System: Monoclinic
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.15& b 8.95& c ‘?.39A,
a 91”8’, p rr 104”5’.

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Hardness (Mobs scale): 2.0 u 2.50

Density (g/cm”): 2X30=Y 2.63’.=.’ 2.62
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)‘“: 3.0 H 50.0 10
Gamma ray GR (API): 80.0 w 130.0

176
 1KAOLINITE j

Elemental composition

Element Resulta / of A lysis

(Weight
H
%) 1

1 .GO
2

1.58
3

1.46
4

1.55 1.45
5
__
G

1.72
7

1.65
I 8

1.43
9
1.52 1.55 1.52

0 55.49 55.58 55.25 53.48 54.84 55.97 55.51 54.71 54.8 55.38 54.98

NT% 0.18 0.12 0.33 0.27 0.04 0.10 0.22

WJ 0.10 [Link] 0.21 0.28 0.14 0.23 0.09

Al 20.39 20.91 19.82 20.23 19.81 20.00 19.50 20.04 19.45 20.83 20.33

Si 21.09 21.20 21.97 21.78 21.94 20.93 21.03 21.90 20.80 21.31 21.76

K 0.35 0.30 0.70 0.40 1.24 0.26 0.38

CT% 0.17 0.43 0.21 0.31 0.37 0.09 0.73 0.31

Ti 0.51 0.11 0.28

1
0.25 1.50 0.22 0.75 1.30

Fe 0.13 0.07 0.54 0.45 0.84 0.23 0.40 0.80 0.22

L i
Well Logging data

Well Logging II Res 8 of AI YSiS 1

Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11

Pb [Link] 2.60 2.60 2.80 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.61 2.62

Pe 2.62 2.62 2.61 2.62 2.63 2.G4 2.G4 2.63 2.63 2.64

PLDT 2.61 [Link] 2.81 2.61 2.63 2.64 2.64 2.63 2.62 2.63

P, 1.63 1.58 1.70 1.68 1.71 1.70 1.70 1.97 1.66 1.65

U” 4.26 4.07 4.45 4.39 4.51 4.48 4.49 5.19 4.37 4.35

c 14.48 13.81 15.29 13.23 13.63 14.62 15.43 LG.12 13.31 13.92

L. 8.94 8.98 9.31 9.08 9.27 8.51 8.73 9.08 9.03 9.07

Ld 5.08 5.23 5.12 5.39 5.42 4.89 4.84 4.88 5.3G 5.27

47.4 45.9 250.0 45.9

I
48.1 42.5 43.0 >50.0 46.S 46.0

46.4 45.4 42.3 43.8 41.6 2 49.9 45.G 44.3 44.2

L

Analyses 1 to 4 from:

&ill+, S., & H&in, S. (1983). - Min&alogie des Argiles. Masson, Paris.

Analyses 5 to 9 from:

Grim, R.E. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Analyses 10 and 11 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). Rock Forming Jvfinerak, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

177
IDICKITE/

CLASSIFICATION

OCCURRENCE
PHYLLOSILICATE
Clay-mineral
Hydrothermal origin.
Kandite group.
Generally absent a.s detrital mineral in sedimentary rocks
but may be present as antbigenic mineral.
GEOCHEMISTRY

PHYSICS
Formula:
General: Alr[SirOlu](OH)t
Molecular weight: 258.167t
Elemental composition:
Average atomic number Z: [Link]
see table.
coemcient c (=Z&
?&aces or impurities:
Bulk modulus k (kbu):): 1’07t
see KANDITES.
Shear modulus /.J (kbar):
Associated minerals:
Young’s modnlos E (IV&~):
quartz and sulphides.
Poisson’s ratio 0:

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING

Crystal System: Monoclinic

See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.15& b 8.9&l, c 14.422,
7 : corresponds to theoretical formula.
8 N QG”8’.

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 2.0 - 2.50

Density (g/cm”): 2.60z.‘.0 H 2.G30” 2.60
cation exchange capacity (meq/100g): M 10.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 80.0 +-, 130.0

179
/ HALLOYSITE 1
CLASSIFICATION

PHYLLOSILICATE
PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Clay-minW%l
Knndite group.
Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0 c 2.0
Density (g/cm”): 2.0 ++ 2.557 2.08
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg): 30.0 - 50.040.0

Gamma ray GR (API): 50.0 Y m5.o 100.0

General: AII(SirOlu)(OH)s.4Ha0
OCCURRENCE
Hydrous kaolinite.
Elemental composition:
Sedimentary rocks:
Weight percentage of: H 2.741t
See KANDITES.
Weight percentage of: 0 59.824t
Weight percentage of: Al 18.341t
Weight percentage of: Si 19.09Gt
PHYSICS

see table.
Impurities or traces: Molecular weight: 294.199t

see KANDITES. Average atomIe number Z: 10.83Gt

Transformation: Coefecient C (=Z 32~): 1.020

in kaolinite by loss of excess water. Bulk modulus k (kbar):

Associated minerals: Shear modulns p (kbar):

Sometimes with kaolinite; allophane, alunite Young’s modulus E (Mbar):

See KANDITES. Poisson’s ratio 0:

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY WELL LOGGING

Crystal System: Monoclinic See table.

Unit Cell Dimensions: B [Link], b 8.9& c [Link], t: corresponds to the theoretical formula

i, N 97”G’.

180
/I
1HALLOYSITE]

Elemental composition

suits hafl
1 3 4 5 6 1 8

H 1.46 2.18 1.60 1.56 1.61 1.59 1.95 2.18

0 54.88 56.89 55.64 55.76 55.43 55.18 56.81 57.80

Na 0.05 0.15 0.12 0.22

Mg 0.05 0.17 0.22 0.11

Al 19.64 18.19 21.21 21.03 20.09 20.62 19.52 19.10

Si 21.90 18.97 20.98 21.64 20.93 21.60 20.89 20.41

K 0.50 0.17 0.31 0.10 0.25

CFt 0.16 2.81 0.12 0.19 0.08 0.26

Mn 0.04

Ti 0.33

Fe 0.04 1.11 0.22 0.08

Well Logging data

-
r Well Logging
Parameters
lr
1 2 3 4
1 iu1ts 0tP mdY

5 6 1

Pb 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.08

Pe 2.61 2.64 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.10

PZDT 2.61 2.63 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.62 2.06

P, 1.88 1.10 1.52 1.48 1.86 1.50 1.52

4.91

14.09
9.32
4.48

16.31
7.68
I
3.98

.3.58
8.93
3.89

L2.95
9.03
4.87

14.11
8.91
3.93

[Link]
8.95
3.20

12.09
LO.16
5.33 4.22 5.25 5.42 5.02 5.36 5.74
42.3 > 50.0 48.3 46.1 48.6 47.9 32.4

Analyses 1 and 2, and 7 to 10 from:

41.4 > 50.0
I 45.9 44.2 47.0
I -45.2 33.0
I
Grim, R.E. (1968). Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Bank Co., New York

Analyse 3 from:

Cnillbre, S., & H&in, S. (1963). - Mindralogie des Argiles. Mason, Paris.

Analyses 4 to 6 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., k Zussman, .I. (19G2). - Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London

Analyses 1 to 6 correspond to dickite, analyses 7 to 12 to halloysite.

181
(SMECTITE)

CLASSIFICATION
OCCURRENCE

PHYLLOSILICATE
Sedimentary rocks:
Clay mineral
Montmorillqnite is the principal component of bentonite
Montmorillonite group
(max. %: M 90%). It is formed by alteration of eruptive
igneous rocks (essentially basic), usually tuffs and volcanic
ashes.
As hydrothermal alteration products around metalliferous
Formnle: veins or deposits.
General: ($Ca,Na)n.,(Al,Mg,Fe)~[(Si,Al)sOm] (OH)+nHzO In shales resulting from the weathering of basic igneous rocks
Elemental composition: in poor drainage conditions and alkaline environment.
see table. Saponite occurs mainly associated with mineral veins, but also
Impurities or traces: in cwities in basalt.
Th (ppm)‘3.‘5: G.0 H 44.0 a4; u (ppm)‘~-: 1.0 Y 21.0 5.0 Nontronite is found both in mineral veins (with opal and
Varieties_: quartz) and as an alteration product of volcanic glass.
Beidellitet, nontronitef, saponiter, hectorite, sauconite.
PHYSICS
Alt_erl&ioJ:
possibly in kaolinite OI chlorite.
Moleemlar weight: t
transformation:
Average atomic number Z: t
in illite by diagenesis (burial and compaction).
Coeffleient C (=2&): 1.005 ++ 1.002
&+&&d __~ minerals:
Bulk modulus k (kbar):
in bentonites: quartz, feldspar, biotite, aeolites, zircon, cristo-
Shear modalus p (kbar):
halite.
Young’s modulns E (ML+:
in shales: illite, kaolinite, detrital micas, quartz and feldspars.
Poisson’s ratio 0:

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
WELL LOGGING

Crystal System: Monoclinic

See table.
Unit Cell Dimensions: a 5.17+0.02& b 8.94f0.02&
$ : variety analysed in this data base (see table).
c [Link], 0 N 9Q954’ + 30’.
t : depends on the elemental composition.

PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Hardness (Mobs’ scale): 1.0-a 2.0

Density (g/cm”): 2.0 H 3.02.‘but 2.0 c 2.0GGu 2.23 2.03

gee table.
Cation exchange capacity (meq/lOOg)‘: 80.0 - 150.0
Gamma ray GR (API): 45.0 H 356.0 140.0

182
 [MONTMORILLONITE J

Elemental composition

Element Results of Analysis

[Weight %) 1 2 ’ 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 / 10 11 12

l-l 2.47 2.84 2.58 2.56 1.63 0.95 2.04 2.11 2.91 1.01 2.62 220
0 58.62 58.77 58.27 59.09 54.83 51.94 58.7, 56.70 GO.25 55.44 59.00 56.58

Na 0.88 0.13 0.03 2.08 0.24 0.10 0.97 0.19 0.11

Mg 2.28 3.93 2.47 1.95 1.49 2.35 ~ 2.09 1.41 0.14 1.91 1.33 1.68
Al 10.00 8.43 8.53 la51 10.59 10.50 9.15 15.04 10.69 10.68 10.72 9.04

si 24.25 23.48 23.35 24.02 25.14 28.79 23.46 21.22 23.43 26.75 23.35 23.99
K 0.37 0.13 0.09 0.49 0.49 1 0.23 [Link] 0.23 0.05 0.70
Ca 2.33 ;:;; / ;:A; 1.16 ,“:J; ;:; ; ;:I; 0.63 1.05 ,“:J,” 1.72 ;:2;

Ti
Fe 0.04 i 2.87 0.58 2.78 5.16 i 1.73 2.90 0.48 2.18 1.02 4.18

Well Logging data

Well Logging
Parameters 1 2 3 4 5
Results of Analyak
-
8 9
-
10 11

Pb 2.20 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.04 2.04 2.057 2.25

Pe 2.24 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.12 2.14 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.10 2.28

PLDT 2.21 2.11 2.10 2.10 2.08 2.10 2.09 2.05 2.01 2.06 2.25

PC 1.63 1.63. 2.31 1.65 2.31 2.02 2.25 1.65 2.13 1.81 2.75

u.
c
3.65
14.33
3.49
14.83
4.95
15.74
3.54
14.30 II 4.90

.2.67
4.34
15.53
4.79
13.86
3.45
15.78
4.37
11.51
3.81
14.55
G.28
16.74

L.
Ld y8.50
4.63
8.59
4.53
8.74
4.43
8.74
4.67
.0.92
5.96
8.82
4.42
9.69
5.15
8.42
4.27
11.32
6.38
8.83
4.64
8.86
4.43
25.7 > 50.0 37.5 > 50.0 22.9 > 50.0 49.5

1
&NL ep’. > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0

4 CNL therm. > 50.0

I > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 27.5 > 50.0 38.5 > 50.0 24.4 49.5 49.7

Analyses 1 to 8 from:

Grim, R.E. (1968). - Clay Mineralogy McGraw-Hill Book CO., New York.

Analyses 9 and 10 from:

Caill&~e, S., k H&in, S. (1963). - Min&aIogie des Argiles. Masson, Paris.

Analyses 11 and 12 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, .I. (1962). Rock Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London

183
/ BEIDELL-
1NONTRONITE 1
/ SAPONITE]

Elemental composition
Element Results of An&&

(Weight %) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
, El 2.20 2.19 2.80 2.31 2.39 1% 2.15 1.73 2.34 1.61 1.18
0 55.95 56.98 57.78 52.34 53.86 53.51 52.65 50.15 52.06 48.44 52.17

0.72 0.12 0.10 520 0.06 1

0.42 1.40 0.52 0.04 0.99 0.56 16.0 14.66

lO.G9 14.90 12.07 2.73 5.21 6.57 2.85 4.98 2.91

Si 22.02 21.03 21.44 18.86 19.34 21.86 19.59 18.08 23.77 20.38

K 0.07 0.20 0.03

Ca 1.96 0.63 1.01 1.37 1.20 1.89 1.76 0.50 2.04

Ti 0.28 0.51 0.05 0.05

Fe G.05 2.87 4.21 22.05 19.21 13.39 22.42 26.02 20.85 1.40 0.46
I

Well Logging data

Well Logging Result8 of Analysis

Parsmeters 1 T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
i
fb 2.10 2.10 1.998 2.50 2.44 2.40 2.44 2.70 a.35 2.35 2.35 2.30

Pe 2.13 2.13 2.03 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.45 2.70 -2.36 2.34 2.36 2.35

PLDT 2.09 2.09 1.99 2.50 2.44 2.40 2.44 2.70 2.34 2.32 2.34 2.33

P, 3.22 2.24 2.64 7.48 6.54 5.23 7.03 7.73 8.41 7.29 1.91 1.65

u, 6.85 4.76 5.36 18.80 16.09 12.64 17.23 20.87 19.84 17.08 4.52 3.87

c 18.01 14.15 15.71 29.18 26.89 22.11 26.62 28.87 29.47 25.07 9.71 15.08

L, 9.52 9.51 9.35 7.93 7.96 8.89 8.41 8.48 8.42 9.97 11.19 7.93

Ld 4.89 5.02 4.61 3.08 3.21 3.89 3.37 3.34 3.14 3.95 7.25 4.33
39.7 39.7 42.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 49.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 34.3 23.7 > 50.0

Annlyses
41.F

1, 2, 9 and 10 from:
40.6 43.6 > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0
I > 50.0 > 50.0 > 50.0 39.6 23.0 > 50.0

CnillBre, S., & H&in, S. (19G3). Min&alogie des Argiles. Matson, Paris.

Analyses 3, 8 and 12 from:

Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1962). - Rodr Forming Minerals, vol. 3: Sheet Silicates. Longman, London.

Analyses 4 to 7, and 11 from:

Grim, R.E. (1968). Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Annlyses 1 to 3 correspond to beidellite, analyses 4 to 10 to nontronite, and 11 and 12 to saponite.

184
[SUMMARY OF CLAY MINERAL COMPOSITION1

Illite
(Wei’ ght pert
Element Min. M&X. 0

H 0.65 1.33 0.224 0.95 2.91 0.575

0 47.14 51.41 1.221 51.94 60.25 2.354
Na 0.10 0.52 0.132 0.03 2.03 0.665
Mg 0.80 4.15 1.058 0.14 3.93 0.890
Al 8.40 15.34 2.240 8.43 15.04 1.725
Si 17.84 26.80 2.943 21.22 26.79 1.584
K 2.70 6.65 1.346 0.05 1.06 0.314
Ca 0.11 1.12 0.314 0.16 2.33 0.615
Ti 0.03 2.87 0.922 0.06 0.29 0.085
Fe 1.23 15.52 4.674 0.04 5.16 1.598

Millera Kaolinite Chamosite

(Wei It per‘ tag4 t per-c en1 tape)
Mii. M&X. Aver. Max. Aver.

H 1.43 1.72 1.548 0.083 1.18 2.33 1.50 0.556

0 54.71 55.97 55.272 0.375 42.97 49.62 16.355 2.900
Na 0.04 0.33 0.171 0.097 0.13 0.22 0.175 0.064
Mg 0.09 0.28 0.165 0.069 1.64 19.40 7.41 8.355
Al 19.45 20.91 20.118 0.457 4.79 12.24 7.898 3.675
Si 20.80 21.97 21.428 0.426 8.75 18.46 12.67 4.138
K 0.260 1.24 0.495 0.330 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.014
Ca 0.09 0.73 0.320 0.174 0.30 3.57 1.935 2.312
Ti 0.11 1.50 0.597 0.495 0.54 0.54 ,054 0.00
Fe 0.07 0.80 0.399 0.224 4.94 30.83 : 22.25 11.889

It percentage)
Element Max_ 2..-

H
0
NC3
1.26
40.97
0.25
1.1.X
42.F1.5
0.12T
0.05T
[Link]
0.108
: 1.52
51.75
1.328
49.161
0.201
2.635

Mg 8.97 3.305 2.721 10.61 22.73 17.066 4.086

Al 11.53 10.617 0.901 7.66 13.40 10.842 1.979
Si 11 72 10.549 0.766 11.07 14.71 13.432 1.150
K 0.29 0.127 0.144 0.02 0.31 0.165 0.205
Ca 0.29 0.18 0.087 0.20 2.37 1.02 1.178
Ti
Fe
0.05
35.75
0.038
31.551
0.015
5.653 I 0.06
1.28
0.09
20.61 I
0.075
8.414
0.021
6.038

185
~OTHER~LAYDATAFORCOMPARIS~N~
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Mineral Montmorillonite

Element

H 1.53-1.60 1.15-1.34 0.62-1.99 0.57-2.10

Na k-0.42 - 0.22-0.52 tr.-2.08
Mg tr.-0.28 2.47-22.56 1.63-2:53 1.15-3.86
Al 19.69-23.87 9.21-12.91 8.63-13.39 8.47-11.96
Si 20.52-25.57 9.72-14.68 20.0-27.44 23.37-32.77
K 5.64-7.80 0.08-0.66
Ca k-1.36 - 0.64-1.72 1.14-2.50
Fe 0.28-1.26 tr.-26.51 2.03-5.80 0.49-3.71

Density 2.0-3.0
(g/c4

Surface Area 8.8-23 l&23 38-113 34-82

W/d

186
 /AVERAGE A1203 COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS (
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Number of Standard
analyses WrOI

IIlite 7 1.5
24 0.40

r--
Montmorillonite I&Cd 21.934 3.192
3

101
4.60

0.33
Wyoming 23.780 1.581 9 0.53
tiCd 19.327 2.673 17 0.65
Cheto 20.249 1.235 7 0.47
Beidellite 28.528 6.379 4 3.20
Nontronite 11.29 7.87 6 3.20
Saponite 7.841 4.007 7 1.50

Kaolinite MiSCd 37.05 3.30 14 0.88

MiXel. 37.05 2.15 17 0.52
Nacrite 39.59 0.0098 3 0.057
Dickite 39.44 0.87 6 0.36
Halloysite 38.46 1.67 19 0.38

Chlorite Dioctahedral 41.70 8.21 7 3.1

Chamosite 17.26 4.30 8 1.50

Miscel. 9.118 4.252 69 0.52

MiiCd. 9.333 6.405 12 1.8

Ill.-mont. 24.791 4.484 10 1.4

Chlor.-mont. 3 Oct. 14.44 1.12 5 0.71
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 35.28 2

Dioctahedral 31.41 8 / 1.5

187
 AVERAGE SiOz COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Miield GWlp Average Standard Number cd Standard

Tweightk leviation analyses error
-
Illite Fithian 51.74 4.01 7 1.52
miscel. 49.78 1.97 24 0.40
atypical 47.10 6.13 3 3.54

Montmorillonite miscel. 59.49 3.27 101 0.33

Wyoming 61.23 1.89 9 0.63
miscel. 50.97 3.72 17 0.90
Cheto 62.33 1.79 7 0.68
Beidellite 52.03 6.84 4 3.42
Nontronite
Saponite
44.13
43.17
6.46
3.54 I 6
7
2.64
1.34

Miscel. 46.81 3.87 14 1.03

Miscel. 43.54 1.66 17 0.40
Nacrite 45.66 0.81 3 0.47
Dickite 46.13 0.83 6 0.34
Halloysite 43.35 1.84 19 0.43

Chlorite Dioctahedral 36.82 3.54 7 1.34

Chamosite 27.22 5.45 8 1.93

Glauconite Miscel. 49.22 2.63 69 0.32

Miscel. 48.50 3.74 12 1.08

Mixed-Layer 111:mont. 53.54 3.08 10 0.97

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 38.21 3.91 5 1.75
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 41.04 1.10 2

Sericite Dioctahedral 47.89 2.34

I 8 0.83

188
 1AVERAGE MgO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS]
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

n / I

MiIEFd Group Average Standard Number of Standard

weight % deviation adj%S error

I=
Dlite Fithian
I&Cd
atypical
1.99
2.75
4.74
0.48
1.00
2.12
7
24
2
0.18
0.19

Montmorillonite 3.55 1.63 0.16

Wyoming 1.74 0.41 0.14
I g
miscel. 3.17 1.28 15 0.33
Cheto 5.79 1.09 7 0.41
Beidellite 1.18 1.03 ~ 4 0.51
Nontronite 2.07 1.94 6 0.79
Saponite 20.75 4.96 8 1.75

Kaolinite Miscel. 0.20 0.26 14 0.07

Miscel. 0.28 0.18 15 0.05
Nacrite 0.06 0.11 3 0.06
Dickite 0.08 0.13 6 0.05
Halloysite 0.07 0.08 19 0.02

Chlorite Dioctahedral 4.39 e 1.71

Chamosite 5.90 8 1.20

Glauconite Miscel. 1.00

Miscel. 0.36

Mixed-Layer Ill.-mont. 2.83 0.96 10 0.30

Chlor.-mat. 3 act. 21.23 2.99 5 1.34
Chlor..mont. 2 act. 3.26 3.18 2

Sericite Dioctahedral 1.74 0.89 8 0.31

189
 1AVERAGE CaO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS 1
(compiled by R. Hertsog)

Mherd Group Number of

analyses

Fithian 7
miscel. 24
atypical 2

Montmorillonite miscel. 1.18 1.23 101 0.12

Wyoming 0.25 0.25 9 0.09
miscel. 1.75 1.06 16 0.27
Cheto 0.88 1.43 7 0.54
B&dell&e 0.78 1.01 4 0.51
Nontronite 2.08 0.85 6 0.35
Saponite 2.22 0.53 7 0.20

Eaoliiite MiiCd. 0.30 0.37 14 0.10

Miscel.
Nacrite 0.11 0.03 2
Dickite 0.22 1
Halloysite 0.19 0.10 11 0.03

Chlorite Dioctahedral 0.88 0.73 2

Chamosite 0.59 0.35 5 0.16

Glauconite Miscel. 0.64 0.88 69 0.11

Miscel. 0.72 1.34 10 0.42

Mied-Layer Ill.-mont. 0.41 0.58 10 0.18

Chlor.-mont. 3 wt. 1.57 0.77 5 0.34
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 1.48 0.18 2

S&cite Dioctahedral 0.36 1 0.35 1 8 0.12

190
 AVERAGE NazO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Average Standard Number of Standard

weight % zleviation t%FdySeS error

Lllite Fithian 0.36 0.13 7 0.05

[Link]. 0.25 0.21 24 0.04
atypical 2.15 2.70 3 1.56

Montmorillonite miscel. 0.82 1.07 101 0.11

Wplllillg 0.36 0.30 9 0.10
miscel. 0.65 0.86 16 0.21
Cheto 0.88 1.43 7 0.54
Beidetite 1.71 1.73 4 0.86
Nontronite 0.14 0.04 2
Saponite 0.25 0.17 3 0.10

Miscel. 0.58 0.33 7 0.12

MiSCd.
Nacr&
Dickite
Halloysite 0.38 0.46 5 0.21

Chlorite Dioctahedrd 0.17 0.07 2

Chamosite 0.14 0.06 3 0.03

Glauconite Mid. 0.46 0.54 69 0.07

MiScel. 0.45 0.42 10 0.13

Mixed-Layer Ill.-mont. 0.20 0.32 9 0.11

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 0.26 0.18 5 0.08
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 0.34 0.19 2

S&cite Dioctahedral

191
 (AVERAGE KzO COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS /
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Group Average Standard Number of Standard

weight % deviation analyses error

Fithian 5.59 0.57 7 0.21

miscel. 7.02 1.3 24 0.27
atypical 3.15 0.41 3 0.24

Montmorillonite miscel. 0.34 0.47 101 0.05

Wyoming 0.48 0.82 9 0.27
miscel. 0.55 0.42 16 0.10
Cheto 0.042 0.068 6 0.028
Beidellite 0.51 0.34 4 0.17
Nontronite 0.59 0.13 3 0.08
Saponite 0.19 0.13 2

Miscel. 0.18 0.13 7 0.05

Miscel. 17
Nacrite
Dickite
Halloysite 0.24 0.27 8 0.10

Chlorite Dioctahedral 1.20 0.64 3 0.37

Chamosite 0.52 0.57 4 0.29

Glauconite Miscel. 6.88 1.25

Miscel. 6.53

Mixed-Layer Ill.-mont. 5.82

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 1.11
Chlor:mont. 2 act. 0.82

Sericite Dioctahedral II 0.54

I u

192
 AVERAGE Fe203 COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Mineral Group Number of Standard

analyses error

Illite Fithian 7 0.33

miscel. 24 0.58
atypical 3 3.47

Montmorillonite miscel. 101 0.27

Wyoming 9 0.59
mkcel. 16 0.89
Cheto 7 0.29
Beidellite 4 1.64
Nontronite 7 3.59
Saponite 2 3.90

Kaollnite Miscel. 1.09 0.47 14 0.13

Miscel. 1.44 1.55 17 0.38
Nacrite 0.29 0.24 2
Dickite 0.13 0.02 2
Halloysite 0.43 0.41 19 0.10

Chlorite Dioctahedrsl 3.16 2.39 4 1.19

Chamosite 42.77 19.21 7 7.26

Glauconite Miscel. 21.76 5.69 69 0.69

Miscel. 22.38 7.25 12 2.09

Mixed-Layer III.-mont. 3.52 2.53 10 0.80

Chlor:mont. 3 Oct. 7.76 4.41 3 1.73
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 1.02 0.52 2

S&cite Dioctabedral 3.13 2.80 7 1.06

193
 1AVERAGE HzO+(‘) COMI’OSITION OF CLAY MINERALS /
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Mineral Group AVerage standard Number of Standard

weight % ieviation analyses error

IIIite Fithian 6.92 0.83 -4 0.21

lI&SCd 7.12 1.18 24 0.24
atypical a.75 3.02 3 1.75

Montmorillonite l&Cd. 8.38 1.85 101 0.93

Wyoming 6.52 0.58 9 0.19
miscel. 7.05 2.81 16 0.70
Cheto 7.78 0.59 7 0.22
BeideUite 10.90 1.20 2
Nontronite 7.10 0.53 3 0.31
Saponite 7.09 2.64 7 1.M)

Kaolinite Miscel. 13.43 1.03 15 0.27

Miscel. 13.30 0.77 17 0.19
Nac&? 14.13 0.32 3 0.19
Dickite 13.87 0.29 6 0.12
Halloysite 14.89 0.93 19 0.21

Chlorite Dioctahedral 13.88 0.35 7 0.13

Chamosite 11.56 1.84 4 0.92

Glauconite Mi3cel. 8.48 2.64 69 0.32

Miscel. 6.79 0.71 6 0.29

Mixed-Layer 1ILmont. 6.75 1.53 10 0.49

Chlor.-mont. 3 wt. 11.72 4.89 5 2.19
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 11.43 0.21 2

S&cite Dioctahedral 6.19 1.05 8 0.37

(1) lattice or interlayer water, also known as bound water, includes hydroxyl.

194
 1AVERAGE HzO-(‘1 COMPOSITION OF CLAY MINERALS
(compiled by R. Hertzog)

Group Average standard Number of Standard

weight % leviation error

Illite Fithian 2.40 1.53 4 0.77

miscel. 1.48 1.33 24 0.27
atypical 0.00 0.00 2

Montmorillonite IllisCd
Wyoming 8.38 2.45 9 0.82
miscel. 12.42 3.64 1S 0.91
Cheto 9.42 3.33 7 1.26
BeideUite 14.57 4.07 2
Nontronite 16.44 5.76 5 2.58
Saponite 11.80 4.05 7 1.53

Kaolinite M&Xl. 0.81 0.33 14 0.09

Miscel.
Nacrite 0.61 1
Dickite 0.20 0.20 2
Halloysite 3.09 2.8 16 0.72

Chlorite Dioctahedral
Chamosite 2.03 2.07 3 1.20

Glauconite Miscel.
MiCd.

Mixed-layer IIl-mont. 2.53 1.05 6 0.43

Chlor.-mont. 3 act. 5.70 1.01 3 0.58
Chlor.-mont. 2 act. 5.28 0.89 2

Sericite Dioctahedral 0.39 0.42 7 0.16

(1) surface or free water

195
 1THORIUM AND URANIUM CONTENT]
OF
1CLAY MINERALS 1
(from references 15,35,37)

Range
Iin PP~)

Illite M 15
Montmorillonite
Bentonite
Kaolinite
Chlorite
Glauconite

I 5 t-1 135 s3 55

/POTASSIUM CONTENT OF CLAY MINERALS/

(from references’2,7,8,9,60)

Potassium
Mineral Range Mean
(Wgt %) (Wgt %)

Illite 2.7 +? 6.65 4.91

Glauconite 3.35 c 6.95 5.0
Montmorillonite 0.05 - 1.06 0.38
Kaolinite 0.2 i--t 0.i 0.49
Thuringite 0.0 c 0.29 0.13
Chlinochlore 0.0 - 0.31 0.16
Chamosite 0.0 H 0.14 0.10

196
 /MINERALPARAMETER~INGE~cHM/
(given for comparison as used in ELAN)

”
Element II H C 0 Si Fe 1
Mineral Density

Quartz 2.65 53.257 46.743

Calcite 2.71 12.0 47.956 40.044
Dolomite 2.846 13.027 52.059 13.18 21.735
Siderite 3.96 LO.367 41.43 48.203
Albite 2.62 48.812 8.767 10.289 32.131
Orthoclase 2.55 46.341 0.832 9.964 30.403 12.315 0.145
Mnscovite 2.81 0.506 48.202 20.322 21.153 9.816
Biotite 3.019 0.452 43.002 0.335 7.431 8.279 17.456 7.05 0.539 13.634'

Anhydrite 2.96 47.01 29.44.

Gypsum 2.32 2.342 55.758 23.279t
Halite 2.17 39.3373

pyrite 5.00 46.552"

Glaneonite 2.9G 0.475 '0.113 45.239 0.352 2.262 4.991 24.055 5.988 0.472 16.053
Ulite 2.78 0.512 '0.304 48.776 0.350 1.698 14.223 24.366 5.513 0.356 3.902V
Smectite 2.78 0.540 '0.128 51.423 0.616 2.181 12.213 28.885 0.314 0.859 2.842
Kaolinite 2.59 1.512 '0.640 54.974 0.395 0.139 19.932 21.176 0.149 0.230 0.853&
Chlorite 2.94 1.234 44.088 1.879 9.707 12.813 0.399 29.88

* and 1.824 of Ti
* and 23.549 of S
t and 18.621 of S
* and 60.663 of Cl
o and 53.448 of S
* corresponds to Ti
v and 0.0008 of Gd
b and 0.0013 of Gd
Density is expressed in g/cm’
The demerit composition is expressed in weight percent of dry mineral.

197
 SEM Photographs

Kaolinite lllite

Montmorillonite Chlorite

198
 PRINCIPAL CROSS-PLOTS
FOR
MINERAL IDENTIFICATION

199
cross-Plot Pb VS 0~

1.0

1.8

.----------t---‘-----------~-..-----------

. G&m

__---- _____
t ____.._..._______
\__._.........-

40.0 60.0

@N (P-u-)

200
Cross-Plot M vs N

1.1

l Gypsum
1.0 .--------------r----------------i-----------------~-----------------~--------------.

/ .,,f
it tl ! sog:t
.__________-_--
+----+- Secondsry .-j ___--________----
+L ____----__-_.
0.9 POrOSitY

M /I ij
l i lxcite
0.8 ._----.---_----t_--------------~-----------------;-------~-~!!~~-~--------------.
t Dolomlto /

0.7 ._________--___ i t __---_---_____-- byA __--_________--_- ;---___--------.

Pf = 1 g/cm3

0.8
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

N
*tt-*t x oo, @N)f - @N
M= N=
Pb-Pf - pb-pf

201
Cross-Plot Pma vs Urni

. Opal 3
2.5

2.7 __________._._~
l
Calcite

Dolomite
-0
2.9
ite I Glauconite

A”%rite
3.1 3---

Biotite

3.3

:hlore

- Thuringite
3.5 = 34

0 5 10 15 20 25

Uma ( b/cm3)

202
Cross-Plot Pe vs K

12.5 -

c Thuringite:
10.0 -

7.5 -

5.0 -

2.5 .
Quartz

0 I I 1 I

0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5

K (wgt %)

203
CrOSS-Plot pb vs At

EVAPORITES
l Sylvite Bischofite
1.57
Carnallite
1.56 Tachhydrite
1.64
t
I t 1 100
2.0
Halite .

2.2 .__---_______--_

i l Gypsum

2.4 ________---____.

2.6 ._______----____

2.8 ._-- __________

-_.

j . Anhydrite
3.0 l

50 60 70 80 90

At (Pm

204
cross-plot Pb VS K

EVAPORITES

l Sylvite

1. 64 Tachhydrite

2.0
Halite

Kainite l ;

2.2 ____-- __________

+ _____ _____--i _______-- ____-__

cr
6 2-4
.
s?
2.6

Polyhalite ;
2.8 l
____--__________I
l-----.-‘--.------:‘---..----.-----
0:
Langbeinite i

knhydrite
I I
0 10 20 30 40 50

K (wgt %)

205
Cross-Plot At vs K

EVAPORITES

100
Bishofite I

Tachhydrite j
90 _________ - _____ j _____ -- ____ -- ____ j ______ - ----__---- t __.---__..--___..) ___..._____..

l
sywte

Kainite /
-___.--___..-__ j-.--___.- * __.-_; __.-_____._______;_____ ______- ____I--- _____--___

Halite

60 _____._____._-_:;~~--~~~~~-~~~~~-i~~~~--~~~~~~-~~~~~
a :-..-‘---..-----.‘:------------.
I 0
j Polyhalite j

Gypsum .j
i Langbeinite j
Anhydrite !
50 c
10 20 30 5’0

K (wgt “A)

206
Cross-Plot Pmaa vs tp ma

2.5

_-_____-___--. ___-___-..___..
2.6

0- 2.7 ,___----__--___ ___.________-.~

E C9 Calcite
0
.
2
2.8 .___--____-_--- _______--____~
iit!
CL / Dolomite
0

2.9 .___-___-____-_

j Anhydrite

3.0 t l

8 9 IQ

t p ma (ns)

207
MID-Plot

2.0
Q

Halite

2.2

2.4

2.6 ---------------“---------------~-----------------~-----------------~---------------

j Calcite

i-

2.8 ______-____--__T------------‘---i-----------------
0 i _._____.._____. --; ____ _____---__
Dolomite I

ja Anhydrite
.
I I I
40 45 50 55 60 65

At maa

208
Cross-Plot Al vs Si

ALUMINIUM BEARING MINERALS

44.36 Diaspore, Boehmits

25 I_
I I
34.60 Gibbsite

20 ____
,..__- _______--
;-- _...___--------;

I Muscovite
‘II\
i
no point in
this zone

-__

3 10 ___
C

opai 3
.
0 I I
0 10 20 30 40 50

Si (wgt Oh)

209
Cross-Plot Ca vs Si

no point in this zone

--
0 10 20 30 40 50

Si (wgt %)

210
Cross-Plot Ca vs Al

50
7

Calcite
________--- --. .___-----.-_.___ ______.______.
40
--i--

_____
___~-- . .
Anhydrlte -t- ----t

Dolomite
._--- _________ ...-.-_______._____.
2 Ankerit e:

_____--________-I r ..________-.. _--- ________

-.
--it Sml tite

Thuringits /
Biotite
“?
Kaolin lite
m 1
-A-
0 5 10 15 20 25

Al (wgt %)

211
Cross-Plot Fe vs Si

IRON BEARING MINERALS

69.9
Haematits

50

40

no point in
this zone

30

20

10

Calcite
0 I I I I -

0 10 20 30 40

Si (wgt %)

212
Cross-Plot K vs Si

POTASSIUM BEARING MINERALS

K Evaporites

12.5

10.0 ______
--- ______
f--- _________

Muscovite

7.5
T
i+

Y 5.0

2.5

Anorthit~ ?I

;C
f
0 10 20 30 40 50

Si (wgt %)

213
Cross-Plot Th vs K

+ Monazite (25,000 ppm)

Zircon (3,000 ppm)
25

20

F 15

g 10

Potassium
0 ;Evaporites
I I I I
0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5

K (wgt %)

214
mCross-Plot KmvsAl

POTASSIUM BEARING MINERALS

K Evaporites

12.5

Orthoclasc
10.0 _________-.__

.__________----

llllte
_____________

2.5
Montmor ite Anorth
Bite
Clinoc re
Calcite I Kaolinite
k ::...:
0:
Opal3 o 5 10 15 20 25

Al (wgt %)

215
ROCK CLASSIFICATION

217
PLUTONICROCKS VOLCANICROCKS

Acidic Acidic

Granites Rhyolites

Pegmatites
Intermediate

Intel-mediate Dacites

Syenites Trachytes

Gramdiorites Trachy-andesites

Monzonites And&e

Diorites
Basic

Basic Dolerite

Gabbros Basalt

Ultrabasic
Peridotites
Pyroxenites
Dunites

218
)SEDIMENTARY ROCKS]

SILICICLASTIC ROCKS
Textural Classification
Chemical Class~cation
Conglomerate
Quarts arenite (Orthoquartzite)
Breccia
Sublitharenite (Protoquartzite)
Sand
Feldspathic wacke
Sandstone
Lithic wxke
Mud
Subarkose
Mudstone
Arkose
Silt
Argillaceous sandstone
Siltstone
calcareous sandstone
Clay
Dolomitic sandstone
Claystone
H&tic sandstone
Anhydritic sandstone
Glauconitic sandstone (‘green sand”)
Phosphatic sandstone

Shale
calcareous shale
Marl
Kaoliiitic shale
Illitic shale
Carbonaceous shale
Siliceous shale
Bituminous shale

219
CHEMICAL ROCKS

EVAPORITES
CARBONATES

Chemical Classikation Gypsum

Anhydrite
Limestone
Dolomitic limestone Calcareous anhydrite
Dolomitic anhydrite
Calcareous d&stone
Polyhalitic anhydrite
D&stone
Ankerite Polyhalitic halite
Halite
Magnesite
Argillaceous limestone Tachydrite

Argillaceous dolostone Bishofite

Anhydritic limestone Carnalitte

Anhydritic do&tone Polyhalite

Sandy limestone Langbeinite

Kainite
Sandy dolostone
Sylvite

Textural Classification (References 23,24) Kieserite

Epsomite

Calcirudite Trona

Bounstone
C&are&e
Grainstone
Packstone
Wackestone
Calcilutite
Mudstone

221
SILICATES IRON ROCKS

Chert Limonite

Opal&es Haematite

Chalcedony Magnetite

Diatomites Siderite

Radiolarites Ferruginous oolites

PHOSPHATES

Phosphorites

ORGANIC ROCKS

Peat,
Lignite
Coal
Bituminous coal
Bituminous limestones

RESIDUAL ROCKS

Bauxite
Laterite

222
IMETAMORPHIC ROCKS]

Mylonite
Gneiss
Grandite
Schist
Greenschist
Chloritoschist
Mmicaschiit
Slate
Quart&e
Marble
Amphibolite

Hornfels.

223
Cla isification of Sedimentary
C

Ro; kS
/ ARKOSE GRAYWACKE

MUDSTONE
Quartz arenite-mostty quartz (nonkmimted)
I
CONGLOMERATE SANDSTONE SILTSTOEIE CLAYSTONE A

p5 .-
5

3E GRAVEL
t
SAND CLAY
E
8

I I I I
f %
; 0
8

Grain Siie (!q scale)

ROCK ‘MESTONE DO‘OSTONE IRONSTONE EVAPORITE _I

CNEWOAL
COMPOSIT,ON -,

GYPsm
MA,” HEMAnTE
CALCrrE WDRm
MINERALS DoLOMrn [Link]
(APtGoNE) HALVE
SlERm
OTHER SALTS

(ads@& fmm Press 8 Sievtx 1978)

224
Classification of the Sedimentary Rocks
Excluding Epigenetic Sediments

EXOGENETIC SEDIMENTS ENDOGENETIC SEDIMENTS

“Clastic” “Chemical and Biochemical”

HYBRID SEDIMENTS

Calcareous shale
PY ROCLASTIC Carbonaceous shale
Tuffaceous shale
etc...

EPICLASTIC SEDIMENTS PRECIPITATED SEDIMENTS

“Washed residues”

Coarse Fine
Classification of Sandstones
3 COMPONENTS
SUBDIVISIONS OF A TRIANGLE

QUARTZ

Orthoquartzite

-754 *15-
Mudrocks Wackes Arenites
CLAY FELDSPAR

(adapted from Selley. 1976)

226
Classification of Sandstones’
4 COMPONENTS
SUBDIVISIONS OF A TETRAHEDRON MATRIX

(fmm Pattijohn & a/., 1972)

I”^..-I.^_ l-l__l”---l. --_. -.---_

Rock Classifications

SandClass

Fe-Shale
Fe-Sand
I
Shale

Quartz
Arenite

-1
5
log (SiOp/Al203)

228
Relative Abundance of
Sandstone Classes

CLASS Krynine Pettijohn Middleton Tallnam

(1948) (1960) (1960) (1949)

Orthoquartzite 22.50 34.00 34.00 45.00

Arkose 32.50 15.00 16.00 17.00

Graywacke 10.00 26.00 24.00 17.00

(“high rank graywacke”)

Lithic Arenite 35.00 20.00 26.00 21.00

(“low rank graywacke”

or “subgraywacke”)

Miscellaneous

229
ROCK CATALOG

231
Main Igneous Rock
Macking Minerals

SIALIC GROUP
Essential Alkali Feldspar Orthoclase, Microcline

Plagioclase Albite - Anorthiie

Quartz

Accessory Nepheline

FERROMAGNESIAN GROUP (Mafic)

Essential Olivine Forsterite -. Fayaliie

Pyroxene Orthopyroxenes: Enstatite --)

Hypersthene
Ferrosilite
Clinopyroxenes: Diopside
Hedenbergite
Augite
Aegirine
Amphibole (Hornblende)

Mica Biotite. Muscovite

Accessory Iron Ores Magnetite, Hematite, llmenite

232
Mineral Proportions in the
Major Plutonic Rocks

0 PLAGIOCLASE BIOTITE p$“J CLINOPYROXENE

g@j QUARTZ AMPHIBOLE p& OLIVINE

I

m POTASSIUM FELDSPAR m ORTHOPYROXENE m MAGNETlTE + ILIMENITE

+ APATITE
233
(adapted from Wedephl. 1969)
 /PRINCIPAL MINERALS]
OF

/IGNEOUS PLUTONIC ROCKS1

(from references 12, 21, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31)

ROCK ESSENTIAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY

TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS

% 2 10% 10% L % L 2% % 5 2%

Granite K-Feldspar Micas Amphiboles, Pyroxenes

QUXtZ Magnetite, Apatite
Oligoclase, Albite Ilmenite, Zircon
Sphere, Mona&e, Rut&
Gram-dkwite Andes&, Oligoclase Micas Ilmenite, All&k
Quartz Apatite, Garnet
K-Feldspar Sphene, Zircon
Amphiboles Magnetite

Quartz-&o&e Andesine, Oligoclase K-Feldspar Orthopyroxene

QUartZ Micas Apatite, Ilmenite
Amphiboles Sphene, Garnet
Clinopyroxene Magnetite
Diorite And&m, Oligoclase Micas Apatite
Amphiboles clinopyroxene Sphene
Orthopyroxene QUXtZ
Micas
K-Feldspar
Gabbro Labradorite Amphiboles Micas, Corundum
Clinopyroxene OIivine Magnetite, Ilmenite
Orthopyroxene Apatite, Garnet
Rut&, Sphene

Dunite OliVilE Magnetite Orthopyroxene

Syenite K-Feldspar Amphiboles QU&Z
Pyroxenes Sphene
Biotite Diopside, Augite
Yepheline Syenite K-Feldspar Nepheline Corundum
Albite leucite

234
 Elemental composition

Element
IWeight %)
H
T 1 T
0.03
2
0.09
A
Result is of ALdySi.5
I R I 4
0.09 0.09
II 5
A
.08
I 6
0.12
7
0.14
0 49.30 49.01 48.59 48.96 47.47 47.98 17.45
Na 2.38 2.24 2.59 2.23 2.09 2.75 2.50
Mg 0.01 0.55 0.53 0.54 1.34 1.15 1.69
Al 6.36 7.71 7.67 7.67 8.32 8.44 8.59
Si 36.03 33.64 32.87 33.47 30.16 30.41 28.82
P 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11
K 4.07 3.42 3.42 3.40 3.43 2.28 1.75
Ca 0.57 1.44 1.43 1.43 3.03 3.16 3.85
Ti 0.23 0.21 0.34 0.40
Mll 0.09 0.19 0.16 0.05 0.08
Fe 1.26 1.91 2.49 1.90 3.6 3.28 4.71

Well Logging data

Well Logging lr Results of F IYSiS

Parameters 1 2 T 3 4 5 6 7
+
L’b 2.64 2.63 2.67 2.63 2.72 2.72 2.81
2.62 2.61 2.65 2.61 2.70 2.70 2.79
2.62 2.61 2.65 2.61 2.70 2.70 2.79
2.47 2.66 2.86 2.70 3.33 3.14 3.56
6.47 6.95 7.58 7.05 8.99 8.46 9.91
9.90 10.15 11.62 10.85 12.78 11.67 12.84
25.78 22.37 21.80 22.33 22.22 20.51 19.15
12.57 11.75 10.82 11.36 10.34 10.47 9.60
-0.4
-0.1 I 0.8
1.3
1.0
1.9
0.8
1.5
0.8
2.0
1.8
2.8 ! 2.8
4.2

Analyses 1 and 2, 4 and 5 from reference 28.

Analyses 3, 6 and 7 from reference 62.
Analyses 1 to 4 correspond to granite; 5 and 6 to granodiorit~e; and 7 to quartzdiorite.

235
 /IGNEOUS ROCK DATA BASE/
Diorite - Gabbro - Dunite

Elemental composition

Element Results of Analvsis

d
[Weight %: 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
H 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.16 0.32 0.07
0 46.48 45.31 46.01 46.57 43.31 44.82 45.20 45.30 44.04
Na 2.75 2.22 2.67 2.52 1.39 1.78 1.89 0.07 0.15
& 1.88 3.00 2.65 2.52 4.04 4.11 4.54 27.94 28.23
Al 8.71 9.49 9.00 8.83 10.22 9.80 9.47 0.46 0.26
Si 27.85 24.26 25.94 26.57 19.62 22.18 22.58 18.93 19.75
P 0.22 0.09 0.26 0.11 0.43 0.17 0.12 0.02 0.02
K 3.16 1.32 1.99 1.76 0.74 0.58 0.74 0.03 0.25
Ch 3.58 6.12 5.22 4.82 7.04 7.87 7.86 0.50
Ti 0.30 0.12 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.24 0.58 0.01 0.02
MJI 0.31 0.23 0.23 0.10 0.38 0.31 0.24 0.12
Fe 4.68 7.73 5.62 5.64 7.89 i 12.46 7.99 6.84 6.29 7.21

Well Logging data

!SI&S (-7 9
1 __2 __4 5 6 7 8 9 - 10
2.81 2.89 2.84 2.90 2.94 2.92 2.97 3.28 3.30
2.78 2.86 2.81 2.87 2.90 2.89 2.94 3.26 3.27
2.79 2.87 2.82 2.88 2.91 2.90 2.96 3.30 3.31
3.70 4.58 3.91 4.69 5.99 4.79 4.46 3.32 3.56
10.30 13.10 11.01 13.46 17.34 13.84 13.11 10.83 11.64
14.77 15.45 14.06 16.58 19.37 15.96 15.03 12.36 11.28
22.00 19.56 18.49 18.75 20.76 18.26 17.50 12.58 17.96
9.52 8.74 8.98 8.26 7.85 8.31 8.40 7.68 9.63
0.9 2.4 3.4 3.1 1.6 3.6 4.5 16.2 3.9
2.4 4.5 5.2 5.5 4.1 5.9 6.6 16.8 5.2

Analyses 1 to 3, 5 to 7, and 10 from reference 28

Analyses 4, 8 and 9 from reference 62.
Analyses 1 to 4 correspond to diorite; 5 to 8 to gabbro; 9 and 10 to dunite.

236
Cross-Plot K vs Si
Plutonic Rocks

10

____--_______--
+ ------.---____.. i------ ______
--+-- i ._____________
______.______
8

(WZ%)

c
0 10 20 30 40 50

Si (wgt %)

237
Density vs Slowness

2.4

2.6 ---____.

2.8

‘b
__-_____.

3.2 - --___.-.

Ib

30 40 50 60 70 80

At (w/W

Plutonic Rocks
238
 (PRINCIPAL MINERALS]
OF
1SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1
(from references 19, 54)

SILICICLASTIC DEPOSITS

FUNDAMENTAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY CEMENTING

ZONSTITUENTS CONSTITUENTS MINERALS MINERALS
2 10% 1% 5 5 10% I 1%
QUartZ Detrital chert Zircon, tourmaline Quartz
K Feldspar Plagioclase (&go&se) Magnetite, Ilmenite Cal&e
Kaolinite mane grained micas mtile dolomite
mite chlorite, chamosite phosphate, epidote anhydrite, halite
Smectite haematite, limo&e garnet, hornblende haematite, pyrite
Glauconite lignite pyrite i

CARBONATE DEPOSITS

FUNDAMENTAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY CEMENTING

CONSTITUENTS CONSTITUENTS MINERALS MINERALS
2 10% 1x< 510% 5 1%
Calcite chert, opal anatase calcite
Dolomite secondary quartz authigenic rut& dolomite
Ankerite Gypsum, anhydrite marcasite
smectite, chlorite
glauconite, phosphate
siderite, iron ores

239
 1PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF DETRITAL ROCKS 1
(from references 26, 27)

ROCK ESSENTIAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY

TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS CEMENT PROPERTIES
% 2 10% 10% 2 % 2 1% % I 1%
-
Orthoquartzite Quartz Chert grains TOUl7ll&l~ Minor: Coar.-Med. [Link]

Q35% Z&Xl Silka [Link] sorted

Magnetite Calcite well rounded
Rutile Dolomite Low radioactiv.
High 4 k k
Quartz wacke QUWtZ Sericite Zircon Silk Coar.-fine gr.s.

QS 80% Chlorite Hornblende Calcite rare poor sorting

Feldspars Clay minerals coal frag. ang.-sub round.
Muscovite Med. radioact.
Low46rk
Feldspathic Quartz K-Feldspar ZirCOll Silka v. poor sorting
Wacke 25%<Q155% Rock fragments T0lllTdiUe Calcite low-mod. round.
Plagioclase Micas pyrite grad. bedded
lO%IP<50% HombIende Med. radioact.
. low 4 & k
Lithic wacke Qllart. Feldspm ZiICOll Calcite v. poor sorting
lo%< Q 930% T0UllIlaline Silka low-mod. round.
Rock fragments Hornblende grad. bedded
lO%iR.F.<50% Med. radioact.
S&cite or low 4 & k
Chlorite
as matrix
15%_<matr.<60%

240
 /PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF DETRITAL ROCKS j
(continued)

-
ROCK ESSENTIAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY
TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS CEMENT PROPERTIES

% 2 10% 10% 2 % 2 1% % 5 1%
Arkose QUWtZ Micas ZiPLOll Calcite Coar.-fine grs.
30%6Q<70% Kaolinite Iron oxides Silica Mod. weII sorted
K-Feldspar 5 15% poor. rounded
25%<F+40% Massive to
Plagioclases well bedded
P < 45% good-med. 4
medium k
High radioact.
h33lsandI3 QUartZ Phosphates WeIl to mod. sorted
10%6Q< 90% radioactive
Glauconite medium to good
lO%<GL 90% d&k

241
j AVERAGE ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS 1
OF

j SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1
(from reference 68)

Rock lr Shale lr Carbonate

Element lverage Range Average

27.3 20-30 2.4

8.0 >4 0.42
2.2 14 30.2

242
[AVERAGE MINERAL COMPOSITION ]
OF
/ SEDIMENTARY ROCKS]

Mineral Sandstone Shale Carbonate

(wgt X) (wgt %) (wgt %)

Quartz 65-70 20-30 o-5

Feldspar lo-25 5-20 0
Clay 5-10 5&60 &5
Carbonates s5
&5 O-10 95

243
/AVERAGEMINERAL CONP~~ITI~NOFSHALES/
(from reference 26)

Clark Leith 81 Yaalon Shaw &

Constituent Mead Weaver

(1924) (1915) (1962) (1965)

Quartz 22.30 32.00 20.00 36.00

Feldspar 30.00 16.00 6.00 4.50

Clay Minerals 25.00 l 34.00 50.00 66.90

iron Oxides 5.60 5.00 3.00 c 0.50

Carbonates 5.70 0.00 7.00 3.60

Other Minerals 11.40 1 .oo 3.00 < 2.00

Organic Matter 1 .oo 1 .oo

Kaolinite and Clay Minerals 10

Sericite and Paragonlte 18
Chlorite and Serpentlne 6

244
Shale Composition
Silt
Produced by abrasion
quartz , feldspars, micas

Cement Common marls

Biochemical Produced by

precipitate weathering
kaolinite
carbonates
illite
organic matler
montmorillonite

chlorite
245
 1PRINCIPAL MINERALS]
OF
1METAMORPHIC ROCKS /
(from references 28, 31)

ROCK ESSENTIAL SECONDARY ACCESSORY

TYPE MINERALS MINERALS MINERALS
% ? 10% 10%2%~2% % I 2%

Kyanite, Graphite

246
REFERENCES & COMPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

247
 MINERALOGY

1 AUBERT, G., GUILLEMIN, C., & PIERROT, R. (1978). - P&is de Min&alogie. Mason, Paris.
2 BARIAND, P., CESBRON, F., & GEFFROY, J. (1978). - Les Min&aux: leur~ gisements, Ieurs
associations. Editions du BRGM,
3 BERRY, L.G., & MASON, B. (1959). - Mineralogy. Freeman & Co., San Francisco.
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G DEER, W.A., HOWIE, R.A., & ZUSSMAN, J. (1962). - Rock F orming Minerals. Longman, London.
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I2 WAHLSTROM, E.E. (1947). - Igneous Minerals and Rocks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

PHYSICS

I6 CLARK, Sydney P. Jr. (edt.) (1966). - Handbook of Physical Constants. The Geological Society of
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 GEOCHEMISTRY

I3 ADAMS, J.A.S., OSMOND, J.K., & RODGERS, J.J.W. (1959). - The Geochemistry of thorium
and Uranium. In: L.H. AHRENS, F. PRESS, K. RANKAMA, S.K. RUNCORNS (Editors), Physics and
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Co., Amsterdam.
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processes- example of concept of geodemical f&es. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geol. Bul., 42, p. 387-430.
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55 CLARKE, F.W., & WASHINGTON, H.S. (1924) - Th e composition of the earth’s crust. U.S. Geol.

Survey, paper 127.

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” FAUL, H. (ed.) (1954). - Nuclear Geology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
G’ LARSEN, E.S. Jr., & PHAIR, G. (1954). - Distribution of uranium and thorium in igneous rocks. In:
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” GOLDSCHMIDT, V.M., & PETERS, C. (1932). - Zur Geochemie des Bars. Teil 1 und II. Akad.
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 GQHERTZOG, R. et al. (1987). - G eoch emicd Logging with Spectrometry Tools. 02nd Ann. Techn.
Cc&. Exhib. of SPE, Dallas, Sept. 27-30, paper SPE 16792.
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34, 2, pp. 204-213.
‘I HERRON, M.M. (1987). - Future Applications of Elemental Concentrations from Geophysical Log-
ging. Nucl. Geophys., 1, 3, pp. 197-211.

” HERRON, M.M. (1988). - GeochemicaI Classification of Terrigenous Sands and Shales f?om Core or

Log Data. Submitted to Jonm. Sedii. Petrology.

ROCKS

I2 WAHLSTROM, E.E. (1947). - Igneous Miner& and Rocks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
‘a BAYLY, B. (1968). - Introduction to Petrology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
‘l CARMICHAEL, I.S.E., TURNER, F.J., & VERHOOGEN, J. (1974). - lgneow Petrology. McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc., New York.
” CAROZZI, A.V. (ed.) (1975). - Sed’mentary Rocks. Dowden, Hutch&on & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg,
Pennsylvania.
“DUNHAM, R.J. (1962). - Classification of Carbonate Rocks according to Depositional Texture. Amer.
Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Mem. 1, p. 108-121.
24 FOLK, R.L. (1959). - Practical Petrographic Classification of Limestones. BuII. Amer. Assoc. Petrol.
Geol., 43, p. l-38.
” JUNG, J. (1977). - P&is de Pe’trographie. 3e Qd. Masson, Paris.
2G PETTIJOHN, F.J. (1975). - [Link] rocks. 3d ed. Harper & Row, Publishers, New York.

27 PETTIJOHN, F.J., POTTER, P.E., & SIEVER, R. (1972). - Sand and Sandstone. Springer-Verlag,
Berlin.
28 PIRSSON, L.V., & KNOPF, A. (1947). - R o c&s and Rock MineraJs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New

York.
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31 TURNER, F.J., & VERHOOGEN, J. (1951). - Ig news and Metamorphic Petrology. McGraw-HiJI

Book Co., Inc., New York.

251
 3G BLATT, H., MIDDLETON, G., & MURRAY, R. (1980) - 0 rl ‘g’m of Sedimentary Rocks. 2nd ed.
Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NewJersey.
53 BARTH, T.F.W. (1952). Theoretical Petrology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
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Geol., 56, 2, pp. 130-165.

G3 GROUT, F.F. (1932). - Petrography and Petrology. McGraw-Hi Book Co., New York.

MINERAL ELASTIC CONSTANTS

‘*ANDERSON, O.L., & LIEBERMANN, R.C. (1966). - Sound Velocities in Rocks and Minerals. Willow
Run Laboratories. ,The Institute of Science and Technology. The University of Michigan.
38 ALEXANDROV, KS., RYSHOVA, T.V., & BELIKOV, B.P. (1964). - The elastic properties of
Pyroxenes. Soviet Physics-CrystaIIography, 8, pp. 589-591.
3o ALEXANDROV, K.S., & RYSHOVA, T.V. (1961). - Elastic Properties of Rock-forming Minerals II.
Layered Silicates. Bull. Academy of Sciences USSR, Geophysics Series, english trans. n. 12, pp. 1165-1168.
*l WOEBER, A.F., KATZ, S., & AHRENS, T.J. (1963). - Elasticity of Selected Rocks and Minerals.
Geophysics, 28, pp. 658-663.
42 WYLLIE, M.R.J., GREGORY, A.R., & GARDNER, L.W. (1956). - Elastic Wave V&cities in
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43 SIMMONS, G. (1965). - Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties. J. of
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44 HUMBERT, P., 6s PLICQUE, F. (1972). - P ro p ne“t L Qastigues de carbonates rhombo.&igues
monocristallins: calcite, magn&te, dolomie. Comptes Rendus de 1’AcadCmie des Sciences, (Paris), 275,
s&k B, pp. 391-294.
45 CHRISTENSEN, N.I. (1972). - Elastic Properties of Polycristalline Magnesium, Iron, and Manganese
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CrystaLline Medium and Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants of Quartz. Physical Review,
109, pp. 1467-1473.
48 EINSPRUCH, N.G., & MANNING, R.J. (1963). - Elastic C on&ants of Compound Semiconductors
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252
 4Q BERLINCOURT, D., JAFFE, H., & SHIOZAWA, L.R. (1963). - Ektro-elastic Properties of the
.%&ides, Selenides, and TeUurides of Zn and Cd. Physical Review, 129, pp. 1009-1017.
So HEARMON, R.F.S. (1956). - The Elastic Constants of Anisotropic Materials II. Advances in Physics,
5, pp. 323-382.
51 YOON, H.S., & NEWNHAM, R.E. (1969). - Elastic Properties of Fluorapatite. American Miieralc-
gist, 54, pp. 1193-1197.

59 HUNTINGTON, H.B. (1958). - The Elastic Constants of Crystals. in Solid State Physics, vol. 7, F.

Seitz and D. Turnbull (eds.), Academic Press, New York.

WELL LOGGING

32 EDMUNDSON, II., & RAYMER, L. L. (1979). - Rad’ mactive Logging Parameters for Common
Minerals. The Log Analyst, 20, 5, p. 38-46.
5z ELLIS, D., FLAUM, C., McKEON, D., SCOTT, H., SERRA, O., k SIMMONS G. (1988). - Mineral
Logging Parameters: Nuclear and Acoustic. The Technical Review, 86, 1, pp. 38-53.

” SCHLUMBERGER (1982). - Natural Gamma Ray Spectroscopy. Essentials of N.G.S. Interpretation.

MISCELLANEOUS

I9 KRUMBEIN, W.C., & SLOSS, L.L. (1963). - Stratigrapby and Sedimentation. 2d ed. W.H. Freeman
k Co., San Francisco.
sG SELLEY, R.C. (1976) - An Introduction to Sedimentology Academic Press, London.
5’ SELLEY, R.C. (1978) - Ancient Sedimentary Environments. 2nd ed. Chapman & HalI, London.

” PRESS, F., & SIEVER, R. (1982) - Earth. 3d ed. [Link] & Co., San Francisco.

253