URBAN DEVELOPMENT &
URBAN REGIONAL PLANNING
OPEN ELECTIVE
AR. DIPTI SHUKLA & AR. ABHAS VERMA
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY JAIPUR
Overview
UNIT I- Theories for urban development: Evolution of urban settlements; Objectives, scope & role of urban
design; Urban design theories; Urban planning models & policies; Urban form, morphology & character;
Concepts of users, activities, place & space
UNIT II- Best practices for quality urban design & development: Contextual design sensitivity; Sustainable
practices in urban design. Exploring quality urban design in history; Principles of New Urbanism & its application;
People-centric strategies for urbanization; Safety, health & inclusiveness in development guidelines.
UNIT III- Groundwork for effective urbanization: Master plans, LAND uses & Zoning; Infrastructure in urban areas;
Urban services & ecological footprint in urban growth; Transportation, movement networks & pedestrianization;
Housing issues; Urban Landscape studies.
UNIT IV- Multi-disciplinary forces: Inter-professional processes & legislations for Understanding urbanization ; Role
of various related disciplines for formulating urban development strategies; LAND economics & financial
characteristics for urban development; Urban governance & management; Social, cultural, economic
influences on urban growth; Project management & implementation.
UNIT V- Urban dynamics: Concept of time-scale & growth of urban areas; Temporal design & permanence of
urban transformations; Gentrification, peri-urbanization & impact on urban development; Concepts of
decentralization & growth corridors; Trends & movements in Urban design; Strategies for smart cities.
URBANIZATION
Population shift from rural to urban areas,
the decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and
the events associated with it
Urbanization can be better
achieved by Urban Development
Urban Development – The Process & the Urban Policy
Resources
•Land
•Existing Infrastructure
Assembly of Resources
•Government Land
•Requisition
•Acquisition
Development Techniques
•TP Schemes
•Land Pooling / Readjustment
•Guided Development
•PPP
•TDR
Actual Development - Using the Tools for Development
(Carrying the planning)
•Physical Infrastructure
•Social Infrastructure
THE TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
• REGIONAL PLAN
• MASTER PLAN
• ZONAL PLAN
• SECTORIAL PLAN / SEZ / HOUSING SCHEMES
• TOWNSHIPS, INDUSTRIAL PARKS, ETC.
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The process of planning involves:
(i) Plan formulation
(ii) Plan approval, notification and modification
(iii) Plan Implementation framework
(iv) Plan Enforcement
Various agencies / organizations are identified for each stage of development.
THE PLAN FORMULATION
Plan preparation is governed by respective Town Planning Acts or Development Acts.
The Acts provide for:
• Jurisdiction
• Contents
• Hierarchy of Plan
• Procedure for plan preparation and approval
• Notification (to make the plan a legal instrument)
• Implementation of Plan, and
• Enforcement of Plan
THE PLAN FORMULATION
Content of Plan
• Land use categorization / zoning
• Distribution of land for various uses or activities
• Infrastructure – Physical (transport, waster, sewerage, drainage, power, solid
waste management) and Social (health, education, recreation, socio-cultural,
religious) norms
• Development Control Regulations (DCR) and
• Building Bye Laws
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THE PLAN FORMULATION
LAND USE ZONING
• Provides regulations for development of an area to improve the quality of life
in urban centers efficiently and to preserve its character.
• Is a legal tool for guiding the use of land and protection of public health,
welfare and safety.
• Land use zones are categorized as Residential, Commercial, Industrial,
Recreational, Transport and Public And Semi Public. These uses are further
detailed in zonal plans and layout plans.
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THE PLAN FORMULATION
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
• Physical and Social Infrastructure requirements are worked out at the city and at zonal level
based on:
• Unit of population to be served, density and area
• Norms and standards of services
• Local variations due to level of development, economic base, size of city, lifestyle, climate,
etc.
• Demand analysis based on national and state policies
• Norms and standards for infrastructure are specified in UDPFI Guidelines, National Building
Codes and other manuals.
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REVISION -1
• URBANIZATION - The shift from rural to Urban; it leads to UD.
• URBAN DEVELOPMENT – The means to achieve urbanization .
In Present Context the focus is to achieve Sustainable
Urban Growth or effective urbanization.
• TOOLS FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT – The various development Plans (RP, MP/MDP,
ZP etc.).
• THE DEVELOPMENT OR FORMULATION OF PLANS
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Stage 1: PLAN FORMULATION
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS
• Development control regulations are to be followed for development by
public and private agencies at layout and building level within the framework
of development policies contained in the Master Plan.
• These are applicable for Site development, sub division plans and the building
designs.
• Includes provisions for the use of premises /property and limitations upon
shape, size and type of buildings that are constructed or occupy the land.
• Provides regulations for both horizontal as well as vertical use of land.
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DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS
• Sub division • FAR
• Permissibility of activities • Setback
in use zones
• Height control
• Density
• Building line
• Ground coverage
• Parking norms.
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BUILDING BYE LAWS
• Building bye laws are applicable on individual plots and cover. Are meant to
provide:
• Health and Sanitation regulations
• Structural stability
• Fire safety regulation
• The building bye laws require stipulated permissions / approvals / clearances to
be taken and charges to be paid to competent authorities for sanctioning of
building plans prior to commencement of development works or for any
modification in existing properties
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BUILDING BYE LAWS
• Building bye laws are applicable on individual plots and cover. Are meant to
provide:
• Health and Sanitation regulations
• Structural stability
• Fire safety regulation
• The building bye laws require stipulated permissions / approvals / clearances to
be taken and charges to be paid to competent authorities for sanctioning of
building plans prior to commencement of development works or for any
modification in existing properties
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Stage 2: Plan Approval
LECTURE- 2
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PLAN APPROVAL
• The approval is achieved through the development council or regulatory bodies
like the Town & Country Planning Organization.
Master Plan
Planning
Preparation (Study
Programme (Vision Pre Approval
& Data Collection
and Goals)
and Analysis)
Reviewed and
Amendments and
Suggestions form Draft master Plan Final master Plan
Modifications
stakeholders
Approval from the Published as an
Development ACT / Ready for
Authorities Implementation
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Stage 3 & 4: Plan Implementation &
Enforcement
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PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
• The Master / Development Plans are implemented by various organization in
conjunction with each other.
• The primary Plan enforcement is carried out mainly by:
• Development Authorities
• Urban Local Bodies
• State Administration
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PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
• The many agencies responsible for Plan implementation in Delhi are:
• DDA, MCD, NDMC, Urban Arts Commission, Delhi Jal Board, BSES, DTC
• CPWD, PWD, Fire Department and others
• The agencies responsible for Plan implementation in Dubai are:
• Dubai Development Authority
• Dubai Creative Clusters Authority
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TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
LAND DISPOSAL & MANAGEMENT
• Sale by draw / open auction / allotment
• Long Lease by draw / open auction / allotment
• Land management depends on the land disposal policy.
• Land disposal policy is dictated by Urban Land Policy of the respective states.
• Guided Development
• SEZ / TOD / PORTS etc.
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TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTATION
FINANCING URBAN DEVELOPMENT
• Development loans from International Institutions
• Grants by Central Government
• Central Government schemes
• Own resources (Property tax, Development charges, User fees and other taxes)
• PPP in the form of BOT/BOOT/Other
• Privatization of sectors/ unbundling of services and privatization of certain
components
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EXAMPLES
DUBAI URBAN MASTER PLAN 2020
Underpinning the Plan was the vision of Dubai as a modern Arab city and vibrant regional gateway to the world.
The population forecast for 2020 is 2.8 million inhabitants as adopted per a medium growth scenario. However, the plan is
made flexible and allow for a higher growth where required.
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DELHI MASTER PLAN 2021
Vision-2021 is to make Delhi a global metropolis and a world-class city, where all the people would
be engaged in productive work with a better quality of life, living in a sustainable environment.
The population of Delhi in 2001 was 138 lakh as against
the MPD-2001 projection of 128 lakh.
With the continuation of the present population trend,
the total population of NCTD by the year 2011 and 2021
would be 182 lakh and 225 lakh respectively.
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SUMMARY
MASTER PLAN - SUMMARY
DYNAMIC LONG-TERM planning document
provides a CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT to GUIDE FUTURE GROWTH and development
making the connection between VARIOUS SETTING LIKE buildings, social
settings, and their surrounding environments.
includes ANALYSIS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND PROPOSALS for a site’s
population, economy, housing, transportation, community facilities, and land
use.
based on public input, surveys, planning initiatives, existing development,
physical characteristics, and social and economic conditions.
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MASTER PLAN - SUMMARY
Broad roles:
◦ Develop a phasing and implementation schedule and identify priorities for
action
◦ Act as a framework for regeneration and attract private sector investment.
◦ Conceptualize and shape the three-dimensional urban environment.
◦ Define public, semiprivate, and private spaces and public amenities.
◦ Determine the mix of uses and their physical relationship.
◦ Engage the local community and act as builder of consensus.
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Master plans can have an important role in determining the shape of
the urban environment. If not well conceived, they can lead to
problems in the future.
- The World Bank
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SESSION - 3
UNI T - III
Contents
o Land Uses
o Zoning
o Urban Infrastructure & Urban Services
o Urban Ecological Footprint
Land Use & Zoning
Landuse can be defines as:
1. The function(s) we (humans) apply to the land available to us.
2. Studying and analyzing land, its management
*ascertaining the scale of landuse is important
Zoning is the way of controlling and regulating the use of land.
Allocation / means to stimulate development or slow it down
** Land-cover is not Landuse
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Why is it required ???
1. Helps in managing land as a resource.
2. To predict the future and to make efficient measures for it.
3. To reduce the negative impacts and thrive for holistic
development.
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TYPES – for a Regional or Master or Zonal Plan
1. RESIDENTIAL 5. RECREATIONS / OPEN SPACES
2. COMMERCIAL 6. AGRICULTURAL
3. INSTITUTIONAL 7. TRANSPORTATION
4. INDUSTRIAL
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TYPES – for a national level
On a national Scale:
1. Arable Land
2. Area under forest
3. Plantation
4. Built-up and Non-agricultural Land
5. Scrub and Pastures
6. Wasteland
7. Wetland and water-bodies
8. Snow fields and glaciers.
9. Oil fields
10. Mines etc.
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TYPES
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Land use Planning
1. Is a branch of study in disciplines like geography, geology, town
planning, architecture, forestry , agriculture etc.
2. It takes into consideration various disciplines which aim to
regulate land and its use in efficient, ethical and strategic
manner.
Land use Planning leads to land use regulations or zoning.
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Urban Infrastructure & its types
Infrastructure is the basic structure, services and facilities required
for the functioning of an area.
Urban Infrastructure is Infrastructure for Urban Areas
◦ Physical: basic physical structures required for an economy to function and survive, such
as transportation networks, a power grid and sewerage and waste disposal systems.
◦ Social: Social infrastructure is the combination of basic facilities which are necessary for
human development. E.g.: Hospitals, Education centers, community centers
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Urban Ecological Footprint
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Urban Ecological Footprint
Urban ecological footprint is an area-based measure designed to
account for the burden a given metropolis’ lifestyle has on the biosphere.
Amount of earth surface needed to support a city’s level of
consumption and absorb its waste products .
Biocapacity deficit or ecological deficit.
Biocapacity reserve
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SESSION - 4
UNI T - I V
Contents
o Processes and legislations for urbanization (the
Framework for Planning)
o Land economics
Planning Approach Through Time
Sustainable Approach
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Planning for Urbanization
Basis for Planning?
1. Population
2. Area & Location
3. Governing Authority
4. Resources
The Traditional Planning Approach
o Vision
o Data Collection
o Analysis and Conclusions
o Projections
o Implementation
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Renewed Planning Approach
o Current principles, practices and issues in preparation and implementation of plans.
o Analysis of the latest trend in the Urban Development
o compilation and analysis of the relevant data available
o Urban development issues
o Need for uniformity in planning system / Streamlining of planning practices.
o coordinated efforts between Departments/ Authorities
o Legal, funding and decision making aspects in implementation of plans
o Economic aspects of plan implementation
o Defining measureable benchmarks and milestones
o Integration of sector specific plans among each other
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Population
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Location
o Physical Location with respect to administrative boundaries
o Urban
o Rural
o Peri-Urban Areas / Fringe Areas
o Geographical / Topography Location
o Based on terrain: Hilly and Plains
o Coastal or ecologically sensitive
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Governing Authorities
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Land Economics
Principles of
o Demand and Supply
o Anticipation
o Balance
o Conformity
o Substitution
o Externalities
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Land Economics
Principles of
o Demand and Supply
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Land Economics
Principles of
o Anticipation:
A method where the appraiser uses the income approach to determine the value of a
property.
The appraiser will estimate the present worth of future benefits for the property.
The value can also depend upon the anticipated utility for the property, or what the
property can be used for.
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Land Economics
Principles of
o Balance
o involves ensuring there is balance in a particular area.
o Should have a balance of all services and accommodations or tries to strive for it.
o Conformity
o involves how land is utilized in a particular area (primarily the characteristics)
o Primarily associated with the surrounding social beliefs and structure
o E.g. :Colonial Architecture prevalent (a modern house might not fit in the context)
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Land Economics
Principles of
o Externalities
o a cost or benefit caused by a producer that is not financially incurred or received by
that producer.
o An externality can be both positive or negative.
o Substitution
o Process of identification alternatives that satisfy the same needs and desires.
o 3 types: Cost, Sales Comparison and Income Capitalization Approach
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SESSION - 5
UNI T - I V
Revision
Keywords:
o Planning Approaches
o Determinants for Planning
o Traditional and Renewed Approach for Planning
o Land Economics
Contents
o Planning Agencies and Allied Fields
o Planning Legislations
For urbanization to happen in a systematic and
thoughtful manner we require governing agencies
which are known as
Planning Professional Associations
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Planning Professional Associations
• Canadian Institute of Planners
• Royal Town Planning Institute (UK)
• American Institute of Certified Planners
• Planning Institute of Australia
• New Zealand Planning Institute
• South African Planners
• City Planning Institute of Japan
• China Association of City Planning
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Allied Fields
Geography
Information Demography
Technology
Planning
Planning
Design Statistics
Legislation
Fields
Social
Law Sciences
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Planning Legislation
To assist the agencies for
1. Implementation
2. Guiding
3. Enforcement
of the systematic urbanization.
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Planning Institutions in India
• Institute of Town Planning India: Institute is an apex body for matters relating to
profession and study of Planning subject.
• Town and Country Planning Organization : TCPO is a subordinate office of the
Ministry of Urban Development. The Chief Planner is the head of the organization
who is assisted by a multi-disciplinary team of Town Planners, Architects, Engineers,
Social Scientists, Economists and Environmental Planners, etc. Chief Planner is
delegated with all the powers of the Head of a department of subordinate office
under 'Financial Power Rules'. He approves all the technical matters, reports,
studies, projects; etc., dealt by the organization.
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Planning Legislations
• Stage 1: Initiation: Planning was considered to be part of municipal bodies.
• Creation of Improvement Trusts (improvement trusts act)
• Master Plans for cities (created by very few UIT’s)
As the cities sprawled, the municipal bodies could not cope up with planning along with
development of the infrastructures.
• Stage 2: Bombay Town Planning Act 1915.
• Enabled the local bodies to prepare town planning schemes for areas under
jurisdiction (application of betterment levy)
• Pooling of land / Redistribution of Land / Unified Control over Land / Financial Forecast
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Planning Legislations
• Stage 3: Bombay Town Planning Act 1954: the previous version had a drawback of
inordinate delays due to the laid down procedure.
• Replaced the previous act and focused primarily on preparation of development
plans (added time limit to prepared the plan for whole area and submit to state govt.)
• Stage 4: Town and Country Planning Legislation
• Established as a law to enact planning, development and use of land to advantage
of general welfare.
• Model town and country Planning Act in 1960: Takes notes of the state town planning
Acts; Latest revision in 1985, under Ministry of Urban Development, GoI.
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Planning Legislations
Laws for TP and related subjects:
• The state and Central Govt. framed laws for planned development of urban areas:
• Legislations:
i. Land Acquisition Act 1894 & LARR 2013
ii. Indian Forests Act 1927
iii. Motor Vehicle Act 1939
iv. Slum Clearance and Improvement Act 1956
v. Model Town and Country Planning Act 1960
vi. Model Regional Town Planning and Development Act 1985
vii. Water Acts 1974 (Prevention and Control of Pollution) | Air Act 1981
viii. Environmental Protection Act 1986
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Planning Legislations
Laws for TP and related subjects:
• The state and Central Govt. framed laws for planned development of urban areas:
• Policies ,Guidelines, Codes and Bye Laws:
i. Urban Land Policy (for assembly, development and disposal of land) – 1965
ii. National Urban Housing and habitat Policy – 2007
iii. Urban Development Plans Formulations and Implementation Guidelines MoUD
1996
iv. NBC – 2005
v. Model Building Bye Laws (prepared by TCPO)
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Planning Legislations
Other Land Policies and Acts:
i. TP Schemes
ii. Guided Urban Development Schemes
iii. PP Development
iv. TDR and AR
v. Housing Schemes (by Housing Boards)
vi. Rent Control Act
vii. Urban Arts Commissions Act
viii. Apartment Ownership Act
ix. Tree Plantation and Preservation Act
x. Development of Damaged Areas Act
xi. Disaster Management Act
Legal Tools at Local Level:
• Land Subdivision Regulations
• Zoning Regulations
• Development Controls and Bye Laws
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Assignment
1. 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 (group 1)
2. Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (group 2)
3. National Capital Region Act 1985 (group 3)
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Thank You
