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SUPPLEMENTARY 93
I. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.
1. There is a great deal of pressure in the newspaper industry, editors might work a 12-hour day with no
___.
A. come-down B. letdown C. let-up D. crackdown
2. I’ve got such a __________ headache that I can’t concentrate on the lecture.
A. beating B. drumming C. hammering D. throbbing
3. I have no idea whether the restaurant will be open – we’ll just have to take pot __________.
A. choice B. chance C. luck D. fortune
4. I had an amazingly __________ dream last night. I was flying and I could see the whole football field
from a bird’s eye view.
A. dull B. logical C. incoherent D. lucid
5. “At least give this supplement a try. My sister_____it. It will help you sleep better,” said Lucy to her
roommate.
A. gets by B. drops by C. swears by D. stands by
6. The government stopped the local companies from importing fake milk powder _______ of public
health.
A. in the interest B. to the best C. for the attention D. on the safe side
7. The threat of a general strike can only be __________ through government intervention.
A. averted B. converted C. subverted D. diverted
8. It isn’t easy to make friends with him, he puts up a __________ between himself and other people.
A. barrier B. barricade C. border D. boundary
9. That little man goes unnoticed in the street, but he __________ immense power.
A. swings B. handles C. wields D. practices
10. Space travel would not be possible without the right source of ________ , which currently still comes
from chemical fuel.
A. propulsion B. emulsion C. compulsion D. expulsion
11. The lecture was rather boring, but the ___________ discussion proved fruitful.
A. subsequent B. latter C. consecutive D. successive
12. The painting was a valuable family possession, which had been _______ from generation to generation.
A. handed over B. handed down C. handed across D. handed out
13. By an unfortunate ___________, the bride’s sister was not invited to the wedding.
A. insult B. oversight C. neglect D. disregard
14. __________ a fire, hotel guests are asked to remain calm.
A. As a result of B. In the event of C. By reason of D. In the time of
15. Too many hotels have been built and this has ___________ down prices, making holidays cheaper.
A. forced B. cut C. slowed D. reduced
16. She can’t be interested in the lessons, ___________ that she always arrives late.
A. viewing B. seeing C. noting D. judging
17. The lecture __________ from prehistory to modern times and gave the audience much to think about.
A. covered B. included C. ranged D. dealt
18. It’s a foregone ___________ that he’ll be top of the class again.
A. concept B. proposal C. conclusion D. prediction
19. But ___________ some countries have ruined their agriculture, squandering money on uneconomic
factories, the Ivory Coast has stuck to what it is good at.
A. after B. during C. when D. while
20. No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been ___________ to Bach.
A. identified B. associated C. referred D. attributed
II. Complete each sentence with the correct form of a phrasal verb in the box. Use each ONCE only.
There are two extra phrasal verbs which you do not need to use.
drop out pull out fall out put forward pull up own up
fly at make up go off stand up to be over get down
1. None of the children would ______ own up ________ to breaking the window.
2. She decided to ______ pull out ________ of the weight lifting competition because she sprained her wrist.
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3. The Prime Minister will _______ put forward _______ a new plan to reduce the budget deficit.
4. She _______ dropped out _______ of university in the second year because it was too stressful.
5. When you are a student you must ______ get down ________ to studying during exam time. If you don't
concentrate hard you will fail.
6. I wish you wouldn’t ______ get down ________ me like that every time I make a mistake.
7. The piece of equipment is very well made and ______ stands up to ________ the roughest treatment. You
won’t have any trouble with it.
8. I am not friends with Beck any more. We have ______ fallen out ________.
9. I knew I ______ was over ________ the hill when I started needing glasses to read.
10. My son has ______ gone off ________ computer games. They are not as interesting as before.
III. The passage below contains 10 errors in spelling, grammar, or word form. Find and correct them.
Line
1 The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the
2 ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. In modern contexts, the word refers to
3 reading and writing at level adequate for communication, or at a level that enables one to
4 successfully comprehend and communicate in printing society. The United Nations Educational
5 Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has drafted the following definition: “Literacy
6 is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed
7 and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continua of learning
8 to enable an individual to achieve his or her goals, to develop his or her ability and potential,
9 and to participate fully in the wider society.” Many policy analysts consider literacy rates a
10 crucial measure of a region human capital. This claim is done on the grounds that literate people
11 can be trained less expensively than illiterate people, generally have a higher socio-economic
12 state and enjoy better health and employment prospects. Policy makers also argue that literacy
13 increases job opportunities and access higher education. In Kerala, India, for example, female
14 and child mortality rates declined in the 1960s, when girls educating in the education reforms
15 after 1948 began to raise families. Recent researchers, however, argue that correlations such as
16 the one listed above may have more to do without the effects of schooling rather than literacy in
17 general. Regardless, the demand for educational systems worldwide include a basic context
18 around communication through text and print, which is the foundation of most definitions of
19 literacy.
Your Answers:
Line Mistake Correction Line Mistake Correction
1. 3 Level A level 6. 13 Access Access to
2. 7 Continua Continuum 7. 14 Educating educated
3. 10 Region Region’s 8. 16 Without With
4. 10 Done Made 9. 17 include Included
5. 12 state status 10. 4 printing print
IV. Give the correct form of a word that fits in the space given.
For many people Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) is the most influential figure in the history of western
classical music. His (1. ORDINARY).......... extraordinary................. talent was already clearly evident as a
young man, ([Link])........... mercifully................ surviving a somewhat (3. CONVENTION)...........
unconventional................ upbringing during which his eccentric father would often force him to take music
lessons in the middle of the night. The young Beethoven's ability won him the admiration of the leading
contemporary musical figures. Throughout the 1790s he worked hard to secure the interest of wealthy
patrons. Such ([Link])............ patronage............... enabled him to concentrate on becoming
a successful composer. Whatever his awe-inspiring musical (5. ACHIEVE)........... achievements................,
however, his personal life was something of a disaster. His day-to-day relationships with people (6.
VARY)............. invariably.............. turned out to be rather (7. TURBULENCE)............ turbulent................
Although he apparently fell in love with a number of society women, the identity of the girl who lay closest
to his heart remains (8. ELUDE)...........elusive................ to this day.
However, just at the point when Beethoven was beginning to reap the rewards of his early endeavours,
he had to come to terms with the (9. CRUSH).............. crushing.............. realisation that his
increasing deafness was (10. CURE)............ incurable................ From that point on, his music displayed a
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striking change in style, becoming both heavier in tone and larger in scale.
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V. Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
I suffer from a debilitating condition called “procrastination” – the ability to put off endlessly the
things I have to do. Each morning when I wake up, my mind launches into its own decision-making
(1)________. Shall I get up or shall I press the snooze button? By the time I get to what I should wear, the
complexity of the decision would need an advisory committee to solve it. I’m ready hours behind
(2)________, and I haven’t even eaten my breakfast yet.
I have always been a procrastinator. I’m tortured by menus and holiday brochures, paint colour
(3)________ and satellite television. So much so that I decided to invest in a new book on the subject, which
(4) ________ it could treat my condition. According to the book, I should identify my weaknesses, then
become more productive and develop priorities that (5) ________ my personal goals.
My problem, I am told, is that I put off doing something because I (6) ________ the outcome. But
even filling in a tax form is rarely as dreadful as we think. Apparently, each day I should think of something I
don’t want to do, stick to it, then use a kitchen timer to (7) ________ how long it actually took. If I still can’t
(9) ________ the task, I should visualize newspaper headlines (9) ________ my achievement.
So when do I start my new (10) ________? That’s the big problem. I just can’t decide.
1. A. course B. process C. development D. case
2. A. timetable B. schedule C. programme D. communication
3. A. maps B. diagrams C. graphs D. charts
4. A. claimed B. demanded C. challenged D. pretended
5. A. exhibit B. imitate C. display D. reflect
6. A. expect B. fear C. worry D. panic
7. A. establish B. authorise C. secure D. institute
8. A. head B. back C. shoulder D. face
9. A. announcing B. notifying C. informing D. stating
10. A. structure B. control C. regime D. management
VI. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE word in each gap.
Football is traditionally a man’s sport, but now the women are muscling in on their act, or so it seems. So
many top male footballers have been transferred (1) _____for_________ astronomical sums of money that the
game has become more a high-powered business than a sport. This is (2) _______where______ the women
come in, more motivated, more interested in the game rather than in promoting themselves and generally
better behaved both (3) _______on_______ and off the pitch, (4) _______making/drawing_______ a strong
contrast to (5)______their________ male counterparts’ greed and cynicism. Indeed, according to FIFA, the
world football governing body, the future of football belongs to women, and the organization has
(6)______set________ out to actively promote women’s football. Perhaps, in (7) ________view______ of the
fact that women are half the world population, this is how it should be. In the USA, many members of national
women’s football teams are better known than male footballers, and some professional female players in both
North America and Europe have attracted lucrative sponsorship deals. Generally, two problems beset
women’s football: the need to be taken more seriously and for more funding to be made available. (8)
_______When_______ these have been achieved (9)______along________ with the blessing of FIFA, we
should see footballers who are accessible, cooperative, decent and supporting in (10)_______place_______ of
the spoiled mercenary star boys of sport.
VII. Read the passage and answer all of the questions about them.
The Underground Railroad
Slavery was legal for over 200 years in some parts of North America, particularly the southern states of the
United States, where the plantation system of agriculture depended on the labor of slaves, most of whom came
from Africa. Slaves had no rights or freedoms because they were thought of as property. From the time of its
origin, slavery had opponents. The abolitionist movement began in the 1600s when the Quakers in
Pennsylvania objected to slavery on moral grounds and wanted to abolish the institution.
In 1793, Canada passed a law abolishing slavery and declared that any escaped slaves who came to Canada
would be free citizens. Slavery was already illegal in most northern states; however, slaves captured there by
slave hunters could be returned to slavery in the South. Canada refused to return runaway slaves or to allow
American slave hunters into the country. It is estimated that more than 30,000 runaway slaves immigrated to
Canada and settled in the Great Lakes region between 1830 and 1865.
The American antislavery movement was at the height of its activity during the 1800’s, when abolitionists
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developed the Underground Railroad, a loosely organized system whereby runaway slaves were passed from
safe house to safe house as they fled northwards to free states or Canada. The term was first used in the 1830s
and came from an Ohio clergyman who said, “They who took passage on it disappeared from public view as if
they had really gone to ground.” Because the Underground Railroad was so secret, few records exist that
would reveal the true number of people who traveled it to freedom. The most active routes on the railroad
were in Ohio, Indiana, and western Pennsylvania.
Runaway slaves usually traveled alone or in small groups. Most were young men between the ages of 16
and 35. The fugitives hid in wagons under loads of hay or potatoes, or in furniture and boxes in steamers and
on rafts. They traveled on foot through swamps and woods, moving only a few miles each night, using the
North Star as a compass. Sometimes they moved in broad daylight. Boys disguised themselves as girls, and
girls dressed as boys. In one well-known incident, twenty-eight slaves escaped by walking in a funeral
procession from Kentucky to Ohio.
The “railroad” developed its own language. The “trains” were the large farm wagons that could conceal and
carry a number of people. The “tracks” were the backcountry roads that were used to elude the slave hunters.
The “stations” were the homes and hiding places where the slaves were fed and cared for as they moved north.
The “agents” were the people who planned the escape routes. The “conductors” were the fearless men and
women who led the slaves toward freedom. The “passengers” were the slaves who dared to run away and
break for liberty. Passengers paid no fare and conductors received no pay.
The most daring conductor was Harriet Tubman, a former slave who dedicated her life to helping other
runaways. Tubman made 19 trips into the South to guide 300 relatives, friends, and strangers to freedom. She
was wanted dead or alive in the South, but she was never captured and never lost a passenger. A determined
worker, she carried a gun for protection and a supply of drugs to quiet the crying babies in her rescue parties.
A number of white people joined the effort, including Indiana banker Levi Coffin and his wife Catherine,
who hid runaway in their home, a “station” conveniently located on three main escape routes to Canada.
People could be hidden there for several weeks, recovering their strength and waiting until it was safe to
continue on their journey. Levi Coffin was called the “president of the Underground Railroad” because he
helped as many as 3,000 slaves to escape.
The people who worked on the railroad were breaking the law. Although the escape network was never as
successful or as well organized as Southerners thought, the few thousand slaves who made their way to
freedom in this way each year had a symbolic significance out of proportion to their actual numbers. The
Underground Railroad continued operating until slavery in the United States was finally abolished in 1865.
1. Why did thousands of runaway slaves immigrate to Canada?
A. They preferred the climate of the Great Lakes region.
B. Working conditions for slaves were better in Canada.
C. Canada had no laws restricting immigration.
D. Former slaves could live as free citizens in Canada.
2. The phrase The term in paragraph 3 refer to _________.
A. antislavery movement B. abolitionist
C. Underground Railroad D. free state
3. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. The Underground Railroad kept secret records in which all of the passengers and trips were
documented.
B. Few people understood why the Underground Railroad would not reveal how many people chose to
travel in this way.
C. The Underground Railroad’s records were not accurate, so the true number of travelers is difficult to
estimate.
D. We do not know exactly how many slaves escaped on the Underground Railroad because it was a
secret organization.
4. The word fugitives in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. leaders B. old men C. runaways D. brave ones
5. All of the following are mentioned as methods of escape on the Underground Railroad EXCEPT _____
A. hiding in a hay wagon B. wearing a disguise
C. finding in a railcar D. walking in a procession
6. The author discusses the language of the Underground Railroad in paragraph 5 in order to ________.
A. trace the history of American English words
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B. illustrate the secret nature of the escape network
C. point out that some words have more than one meaning
D. compare the Underground Railroad to other railways
7. Which of the following statements is true about passengers on the Underground Railroad?
A. Their destination was in the northern states or Canada.
B They were not allowed to make stops during the journey.
C. Their babies were disguised to look like baggage.
D. They paid the conductors at the end of the journey.
8. Why was Harriet Tubman wanted dead or alive in the South?
A. She was a criminal who carried a gun and sold drugs.
B. She refused to return the runaway slaves that she captured.
C. She was an escaped slave who led others to freedom.
D. She became the president of the Underground Railroad.
9. It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that the author most likely believes which of the following about the
Underground Railroad?
A. The people who worked on the railroad should have been arrested.
B. The railroad was unsuccessful because it could not help every slave.
C. Southerners did not know about the railroad until after it closed.
D. The railroad represented a psychological victory for abolitionists.
10. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D which indicate where the following
sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Women and children also escaped, but they were more easily captured.
Runaway slaves usually traveled alone or in small groups. Most were young men between the ages of 16
and 35. A The fugitives hid in wagons under loads of hay or potatoes, or in furniture and boxes in steamers
and on rafts. B They traveled on foot through swamps and woods, moving only a few miles each night, using
the North Star as a compass. Sometimes they moved in broad daylight. C Boys disguised themselves as girls,
and girls dressed as boys. In one well-known incident, twenty-eight slaves escaped by walking in a funeral
procession from Kentucky to Ohio. D
VIII. Read the passage and do the tasks that follow.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence
An Overview
Therapeutic jurisprudence is the study of the role of the law as a therapeutic agent. It examines the
law's impact on emotional life and on psychological well-being, and the therapeutic and antitherapeutic
consequence of the law. It is most applicable to the fields of mental health law, criminal law, juvenile law and
family law.
The general aim of therapeutic jurisprudence is the humanising of the law and addressing the human,
emotional and psychological side of the legal process. It promotes the perspective that the law is a social force
that produces behaviours and consequences. Therapeutic jurisprudence strives to have laws made or applied in
a more therapeutic way so long as other values, such as justice and due process, can be fully respected. It is
important to recognise that therapeutic jurisprudence does not itself suggest that therapeutic goals should
trump other goals. It does not support paternalism or coercion by any means. It is simply a way of looking at
the law in a richer way, and then bringing to the table some areas and issues that previously have gone
unnoticed. Therapeutic jurisprudence simply suggests that we think about the therapeutic consequences of law
and see if they can be factored into the processes of law-making, lawyering, and judging.
The law can be divided into the following categories: (1) legal rules, (2) legal procedures, such as
hearing and trials and (3) the roles of legal actors-the behaviour of judges, lawyers, and of therapists acting in
a legal context. Much of what legal actors do has an impact on the psychological well-being or emotional life
of persons affected by the law, for example, in the dialogues that judges have with defendants or that lawyers
have with clients. Therefore, therapeutic jurisprudence is especially applicable to this third category.
Therapeutic jurisprudence is a relatively new phenomenon. In the early days of law, attitudes were
very different and efforts were focused primarily on what was wrong with various sorts of testimony. While
there were good reasons for that early emphasis, an exclusive focus on what is wrong, rather than also looking
at what is right and how these aspects could be further developed, is seriously short-sighted. Therapeutic
jurisprudence focuses attention on this previously under-appreciated aspect, encouraging us to look very hard
for promising developments, and to borrow from the behavioural science literature, even when this literature
has nothing obviously to do with the law. It encourages people to think creatively about how promising
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developments from other fields might be brought into the legal system.
Recently, as a result of this multidisciplinary approach, certain kinds of rehabilitative programmes
have begun to emerge that look rather promising. One type of cognitive behaviour treatment encourages
offenders to prepare relapse prevention plans which require them to think through the chain of events that lead
to criminality. These reasoning and rehabilitation-type programmes teach offenders cognitive self-change, to
stop and think and figure out consequences, to anticipate high-risk situations, and to learn to avoid or to cope
with them. These programmes, so far, seem to be reasonably successful.
From therapeutic jurisprudence standpoint, the question is how these programmes might be brought
into the law. In one obvious sense, these problem-solving, reasoning and rehabilitation - type programmes can
be made widely available in correctional and community settings. A way of linking them even more to the
law, of course, would be to make them part of the legal process itself. The suggestion here is that if a judge or
parole board become familiar with these techniques and is about to consider someone for probation, the judge
might say, "I'm going to consider you but I want you to come up with a preliminary relapse prevention plan
that we will use as a basis for discussion. I want you to figure out why I should grant you probation and why I
should be comfortable that you're going to succeed. In order for me to feel comfortable, I need to know what
you regard to be high-risk situations and how you're going to avoid them or cope with them."
If that approach is followed, courts will be promoting cognitive self-change as part and parcel of the
sentencing process itself. The process may operate this way; an offender would make a statement like "I
realise I mess up on Friday nights; therefore, I propose that will stay at home on Friday nights." Suddenly, it is
not a judge imposing something on the offender. It's something that the offender has come up with him or
herself, so he or she should think it is fair. If a person has a voice in his rehabilitation, then he is more likely to
feel a commitment to it, and with that commitment, presumably, compliance will increase dramatically
rehabilitation.
Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Therapeutic jurisprudence: study of the law as a therapeutic agent and the therapeutic and (1)_____
antitherapeutic ________ consequences of the law.
Goal: the (2) ______ humanising _______ of the law, but NOT at the expense of justice and due process.
Applicable to: especially applicable to the role of legal actors such as judges and lawyers.
Therapeutic jurisprudence = new attitude:
1/ It asks people to seek out (3) _____ promising ________ developments, not problems.
2/ It urges people to think (4) ______ creatively _______ and borrow from other fields.
Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
5. One aspect of cognitive behavioural treatment includes the preparation of ______ relapse prevention plans
_______ by offenders.
6. The treatment requires offenders to consider _____ chain of events ________ that lead to a crime being
committed.
7. Treatment programmes encourage offenders to recognize _____ high-risk situations ________ before they
happen, and know what to do in case they do happen.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:
True if the statement agrees with the information
False if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given If there is no information in this
8. The use of rehabilitative programmes has been proved to greatly reduce the chance of a criminal re-
offending. NG
9. Therapeutic jurisprudence aims to make cognitive behavioural treatment a part of the legal process itself. T
10. Offenders might be encouraged by judges to take part in deciding what their punishment should be. F
IX. Use the word given in brackets and make any necessary additions to write a new sentence in such a
way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence. Do NOT change the form of the
given word. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given.
1. The news of the merger came as a complete surprise to the workers. (aback)
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The workers were completely taken aback by the news of the merger.
2. Everybody in the audience stood to applaud the actor's performance. (standing)
The actor was given a standing ovation for his performance.
3. Would it be possible to speak to you in private for a moment? (having)
Is there any chance of me having a (private) word with you?
4. What explanation can we offer for this sudden drop in temperature? (account)
How can we account for the fact that temperature has suddenly dropped?
5. There is a remarkable similarity in how the two sisters dress. (alike)
The two sisters look remarkably alike in the way they dress.
X. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word given.
Do not change the word given.
6. I used to find computers difficult before I started taking these lessons.
Since i started taking these lessons, i haven't found computers difficult .
7. Government guidelines really do emphasize the importance of starting education early.
A lot of emphasis is put on government guidelines on the importance of starting educational early.
8. He doesn’t shop there anymore because that store sells clothes made by child labour in foreign factory.
He doesn’t shop there anymore on account of the fact that store sells clothes made by child labour in
foreign factory .
9. My brother and I have the same liking for junk food.
My brother likes junk food as much as i do.
10. The moment I saw the dirty state of the restaurant kitchen, I no longer felt hungry.
I lost my interest in eating the moment i saw the dirty state of the restaurant kitchen.