Reading; missing paragraphs, linking & referencing expressions

Vecah*laii; hopes and dreams-related words, phrasal verbs, collocations & expressions,
prepositions, dealing with words that have similar meanings
Gramntar: conditionals:with and without lf, inverted, with continuous tenses, mixed, if
+ modals, going to, paying attention to details
Listening sentence completion, paraphrasing
Speakii:g talking about personal aspirations, expanding on your answers, evaluating,
comparin g, specu lating, moving the conversation forwards
!.{/rili r er
essay (2), analysing contrasting texts, dealing with allelements of the task

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A What did you want to be when you were younger? Have you changed
your mind since then? Why? Discuss with a partner.

B What do you think causes young people to join gangs? Look at the
list below and discuss with a partner.
o neglected childhood . few positive role models
. the Iure of power,qnd monev o inadequate skills or qualifications
o lack of support at school . high crime rate in the community
feeiings of isolation. e violent films and song lyrics
"
g Read the text quickly. How do community and after-school
programmes deter young people from joining gangs?
i

Gan$s: the new tribes

'What do you want to be when you grow up?' a class of fresh-faced 12-year-
olds were asked upon commencing secondary school. Their new English
teacher - Mrs lt/larcus - asked this question every year and it seemed to fire the
imagination of every child. Usually there was a smattering of professions, vocations aRd trades,
along with some interesting surprises. This loJ did not disappoint.l[

Itturns out they

lawyer, judge,
vet, police officer,
was trouble
out more than
'ldon't know. I
university.' All of them over a new
others, but opinions non
l'm particularly interested in the
gene ration and the current one. 'Hopes an
replies immediately. 'Whether your classmates
those things or not is irrelevant. The important thing is you
had ideas about your future; you had aspirations. V,lhen I
have asked that question in recent years, instead of setting
their sights on becoming a scientist, a lawyer or an artist,
the best some children could think of was going on the
What chance for rehabilitation do they have, I wonder, when
dole, being famous. or being the boss of a gang,' she says.
i?r
It is a r,,lcious circle that becomes increasingly difficult
they cling to their gangs even in these circumstances?
Admittedly, the need for survival plays a role since those
in prison rely on their fellow gang members for protection,
to break. lt',r.,as crucial for my peers and I that we knew After all, prison is no picnic and is possibly more dangerous
peopie v,rho rvorked and we could make decisions about our an environment than the outside world. But even in here,
ambitions based or.r some knowledge. We had the benefit of
seeing our parents, relatives and neighbours going to work,
there is rrope. T-l".l
returning-from work. talking about their jobs, or their time at
'You can't make anyone succeed, but you can help them
university. These experiences informed our ideas, ambitions
and, let's face it. or-ir expectations, too. We wouldn't have to see that success in life is possible outside of the narrow
dreamt of the alternatiire. After all, work and study were our confines of the gang,' says lr/argaret. 'lf we give young
people opportunities to bring about a change in their
mearrs to get arr"aal a.C .nake our way in life 3
circumstances, they can build a happy future.' Let's hope
This lies at the ver5r cu-e of a gang's appeal. The that the next time lVlargaret asks 'the question', there will be
aimlessrress of some )/oLrthsl experience is replaced by some scientists, entrepreneurs and plumbers in the group.
the rigid system of rurles. i'ituals, and codes of behaviour
that members follo'w. arrd irhich gives them a purpose

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 D Read the Exam Close-up. Then underline the iinking and
referencing expressions, and complete the Exam Tisk below.
[Xam I aSk
You are going to read an [Link] from a magazine article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract.
Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (1 - 7). There is one extra paragraph which you do
not need to use.
A Success, however, can be measured in a myriad of ways, and for those without traditional role models, gang
culture becomes increasingly alluring as a way to makL something of themselves. ,They,re not inherentl-y bJd
kids,' says Marcus, 'they just have no direction and no one to look up to. Were they to attach value to work and
education, their whole outlook on life would change and they wouldn't need what gang membership provides.,
B Though there is no conclusive evidence, many critics of popular media believe exposure to violent films and song
cl
lyrics, particularly rap music, has a negative influence; glamorising gang life and encouraging at-risk youths to join
gangs or to participate in gang-related crime as a mqans of gaining a sense of belonging and empowerment.
C Those who do join a gang inevitably end up in a downward spiral, losing any moral foundation they had and
hurtling headlon$ into a life of violence and crime. ,And yet, even when they are placed in juvenile deterltion
centres, or worse - in adult prisons - some maintain their allegiance to the gang and look upon their membership
as a badge of honri] tr; a mark of success, not failure.
D Thick and fast came the replies. 'Teacher,' said a bespectacled girl in the front row. Mrs Marcus smiled to herself.
The prospective teachers always sat as close as possible to the board, eager and serious. ,Football playerl,
shouted a tall lad from the back, raising his arms in victory as though he'J just scored a winning goal aiainst
Argentina at the World Cup. Mrs Marcus knew he'd be a live wire in class. ,prime minister,, said another, garnering
. a round of applause as well as ridicule from his classmates.
E How has it come to this? A recent report has found that children in some areas of the country have so little
contact with working people that the concept of employment is almost foreign. They live in ihe so-called ,welfare
ghettos'where more than half of the working-age population depends on out-of-work benefits, ln manyfamilies,
unemployment is intergenerational with grandparents and parents living on the dole.
F Thankfully, in many cases the lure is temporary. lt becomes nothing more than a phase that plays to their fantasies
' of rebellion and desire for high drama, in partfueled by pop culture through music and filmi tliat glamorise thug
life. ln time, these wannabe gangsters find other interests and reject the values"of the gang.
G Fast {orward twenty years and Mrs Margaret Marcus is now teaching at an inneir-city school in a large metropolis.
Hcping to get some insight from this forty-year veteran of the education system, l,m interviewing i'er about the
challenges faced by young people today. 'So 'uou became a journalist instead of a teacher,, she says with a twinkle
in her eye. Yes, I was that child in the specs lc;ng ago. Befor.e getting down to business, we reminisce for a few
moments about my classmates.
H There are manv organisations that are working positively with young people in gangs, both inside and outside
of detention, and helping them through some very difficult times in their lives. With this help they can stop their
slide into ci'ime and violence, and make the tough transition of evolving into productive. responsible and iaw
abiding members of society.

E Match expressions 1-6 from the text to meaninss a-f,

1 fire the imagination
' Exam up
2 set your sights on something I Linking & referencing expressions I
l

3 make your way in life e Read all of the gapped text and think about -.t.

...I

4 turn over a new leaf what could logically follow each part without
looking at the paragraph options.
5 fali through the cracks
o Look at the gapped text again and underline
I 6 get down to business 'any linking and referencing expressions. Then
do the same for the paragraphs options.
a be successful and make progress
. Finally, compare the words you have underlined
t
b not be noticed or dealt with in the gapped text with those in the paragraphs
c cause a strong emotion. and choose your paragraphs.
d start talking about the subject to be discussed
e decide to achieve something
f start behaving in a better way

'lt's fine to celebrate success but it is more important ldeas Focus

to heed the lessons of failure.' Do you agree?
a Do you still have the same aspirations you heid as a
ch;ld? Why? / Why not?

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 Yooavularq
A Circle the correct words. Then complete the sentences with
the words below.
adversity aspiration determination futfittment
inspiration perseverance prevalence setback
1 Marty is a director who grew up on the mean / nasty / rude
streets of New York City, and he draws from
that [Link] his films.
2 R;,31-1 always believed that his dogged

to succeed was due to the fact that he came from'a broken /

cose.:: l single horne.
3 Ruby's dream was to be a singer, but this
because she nras looking for a fast / quick / speedy track to
i,r,as
-
celebrity, fame and fortune.
4 Dean had warm I high I rosy hopes for the future, despite
' coirsiderable difficultied. He never gave up and, in the end, his
paid off
5 / raw / rough inner-city neighbourhood with high
This is a crude
unemployment and the
6 Her future looked gritly / bleak / harsh, but she overcame
to become a successful entrepreneur,
7 it was tough to accept that his hopes were bashed /
. ,.="ed 'sn ashed, and that he would never r,vitness the

8 Alihough they suffered an initial in their

fundraising attempt, it wasn't enough to blunt / dampen i lessen
-
he ir s p irits.

irriatcir the words 1-6 with the words a-f that are roughly opposite in meaning.
=
,n aptitude I a anguish
2 backbone tr b attainment
3 failure tr c criticism
4 hope tr d ineptitude
q i-,irir+i\,^
I o i.'o"^l',+i^^

6 recognition I f lethargy

e Complete the sentences with some of the words from B.

1 The young assistant took the of scheduling a meeting with the manager for her own
six-month review.
2 His in managing the finances of the family business led to its inevitable collapse
3 The caste system of sociai stratification in lndia bars the lowest classes from the of position or
power.
4 With the phenomenal success of her fifth book, Veronica finally received the she so richly
d6served.
5 The athlete's joy on finishing the race first, turned to when he was disqualified over an irregularity.
6 Brody's got no He needs to toughen up if he wants to succeed in the cut-throat world of politics.
7 Though Jules himself had little for sport, he was able to recognise raw talent in others and
became a successful sports agent.
8 Amelia couldn't summon the energy or the interest to leave the house. There was a definite air of
I
about her.
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 D Read the Exarn Close-up.'Then underline the linking and
referencing expressions, and complete the Exam Task below.

You are going to read an extract from a magazine article. Seven paragraphs have been remove, ,r*fTr.:,?"k
Choose from the paragraphs A - H the one which fits each gap (1 - 7). There is one extra paragraph which you do
not need to use.
A Success, however, can be measured in a myriad of ways, and for those without traditional role models, gang
culture becomes increasingly alluring as a way to make something of themselves. 'They're not inherently bad
kids,' says Marcus, 'they just have no direction and no one to look up to. Were they to attach value to work and
education, their whole outlook on life would change and they wouldn't need what gang membership provides.'
,:B Though there is no conclusive evidence, many critics of popular media believe exposure to violent films and song
a lyrics, particularly rap music, has a negative influence; glamorising gang life and encouraging at-risk youths to join
gangs or to participate in gang-related crime as a means of gaining a sense of belonging and empowerment.
c Those who do join a gang inevitably end up in a downward spiral, losing any moral foundation they had and
hurtling headlorig into a life of violence and crime. And yet, even when they are placed in juvenile deterltion
centres, or worse - in adult prisons - some maintain their allegiance to the gang and look upon their membership
as a badge of [Link]; [Link] o{ success, not failure.
D Thick and fast came the replies. 'Teachel' said a bespectacled girl in the front row. Mrs Marcus smiled to herself.
The prospective teachers always sat as close as possible to the board, eager and serious. 'Football playerl'
shouted a tall lad from the back, raising his arms in victory as though he'd just scored a winning goal against
Argentina at the World Cup. Mrs Marcus knew he'd be a live wire in class. 'Prime minister,' said another, garnering
a round of applause aswell as ridicule from his classmates.
E How has lt come to this? A recent report has found that children in some areas of the country have so little
contact with working people that the concept of employment is almost foreign. They live in the so-called 'welfare
ghettos' where more than half of the working-age population depends on out-of-work benefits. ln many families,
unemployment is intergenerational with grandparents and parents living on the dole.
F Thankfully, in many cases the lure is temporary. lt becomes nothing more than a phase that plays to their fantasies
of rebelllon and desire for high drama, in part fueled by pop culture through music and films that glamorise thug
life. ln time, these wannabe gangsters find other interests and reject the value'.i of the gang.
G Fast forward twenty years and Mrs Margaret Marcus is now teaching at an inrier-city school in a large metropolis.
Hoping to get some insight from this forty-year veteran of the education system, l'm interviewing her about the
challenges faced by younlj people today. 'So you became a journalist instead of a teacher,' she says with a twinkle
in her eye. Yes, I was that child in the specs long ago. Before getting down to business, we reminisce for a few
moments about my classmates.
H There are many organisations that are working positively with young people in gangs, both inside and outside
of detention, and helping them through some very difficult times in their lives. With this help they can stop their
slide into crime and violence, and make the tough transition of evolving into productive, responsible and law
abiding members of society.

E Match expressions 1-6 from the text to meaninqs a-f

1 fire the imagination
2 set your sights on somethin! Linking & referencing expressions
3 make your way in life I o Read all of the gapped text and think about
what could logically follow each part without
4 turn over a new leaf
looking at the paragraph options.
5 fall through the cracl<s I o Look at the gapped text again and underline
L-
6 get down to business 'any Iinking and referencing expressions. Then
do the same for the paragraphs options.
a be successful and make progress . Finally, compare the words you have underlined
t. b not be noticed or dealt with in the gapped text with those in the paragraphs
c cause a strong emotion and choose your paragraphs.
d start talking about the subject to be discussed
e decide to achieve something
f start behaving in a better way

'lt's fine to ldeas Focus

to heed the

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A Circle the correct words. Then complete the sentences with
the words below.
adversity aspiration determination futfittment
inspiration perseverance prevatence selback
1 Marty is a director who grew up on the mean / nasty / rude
streets of New York City, and he draws from
that environment for his films
Ryan alwa5rs beli'eved that his dogged
to succeed was due to the fact that he came from a broken / '"*4{.r'
c:osec I singlb horyre. ,*'.'
l! 1
..?
3 Ruby's dream was to be a singer, but this
p
was because she was looking for a fast / quick / speedy track to
celebrity, fame and fortune.
4 Dean had warm I high / rosy hopes for the future, despite
' corrsiderable difficultieb. He never gave up and, in the end, his
paid off
5 This is a crude I raw / rough inner-city neighbourhood with high
rnemployment and the of gangs
6 i-ler future looked gritty I bleak i harsh, but she overcame
to become a successful entrepreneur.
7 lt was tough to accept that his hopes were bashed /
c;shed i smashed, and that he would never witness the
of his dreams.
I [Link] they suffered an initial in their
i' ndraising attempt, it wasn't enough to blunt / dampen / lessen
^air cni.i+"

B Match the words 1-6 with the words a-f that are roughly opposite in meaning.
l aptitude I aanguish
2 backbone b attainment
J tarlure i c criticism
4 hope d ineptitude
5 initiative a irracnlrrtinn

6 recognitibn f lethargy

e Complete the sentences with some of the words from B

1 The young assistant took the of scheduling a meeting with the manager for her own
six-month review.
2 His in managing the finances of the family business led to its inevitable collapse.
c
3 The caste system of social stratification in lndia bars the lowest classes from the of position or
power
4 \ivith the phenomenal success of her fifth book, Veronica finally received the she so richly
deserved.
5 The athlete's joy on finishing the race first, turned to when he was disqualified over an irregularity,
6 Brody's got no He needs to toughen up if he wants to succeed in the cut-throat world of politics
7 Though Jules himself had little for sport, he was able to recognise raw talent in others and
became a successful sports agent.
8 Amelia couldn't summon the energy or the interest to leave the house. There was a definite air of
about her.
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Hfir*sti i- *r:.rE

B Match the phrasal verbs to their meanings.

1 think ahead a become friends with
2 leap at b become unwillingly involved
3 hold someone back c condemn to failure
4 fall in with d rnake a careless inistake
5 write off * stop 'iti'onr beinq success{ul
rt.
6 set out T 'i nrai<c. 'i:r-;ti-rre plans
7 slip up i; ::tait arr ac'iivity r,vith a [Link] aiin
.\. 8 get caught up in I ir accel>t ,:nthLrsiastically

E Compiete the sen'tences '*ritlr rhe ea rreet .torm of ttrle phrasa| verbl $rom D
1 Troy a bad ci-owd {rom tlre neighL-ourhood, qot inrrolvecJ in crinrinal activities ancf encled
up rn Dfl5ct-].
2
.:
White ir^',estigati,ig a storv, ihe yoLrn3 j,rurn,,,lrst sornelhing very ciangerous
? Don't justyet. Their [irst albr:rn rr,,,asn't a hit, ,.f
br_rt lhave
feeling they,re c]oing to be huge
a .1

4 The intern rnras let go because he and sent the confidential documents to a rirral company. ,.i L

E
-ue had hopes and dreams, but remaining in the snr.:jl country town of his [:irth
,!:

6 Forward planni,ig is the key to Euccess, so let's to the new year and mal<e some ciecisicns.
7 Chris rarith the aim of becoming the youngest ever person to ,arin an Olympic gold medal
a Offered a place on the Amazon expedition, the yorrirg adrienturer the chance to see the
rainforest.

eoEE<;satEems & E;:pn"essgtriiiis

C
F eomplete the sentences with [Link] vei,l:s in the correet forn"r.
hlow falt get g$ iroirj in*i{s pieir ptuch stand thia,,o.r
t {
I The business failed, and all their tirne, effort ancl rncney down the drairi.
2 Shayna finally :-r the courage to quit her jcb and travel the worlcl
3 'Keep going! Don't in the torruell' shouted the coach to players. his
4 Lana is a real Eo of it in Lorrdcn. She'E found a greatlob and a flat
if r,,ou're nct committed to youi- cra.[t, you no chance of succeeding in filrrr-mal<ing.
6 It's time you your eirt togetherand stopped sitting around cloinq nothing
7 The tenrris playei-'s performance irr the final well short of everyone's expectations.
8 Grant is chances of gettino into universit'r b1r cartving insteacl o.f siuclvincr-
9 Rescue ci-ews don't cui much hope cf finding the rnissing climbers.
1 0 After suffering a major setback, it's o{ten i,erv difficult to rup the pieces

G M"tch the expressions to their elefinitionE. rl

.,],

1 put yourself down a people don,t change ',.}

2 be sucked in by b say negative things about yourself

3 sort your life out e believe someone rvho is ti"ying to trick you
L, 4 turn over a new leaf e, boast by saying overly positive things about yourself
5 big yourself up e change the way you generally behave (for the better)

l-
6 a leopard doesn't change its spots f be proactive about mal<ing positi,re changes in yor_rr Iife

'l

t 'lf you fail at something, you should give up and do ldeas Focus
something else instead.' Do you agree? Why? / Why not?
a Do you think parents should put constant preisure on their
kids to do well? Why? / Why not?

&9
a

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 tf At First

F{ Complete these sentences with the expressions from G in the correct form
put yourself down be sucked in by sort your life out
turn over a new leaf big yoursetf up a leopard doesn't change its spots
1 Apparently her brother has left the gang and is now a model citizen. He's
2 My poor old nan a scam - she was told she'd won f8,000, but had to pay f 1,000 to get access
to the money, and of course the f8,000 never materialized!
3 It's no surprise he was promoted. He's always and our boss believes itl
4 You haven't got a job, you're living with your parents, you don't have a boyfriend, and you've got loads of debts.
You really need to
5 Did you hear that Tracy's in prison again? I think she tried to change, but I guess
6 Don't be depressed - you've done really well this year at school, so stop

Fnepesitions
E Circle the correct words.
Dealing with words that have similar
1 lf you'd taken my advice then, in / on all likelihood you meanings
' wouldn't be in trouble iow. . The four answer options are often words
2 Bv ln retrospect, it would have been better had we never
I that have similar meanings. These can be
started our own business. discrete words or words that form part of
3 He's made mistakes, but to / with his credit, he an expression.
acknowledges they were his fault. . Read the words before and after the
4 James is for / in awe of self-made millionaires and wants to gap to see whether they form part of an
errulate them expression, and then see which option best
completes the gap.
5 She bought a lottery ticket at / on impulse and was
.
astounded when she won! You may have to read more of the sentence
to understand the meaning required before
5 Don't r,vorry. l'm sure good times are just around / past the you choose a discrete option.
corner for you.
7 The chef knew his reputation was for / at stake when ne
opened his second restaurant.

i Read the Exam Close-up. Then complete the Exam Task below.
Exam Task
'i-
,; - 8, read the text
For questions 1 below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
eheating in sport
For athletes, the desire to win is of the (1) importance. Sportsmen and women compete for the glory
GJi associated with being number one. But why do some athletes (21 cheating?

There are a variety of reasons. Some have a fear o{failure. Others want a(n) (3) playing field because they are
: -to
convinced everyone else is cheating. ln such cases, they feel they are merely (4) rules, not breaking them.

i -
Then there's the financial motive when large sums of money and high-profile reputations are on the (5)
-the
Lucr-ative sponsorship deals are offered to winners, not losers. Such deals are worth millions and athletes will go to
great (6) to secure them. -.
To prevent the problem from (7) anti-doping agencies are carrying out more tests. The result is that a L
number of champion athletes have been exposed as drugs cheats and (8) of their titles. lt remains to be seen
if this will be enough of a deterrent.

1 A . absolute B highest C ultimate D utmost-

2 A apply B resign C resort D aspire
3 A level B even C straight D uniform
4 A shaping B bending C pulling D twisting
5 A balance B edge C line D limit
6 A lengths B means C methods D pains
7 A expanding B extending C elevating D escalating
8 A- removed B stripped C erased D separated

70 !
df
I
 eondEtionals with and withouat 6f, Ertirerte*d eemdftsemmHs

A nead the paragraph. What is true about ian?

Meet lan. lf his dad hadn't been an alccih,.rlic and i.:is nrunr l-radrr't [Link]-reci hiin, things nright have turned out
differently for him. He probably r,nroulcln't have gr:t involved r,nrith a gang ii he had [rad a strong male role nrodel.
Would he have made those bad choices tlrat led to him cloirrg tinre, urrk:ss he lracl felt woi-thless? lf he would just
turn his back on crime, he might find a job. But potential employei's wcn't gi,re hinr work unless they can trust him
As long as he has a criminal record, he'll lrave difficulties finding a job. Supposinq he was given a second chance,
could he change? Provided that he gets scme support, we beiieve he can" Given the opportunity, he might just
surprise everyone.

B Underiine the words and phrases in A that ean take tlre pl;rce of if. Can you think ,af any others? \&rhat [Link]
they each meAn?

e Wnicn conditionals aqe correct? Reriurite tlie ine*nreet coiiditicna!s.

lf they caught the ringleader, they would have arrested him.
Had it not been for her teachers' help, she wouldn't have got into university.
I
But for their parents' encouragement, they would not succeed.
lf she knew that she rnras mal<[Link] a mistal<e, she lvould never have agreed.
The CEO wouldn't be where he is today unless he had set himself goals.
Had he just told the truth, he wouldn't be in trouble.

D Complete the conditional sentences vvith tlre verlts in bracl<ets

in the correct form.
the streets
1 The rehabilitation prog13mme gives young offenclers tt'

tr a second chance. But for this pi'ogramnre, i-nany

(reoffend)
2 Jane is a polic-: officer. yoLr to
her about her worl<, she
it was a vocation. (ask, say)
3 The police warn that the fugitive is armed. l{ he
by a member of the public, he
. (recognise, not
approach)
4 The demonstration was p-oaceiul
it not , the police
tear gas. (not be,
use)
5 Over twenty hooligans were ai'i'estecl a{ter the match. lf tlre
'i1
i
police , the violence rf

(not intervene,
----t_--\
e5Ld r d Le/

-iJ
6 The sentence is a year, but the pi'isoner
earlier as long as
he -. well. (i-elease, behave)

I ll E ln your notebooks, write a pai"agraph about Max similar to the one in A, using the information below
and conditionals. Try to include some of the structures in C.
Meet Max,
" H;s dad s a doctor. His mum is a lawyer so they sent him to the
best private school.
o He got good grades in his exams and got into a top university.

" He giaduated from university so he expected to find a good job.

c His nrurrr's friend helped him find a job in a multjnational company.
e He got where he is today with a lot of help.

71

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 Circle the correct v,isrds
=
Nature vs Nurture
(1) Supposing / l{you had an identical twin that you grew up
with. (2) Would / Should you, as well as looking very similar, share the
same views and talents? And (3) what i{ / providing you did? (4) Would i
Does that prove that nature was more important than nurture? Not so
long ago, it was generally believed that, (5) provided / given the same
chances, everyone wouid do weli, regardless of their innate abilities, or
nature. (6) i/lere )/ou i lf ycu could to consider identical twins with similar
personalities, you might believe that only nature was at work, as these twins
share 100 per cent of their genes. (7) As long / On condition that you had
also lived exactly the same life, eaten exactly the iame food and shared
identical friends, you might turn out really identical in every way. Today,
most experts agree that both nature and nurture are important and interact
ii-r complex ways. (8) Whether' ,/ lf or not we can really take control of our
natrrre, though, remains to be seen.

eenditionals wEth esElt;muous tec'lses

G Read the sentences and underline the continuous tenses. Explain the supposed truth in each case. Use
the example in 1 to help you.
1 lf she's talking to her best friend, she'll be on the phone for ages.4-:S apvosal" *t*a,,vt = *he,; l l,iitl:\viitr i,o [Link]
2 lf she'd been lying about the accident, I would've known. wost fr\evld, sa ...
3 lf she c,r- ;e rryithout a Iicence, she'd be breaking the law.
4 lf you're trying to get a job, make sure you get good references.
5 lf she said she Iiked him, she would be lying.
6 lf sl-re hadn't made one mistake, she wouldn't have been hiding for years.

Mixed cendiEEonals
ti Read the sentences. Does the If clause relate to the past or present? What about the mairr clause?
i li he had won the quiz, he would be a milliorraire.
2 lf she weren't so volatile, sf e wouldn't have got into that fight last weel<.

ff ,,= r::,[Link]$, gefr?g to

I Read the sentences and complete the rule.
1 lf yo,;'re going to learn Russian, you'll need to learn a new alphabet.
2 ll you would like to take a seat, l'll call you in a minute. I
3 lf I might make a suggestion, I think we should take a break.
4 if you will forget her name, she's bound to be upset.
5 .lf you \.von't say something to him, then I shalll
t
6 lf you must say sonrething, say something nice! :=

often use if +
\,/y'e to express intention and if + to express willingness.
We can alsc use other modals like and after if.

JL \,1

{
.I
I
 J ln your notebooks, rewrite sentences 1-6 in I without if. 'Exam up
Paying attention to details
K Complete these conditional sentences with your own ideas.
Pay careful attention to grammatical
"
1 lf you're aiming to get into Oxford University, patterns and fixed phrases and note them
down when you are reading any text.
2 Nad Princess Diana not died in 1997, . Look out for prepositions around the gap
and decide i{ they might have an impact
a on the answer choice.
lf I was going to choose which subjects to study again,
i . The gaps in the text are very close and
- one is often connected with the next.
4 lf I had won the lottery last year,
Read through the whole text when
you have finished, to make sure the
5 lf you want to earn a lot of money in the future, connections between the sent6nces make
sense.
6 lf you're driving'whilst talking on your mobile;

L Read the Exam Close-up. Then complete the Exam Task

below.
Exam Task
Read the passage, then select the word or phraseJhat fills the blank in both grammar and meaning.

This passage is about travel blogging.

lf you are a fan of travel blogs, you may have considered writing oneyourself. lf you are serious abouttravel
blogging, you (1) definitely familiarise yourself with the competition before writing your own, (2) you
might end up doing something that others are already doing better. (3) you already know how to set up a
blog, you'll need to find out how to do that first, but it's quite straightforward. (4) - basic
you follow a few
rules, your blog should be successful. lf you imagine that you (5) -to just one person as you write your entries,
your blog (6) and chatty. Also, if you (7) -
attract and keep readers, you will need regular
updates. lf you (8) -
write a great blog, but only updated infrequently, readers would probably stop checking
in. Travel blogs-friendly
need amazing photos, too, so (9) you get the chance to improve your photography skills,
(10) itl Who knows, if you get really good, you could even give up your day jobl
ta should b would' c -
might d may
2a- unless bif c provided d otherwise
' 3a Given b When c Unless d rf
4a I n case b 'Provided that c Supposing d Were
5a were talking b talk c are talking d talked
6a .-.rll L^ b won't be c
:^l
t>u .'..^. ,t-t L ^

7 a will . b are going to c happen to d should

o a were to b would c will d didn't
9 a should b were c had d do
10 a to grab b grab c you will grab d and grab

i.
'lr
 E E ,-
*\.,f! Es, i,t iu,e d'r
v-51-Es;
E Paraphrasing

A took at the picture. What kind of list is a

. Spoken language tends to be less formal than written
language, so the sentences you complete on the exam
bucket list? What sort of things do people
paper may be more formal than the English that you hear.
write on their lists? What would you write
on yours? . The words you hear will never be exactly the same as the
words in the question, so as you read the question, think
of ways the idea could be expressed in other words.
B Read both sets of expressions. Match 1-6 with
. You should write the actual word or words you hear
a-f based on [Link] meaning. Which
that complete the sentence, but avoid writing long,
expressions are more informal?
complicated answers.

1 Don't knock it I a She had time to write

2 You don't have to T b She had to overcome her new things
3 It won't look like T c You shouldn't criticise sonrething be{ore
4 I got over tr d It isn't necessary to
d t got round to tr e Your list probably won't resemble

6 lhadagoat tr f She tried making for the {irst time

C #-= Now listen to the recording and complete the sentences in B

D Read the Exam C/ose-up. Thqn read the Exam Iask below and think about what you might hear.

E FiEli Now listen and complete the Exam lask.

a
Exam Task
$) You will hear a blogger talking about her bucket list. For questions 1
^h.""^
- 6, complete the sentences with a word or short

1 Emma has managed to overcome her

2 She says that normally she would do the most frightening activity
3 Just before she hit the ground she felt absolutely L

4 Her next goal is to prepare to

5 She mentions that some activities combine sel{-improvement with for charity.
6 Although she had alivays been meaning to do it, she says that she had never read a
before
7 She says achieving things on your bucket list can lead to
8 She doesn't believe that items on a list are obligatory or that achievements should be a

.5-.3 ='==: Listen again and elieck yaur ansv/e!'s.

{.
 . '.. ..-:.
ENpanding on your arrswers
A Work with a partner and answer these questions. e You need to give full answers to all
a ln what ways can success be a double-edged sword? the questions. Even the first question
the examiner asks needs an expanded
c .Are extroverts and people with addictive personalities more response with some speculation, not just
likely to be successful? a description.
o You need to be a good listener and
q B Explain the csnnections between the ideas in each bullet. pick up on each other's points. This may
. a person's life and a journey
involve asking your partner's opinion and
moving the conversation forwards.
. aspirations and success
i o competition and ambition

C Readthe Exam Close-up. Then work with a partner to complete the Exam Task below
Remember to use the Useful Expressions to help you.
I Exam Task
E
[Link] each othei abqut wh,at the photos have in common and which one interests you most.
I
B
Now, imagine you are writing an article about how people achieve success. One of these photos will accompany the
E
B article. Talk together about the difficulties the people in the photos may face when fulfilling their personal aspirations.
t l
E

f
E

i
i
i:
E
I

F
, The difficulties E

we face when

!
4 trying to achieve
our [Link]
: aspirations.

& 1
Ii
f

i-,
i5;
,s
+

*&I r.l

t,
-
1
tl
t

Now decide together which photo could be included in the article.

,l
,l

UsefUl ::: : l:,r-Ssi;,: t-tE

Evaluating Speculating
Photo ... hasrr't got much to do with ... When'we look at this photo, we might think ...
Photo ... sholvs what most people consider The person in the photo couldimightimust have .

Comparing Could/Might it also be true that ...?

n
This [Link] shor,vs ... whereas that one ... Moving the conversation forwards
This photo isn't really about ..., but that ... Another key point/thing/aspect to bear in mind is
, Photo ... is the best portrayal/depiction of . Something else we should consider is ...
J

a Is success always beneficial? Why? / Why not? ldeas Focus

a Why are successful people so much admired?
a Is there anything you would sacrifice to become
successful? Why? /Why not?
-i []

{.
rt
t
 lts

Wrifi **: 6Aw nssffi\4 {Z} tn

I

Ana!ysin g contrasting texts t,

! I
. You will read two input texts on a connected theme and v
need to decide if they are complementary or contrasting
Complementary texts share a positive or negative view about E I
some aspects of a topic. Contrasting texts, as the name 'ie
suggests, offer contr'asting views on a topic.
,
I
n in your essay, you must summarise, evaluate and react to two rt rIl
key points in each text. Vy'hen summarising, you must paraphrase L !! I

the key points and not copy directly from the input'material. ! t T ,i'
L

u The style throughout should be formal. You can use advanced I I E I

grammar to achieve this. l

A Which pairs of text titles are complementary (COM) and which are contraqting (CON)? How do you know?
1 ls technology making us stupid? Our dull new era
2 The joys of giving Charity begins at home
3 Golden opportunities Where dreams go to die
4 Global cooperation Revolutionising how we wbrk

A Quickiy read the two input texts in the writing task below. Decide if they are complementary or
contrasting and then label them with the correct titles from A.

e Read the writing tasl: ;ain and answer the questions

Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use your own words throughout as far
as possible, and inclurde your own ideas in your answers
Write your answer in 240-280 words.
1

Ciiies are the !deal places for people with great ambitions and high expectations from life. Only cities can
provide the endless opportunities for professional development that are a key factor for success in any field;
be that business, sport, entertainment or education. For this reason, they attr:act the cream of the crop. This
[Link] which provides the drive people need to achieve their goais. Being around other fast-
paced aspirational individuals doesn't only allow people to pit themselves against the best, but also to learn
from them.
2

ln cities, the streets are not always paved with gold. Life in a metropolis can be brutal for many people whose
dreams remain elusive. The bitter disappointment of failure is magnified in a place where others not only get
aheai, but often make great displays of their success. The harsh reality of unfulfilled dreams can lead ,o*L to
depression and a loss of any drive they had. Others misguidedly turn to crime in an attempt to get what they
feel they deserve, or simply just to survive.

1 [Link] is the main topic that connects the two texts?

2 Vll' lt are the key points in the first text?
3 !Vrat are the key points in the second text?

Ii Read the example essay on page 77 . What is the writer's own opinion on ccrnpetition?

Look at the example essay again and answei" the questiorrs.

=
1 What v,,ords are ,.lsed instead of 'The text says ...'?
2 Which tr,vo eirp:'essions are used to state an opinion?
.3 \,'rhicn expressicir is irsed to ernphasise a point?

$
 1'.:-,'.'.r: :;;=aqez exp'toreil:e ccnce?t cf ciltee ae enviranftlentbin which people can achieve success'bur"vlilh conLraet'inqviews

1. ?.1'i!-,-t.\.r, oe q1.l-rsrhaL ct-vies offer f er-vi e 4round lor det'elopmentin any nurnber ol prolessionsfor Lhose wha at"e drivetlo succeed'
No-rcn15,cc ci'"iescfrercour*vleesop7ortuniLies,buLbecaueeLheyalLractLhebest'aflhabeeL,conpetiLionplaysaroleinpusl:inqoLhere
'tokee2 t:p andlherefore also succeed fhetexl alao aesert'eLhal con?etinq aAainaf'talenLedindlvicluale provides an o??orlunily
tolearn.l aminclinea1,lo aqreeiuif,ht'hie.\Ne cannol deny lhat moat careere areforqedin cit"ies andt'halbeinq around succeselul
pec2ie cr n1a aiol-', a dee:ret o dobetfier'l')e'terlhalrcs, iI rhoulrl br: ttolcd lhaL cofi?elttiicnis
no| at"itat'"" nealt'hy andit' aan result in

)1cC- eQu O -9 o:l t.'iO L'

i e c man.t 2eo2l2 riinq i-ct','ttz a:1itta c,it'^ti a7o'';']'tn'i*'ie1' ;rtd e\a?aliLiatts arc afLefi unreal')etic

qrar2't.3a' i'i ;''c'13 tritulc rea']g,e.,e -vheir qoals on a rcu'larbaois itt crder f'o avoidtl''e disa1poiri:r11et1*' cf tailJre'

F Complete the sentences ra,ith words that explaln cause

1 Personal failure can about feeiings of
up
-l^.-.^-^i^.-
Lre!l g55It)tt. t'iealing witl, all elemerits of the task
2 High unemployment can rise tr: a i-rurnber o{
o Decide if the texts are conrplementary oi-
serious social problems. contrastinq.

3 (istentatious displays of wealth can o Summarise tlre inpr_rt texts in your own words.
- feeiinqs
of inadequacy. in otlrers. e Evaluate the l<ey points in each text and
zr Lear'ning on the job from an expLrrienced rneni-or can
.- decicie r,,'rhich ycu agree anci/cr disagree with.

to early success. o Don't forget tc include your o\/n cpinions. ;ti

5 irioving to a rnajor citir can in inrproveci
.ar.-. r ol:,portu i1 i ties.

G Read the E.,rai':r Ciosu.-up. Then e*mplete the E;rarn

?ask belaw. Use the paragraph plan and the Useful
Expressions to help you *[Link] ycur essay. lntrcduction: Make a general statement
paraphrasing the question to be
a H;qaim I as|q discussed.

Read rhe two texts below. Write an essa)I surnmarlsirrg ancl Main paragraph 1 Repeat in your own worcls the
e\./alLiating the key points from both texts. Use your owi.i key points cf the {irst text.
[Link]{s throughout as far as possible, and include your own Explain them and give your
iCeis n your answers. opinion.
itzlain paragraph 2 Repeat irr your o',vn words the
Write your answer in 240-280 worcis.
key points ofthe second text.
liloirey riiakes you iiappy E;rplain them and give your
opinion.
For many people, happiness is measured in teriris of
material wealth. Expensive homes, lr_rxury cars and [Link],:i: Summarise the key points.
frequent foi'eign holidays bring them great jcy. Aird why
shouldn't they? l{ they have rvorkeci hard to arnass their
fortunes, they deserve their rewarcjs. Unfortunately, others
judge them harshly because they errvy them. This is small- il,:irr
minded and mean. lf people clesire wealth to b,e happy, -qtetinsl Vour opinien
they should work haid to achie.,re that and irot reserrt ihose As Isee it,...
who already ha're. I am convinced that ...
Theret nothing like a qood frlcnc{ I am inclined to agree/belier",e that
I
We need to redefine our concepts of lvlrat nral<es us Einphasisin,c
happi,,. 1;,.r".singly, people are striving to beconre rich I woLrld iil<e to stress that ...
because they believe moire)/ rruill bring urith it a life of ease It shoulcl be noted tlrat ...
and pleasure. What they shor-iid be doing is focLrsing on
It is worth bearing in mind that ...
the things of value that bring true happiness. [Link]
Concluding
amongst these are good {riends. T'he.r/ are priceiess ancl
can be tr-usted to help in times ol clifficulty. Wealthy All things considered, ...
people, on the other hand, never really l<now rryho their On balance, I believe that ...
true {riends are. All in al!, it seems to me that ...

77

'l{.
.t;
I
 Befer* y*at"nvateh
A L4a:ch the words with the photos. What is the connection
between the photos and safety for mountain climbers?

" climbing boots and crampons oxygen cylinder I

= Sherpa guide satellite phone tr
=.E

. ..i- ..^.",..^r-!-
=: iiE:- r.!eJEi BgSELEI

E Watch the video and circle the words you hear.

1 To date, Everest has taken / claimed the lives of some 200 climbers.
2 The most famous / notorious tragedy occurred in May 1996.
3 Every bit of gear / equipment is checked and rechecked.
4 ln 1996the team was caught off guard / unawares by a sudden storm.
5 There is about a third the oxygen at the summit as there is at ground / sea level. L
6 ln 1996, advance warning of the oncoming / approaching storm could have prevented disaster.

+ft*r ycli watch

a: Complete the summary of the video clip below using these words.
adjust attitudes base btizzard ceremony disorientation monitor summit suppty uttimate

by experienced climbers and

sets out on foot to allow their
(4)
guides to weather conditions, helping to prevent the kind of disaster that happened
in 1996. After a(n) (6) a€ f{:{'i'}- *ti asking the permission to climb the mountain, the team
travels bark and forth between camps at v#ious (7) to prepare themselves for the
final push to the summit. The oxygen (8) prepared, as it is an important
safety tool. With a third of the at sea climbers at the summit can be starved of oxygen, causing
sickness, (9) or even death. After two months' work, the climbers finally reach the
(10) It.i r, , and the reward is wofth the risk.

oc
ldeas Focus Why do climbers risk their lives to reach the summ
Everest?
What other tough challenges attract people?
What kind of precautions should people take be{ore
taking part in outdoor activities like climbing, hiking and
mountain biking?
Can these activities ever be really safe? Why? / Why not?
1Q
{
I