Introduction
Christianity "emerged as a sect of Judaism in Roman Palestine"in the syncretistic Hellenistic world of the
first century AD, which was dominated by Roman law and Greek culture.[2] It started with the ministry
of Jesus, who proclaimed the coming of the Kingdom of God.[3][web 1] After his death by crucifixion,
some of his followers saw Jesus, and proclaimed him to be alive and resurrected by GodThe resurrection
of Jesus "signalled for earliest believers that the days of eschatological fulfillment were at hand,"[web 2]
and gave the impetus in certain Christian sects to the exaltation of Jesus to the status of divine Son and
Lord of God's Kingdom[9][web 2] and the resumption of their missionary activity.
Emporer Constantine
Constantine I, also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from 306 to 337. Born in Naissus,
Dacia Mediterranea, he was the son of Flavius Constantius, a Roman army officer born in Dardania, who
became one of the four emperors of the Tetrarchy. His mother, Helena, was Greek and of low birth.
Shift of Capital
Byzantium took on the name of Kō nstantinoupolis ("city of Constantine", Constantinople) after its
foundation under Roman emperor Constantine I, who transferred the capital of the Roman Empire to
Byzantium in 330 and designated his new capital officially as Nova Roma 'New Rome'.
Medieval Europe
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th
centuries. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the
Age of Discovery.
Decline of Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire (also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of
Rome), c. 376–476, was the process of decline in the Western Roman Empire in which the Empire failed
to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided into several successor polities. The Roman
Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control over its Western provinces;
modern historians posit factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and
numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperors, the
internal struggles for power, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil
administration.
Impact of Barbarian Empire
Barbarian invasions, the movements of Germanic peoples which began before 200 bce and lasted until
the early Middle Ages, destroying the Western Roman Empire in the process. Together with the
migrations of the Slavs, these events were the formative elements of the distribution of peoples in
modern Europe. Barbarian forces ended the empire by deposing the last emperor. Barbarians arrived
with money to aid the Roman economy. Hired barbarian soldiers helped Rome expand its empire.
Rise Of Feudalism
Power passed from kings to local lords, giving rise to a system known as feudalism. Under feudalism,
landowning nobles governed and protected the people in exchange for services such as fighting in a
noble's army or farming the land. The clergy, or religious leaders, also owned land and held power
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the
continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages,
when its capital city was Constantinople. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman
Empire in the 5th century and continued to exist for an additional one thousand years until it fell to
the Ottoman Empire in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic,
cultural, and military force in Europe.
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia officially the Hagia Sophia Holy Grand Mosque and formerly the Church of Hagia
Sophia, is a Late Antique place of worship in Istanbul, designed by the Greek geometers Isidore of
Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.[5] Built in 537 as the patriarchal cathedral of the imperial capital
of Constantinople, it was the largest Christian church of the eastern Roman Empire (the Byzantine
Empire) and the Eastern Orthodox Church, except during the Latin Empire from 1204 to 1261, when it
became the city's Latin Catholic cathedral. In 1453, after the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman
Empire, it was converted into a mosque. In 1935, the secular Turkish Republic established it as a
museum. In 2020, it re-opened as a mosque.
Emergence of Turks
The ancient Turks were nomadic peoples who lived near the Altai Mountains bordering
modern-day Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in the sixth century. By the eighth century,
Muslim forces from the Arabian Peninsula had formed a massive empire and were pushing
steadily into the region.
Impact of Crucades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin
Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period
between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to liberate Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic rule.
Concurrent military activities in the Iberian Peninsula against Moors (the Reconquista) and in northern
Europe against pagan Slavic tribes (the Northern Crusades) also became known as crusades. Through the
15th century, other church-sanctioned crusades were fought against heretical Christian sects, against the
Byzantine and Ottoman empires, to combat paganism and heresy, and for political reasons.
Monastries and their Roles
Monasteries in the medieval society encouraged literacy, promoted learning, and
preserved classical ancient literature”. It helped shaped society by providing
religious institutions, economic centers, educational places, and facilitated play in
social roles. Monastic orders will also be further explained.
Conclusion
Christianity has endured longer than the greatest empires and had more influence
than the grandest cultural achievements. Its texts still shape lives and many of its
institutions still function. The Conclusion shows that a major reason for this success
is the religion’s variety and potential for adaptation.
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